Verified Test Bank Human Genetics And Variation Chapter.14

a.

differences

c.

only environmental differences

b.

only genetic differences

d.

only cultural differences

a.

genetic and cultural

c.

genetic and environmental

b.

cultural and environmental

d.

cultural and phenotypic

a.

differences between individuals caused by environmental factors.

b.

traits that are caused by the environment, not by genes.

c.

traits that are caused by genes, not by the environment.

d.

variation in the environment over time caused by climate change.

a.

differences between individuals caused by the genes they inherit.

b.

traits that are caused by the environment, not by genes.

c.

traits that are caused by genes, not by the environment.

d.

mutations that cause novel genes to arise.

a.

have the same potential for the known genetic diseases.

b.

all have the same potential for most diseases, but for some groups the disease is environmental; for others, it is genetic.

c.

vary in the incidence of many genetically transmitted diseases.

d.

have similar genetic diseases but vary in how the diseases are accepted culturally.

a.

are determined by genes more than by environment.

b.

cannot be influenced by cultural practices.

c.

can be influenced by genes, environment, and culture.

d.

are entirely environmental.

a.

the distribution of Tay-Sachs among Jewish populations

b.

differences in body weight between parents and their offspring

c.

variation in height for college basketball players

d.

variation in height and weight for jockeys

a.

genes.

c.

environment and culture.

b.

genes and environments.

d.

genes, environments, and culture.

a.

height.

c.

genes.

b.

weight.

d.

climate.

a.

It is caused by a lack of protein.

b.

It is caused by a lack of iron.

c.

It causes unusually shaped red blood cells.

d.

It causes unusually shaped blood vessels.

a.

inheritance of Tay-Sachs disease in certain Jewish populations.

b.

Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.

c.

observing a pattern of inheritance of dominant genes.

d.

observing Mendelian inheritance patterns.

a.

0%

c.

50%

b.

75%

d.

100%

a.

It causes a heritable disease called PKU.

b.

It changed in humans because of directional selection.

c.

It is an example of environmental variation.

d.

It is expressed in the tongue during prenatal development.

a.

10,000

c.

200,000

b.

500,000

d.

75,000

a.

in adults who are homozygous.

b.

and may be an example of a balanced polymorphism.

c.

and is absent in Jews of Eastern European ancestry, causing them to be more susceptible to the disease.

d.

but increases susceptibility to malaria.

a.

100%

c.

35%

b.

50%

d.

15%

a.

convergent evolution.

b.

drift acting on isolated populations.

c.

gene flow between Africans and Europeans.

d.

the retention of an ancestral trait.

a.

analyses of their pottery show residues of compounds found only in milk.

b.

isotopic analysis of people’s teeth shows they drank milk.

c.

the amount of genetic diversity for milk proteins in domesticated cattle indicates that people kept small herds.

d.

the amount of genetic diversity in domesticated cattle is greatest in southeastern Europe.

a.

It was a seriously deleterious trait in the past and therefore no longer exists.

b.

It causes blood-sugar levels to rise above normal because the cells of the body do not respond properly to hemoglobin.

c.

It has no known genetic basis.

d.

It is caused by the same genetic mutation that causes sickle-cell disease.

a.

trait that conferred a benefit in the past but is no longer beneficial.

b.

trait that was maladaptive in the past but now confers a significant benefit.

c.

genetic trait that can be beneficial or not depending on the presence or absence of malaria parasites.

d.

environmentally caused disease that has a genetically based cure.

a.

are excluded from the population by environmental factors.

b.

are increased in number by fixation.

c.

mutate into homozygotes at the same rate as they form.

d.

have higher fitness than either of the two homozygotes for a given gene.

a.

porphyria variegata.

c.

lactose tolerance.

b.

non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

d.

cystic fibrosis.

a.

mutation introduces alleles that selection favors for one reason, even if the alleles also cause a trait that is deleterious.

b.

mutation introduces deleterious recessive alleles at a rate that is similar to or higher than the rate at which selection removes the alleles.

c.

a large number of deleterious mutations occur over a short period of time, and there is no subsequent selection against them.

d.

a beneficial mutation arises and spreads for a specific period of time, then the mutation becomes deleterious in a new environment and is removed by selection over a similar period of time.

a.

balance between mutation and selection.

b.

balance between selection and drift.

c.

state in which two alleles remain in a population because of heterozygote advantage.

d.

state in which environmental and genetic causes of a trait (a “morph”) are roughly equal.

a.

mutation can alter the allele to decrease its lethality.

b.

most individuals who carry the gene are heterozygous and do not suffer consequences of having two copies of the gene.

c.

heterozygotes most often pass on the dominant allele.

d.

many, but not all, homozygous-recessive individuals die.

a.

0.10

c.

0.001

b.

0.01

d.

