Ch.15 Evolution And Human Behavior Test Questions & Answers

a.

implies that differences in behavior among humans are the product of genetic differences between individuals.

b.

does not imply that differences in behavior among humans are the product of genetic differences between individuals.

c.

is possible only because humans have a fossil record.

d.

could not be done prior to the discovery of genetics and DNA.

a.

nonhuman primates.

c.

the physiology of modern humans.

b.

early hominins.

d.

the behavior of modern humans.

a.

learning.

b.

genes.

c.

an interaction of genes and environment.

d.

the environment.

a.

Genes are like blueprints that specify phenotypes.

b.

The expression of any genotype always depends on the environment.

c.

There is a clear distinction between the effects of genes and the effects of the environment.

d.

People vary only because their genes carry different specifications.

a.

people vary simply because they have different genes and live in different environments.

b.

there is a clear distinction between the effects of genes (nature) and the effects of the environment (nurture).

c.

the expression of genes is dependent upon the local environment.

d.

all of human behavior is determined by genes.

a.

hormonal

c.

morphological

b.

behavioral

d.

physiological

a.

less genetic than

c.

less canalized than

b.

more canalized than

d.

determined in the same manner as

a.

They cannot be shaped by natural selection because they are too sensitive to environmental conditions.

b.

They can be shaped by natural selection because they are sensitive to environmental conditions.

c.

They can be shaped by natural selection only if they are canalized.

d.

They are not under natural selection; genetic drift determines behavioral traits.

a.

Phenotypic traits result from either an individual’s genes or from the impact of the environment, but not from both factors.

b.

Kristaps is tall because his genes specified that he’d be tall.

c.

The expression of any genotype depends on the environment.

d.

Genes are like blueprints specifying an individual’s phenotype.

a.

the genes of the parents

c.

the age of the organism

b.

the local environment

d.

the culture

a.

Brains are made up of many special-purpose subcomponents adapted to solve specific real-life problems.

b.

Brains are general-purpose machines adapted to solve many different problems.

c.

Brains evolved through drift-like processes.

d.

Brains of humans are capable of solving problems faced by all species of mammal.

a.

people are adapted to modern ways of life.

b.

complex adaptations evolve quickly.

c.

natural selection creates psychologies in animals in such a way as to solve specific adaptive problems.

d.

humans evolved in stratified societies and high population density.

a.

is long gone.

c.

is here now.

b.

has not yet arrived.

d.

never existed.

a.

evolve slowly.

b.

can evolve in short amounts of time.

c.

do not evolve by natural selection.

d.

arise in ways we cannot understand.

a.

deal with the pressures of living in densely populated urban areas.

b.

allow humans to create increasingly more complicated technology.

c.

solve the challenges of a foraging lifestyle.

d.

avoid predators.

a.

there is