0.0001

a.

different environments.

c.

single nucleotide polymorphisms.

b.

haplotypes.

d.

recombination.

a.

haplotypes.

c.

founder effect.

b.

recombination.

d.

single nucleotide polymorphisms.

a.

variation at a single locus.

c.

factors not related to genetics.

b.

variation at many loci.

d.

a selective haplotype.

a.

where pastoralism is common.

c.

where malaria is common.

b.

where drift has been strong.

d.

where hemoglobin is rare.

a.

Tay-Sachs disease.

c.

non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

b.

sickle-cell anemia.

d.

P. falciparum malaria.

a.

long haplotypes

c.

candidate genes

b.

instances of founder effect

d.

balanced polymorphisms

a.

environmental covariation

c.

selective sweep

b.

specific language impairment

d.

situation of negative selection

a.

hair texture.

b.

morphology of the skull.

c.

the immune system and affect human responses to viruses.

d.

digestion and affect the metabolism of alcohol, carbohydrates, and fatty acids.

a.

Mutation

c.

Gene flow

b.

Genetic drift

d.

Founder effect

a.

percentage of a trait determined by environment.

b.

proportion of observed variation due to genetic variation.

c.

extent to which genetic control of a trait is under the influence of selection.

d.

measure of how well genotype matches phenotype.

a.

difference between genetic and environmental variation.

b.

similarity between parents and offspring.

c.

similarity between the environments of parents and offspring.

d.

difference between parents and offspring.

a.

twins derived from two zygotes.

b.

twins derived from a single zygote.

c.

twins whose degree of relatedness is 0.5.

d.

also known as “fraternal twins.”

a.

monozygotic twins should be more similar to each other than dizygotic twins.

b.

dizygotic twins should be more similar to each other than monozygotic twins.

c.

monozygotic and dizygotic twins should be equally similar to one another.

d.

dizygotic twins will be exactly alike.

a.

twin studies.

c.

mutation–selection balance.

b.

heterozygote advantage.

d.

selection.

a.

genetic differences cause

b.

environmental differences cause

c.

cultural differences cause

d.

genetic, environmental, or cultural differences may be responsible for

a.

the fetal environments of monozygotic and dizygotic twins are equally similar.

b.

the early postnatal environments of monozygotic and dizygotic twins diverge quickly.

c.

monozygotic twins share fewer genes.

d.

dizygotic twins are essentially the same as nontwin siblings in both genetic and environmental factors.

a.

genetic variation is continuous.

b.

the placement of individuals within any single category is clear and obvious.

c.

classifications based on different characters lead to consistent groupings.

d.

race is not culturally relevant.

a.

three races: Caucasian, African, and Asian.

b.

five races: Caucasian, African, Asian, American Indian, and indigenous Australian.

c.

seven races: Caucasian, African, Asian, American Indian, Australian, Polynesian, and Oceanic.

d.

one race: human.

a.

within local groups.

c.

between races.

b.

among local groups within races.

d.

between local groups.

a.

meaningful biological concept.

b.

biological reality only when the distribution of many genetic traits is considered.

c.

culturally constructed category.

d.

important tool for understanding human variation.

a.

5%

c.

85%

b.

35%

d.

95%

a.

selection for taller people, who do better in the modern world.

b.

more extensive exercise in professional gyms.

c.

an increase in available food and decrease in disease.

d.

walking and running being replaced by driving.

a.

The human species can be naturally divided into a small number of distinct races.

b.

Members of different races are different in important ways, so that knowing a person’s race gives you important information about what he or she is like.

c.

Members of each race are genetically similar to each other and genetically different from members of other races.

d.

We cannot determine a discrete number of racial categories.

a.

is based on stature rather than skin color.

b.

uses “color,” but the term only refers to hair color.

c.

is based on a presumption of ancestry that has been shown to be incorrect.

d.

reflects genetic ancestry accurately, but is still unfair.

a.

that racial categories are consistent with genetic data.

b.

little correlation between phenotype and ancestry.

c.

that, although Brazilians can be categorized into race based on phenotype, they cannot be categorized genetically.

d.

that folk classifications are genetically meaningful.

a.

1.0%

c.

3.0%

b.

2.5%

d.

0.75%

a.

Transposable elements

c.

Microsatellite loci

b.

Synonymous substitutions

d.

Highly accelerated regions

a.

is related to the rapid evolution of the large and complex human brain.

b.

has a slower rate of change in humans than in other lineages.

c.

is found in a coding region and results in new proteins.

d.

is involved in speech production along with FOXP2.

a.

10%

c.

50%

b.

30%

d.

70%

a.

fewer nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous substitutions

b.

more nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous substitutions

c.

no difference in nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions

d.

There is too little information to answer this question.

a.

genetic drift.

c.

mutation.

b.

natural selection.

d.

sexual selection.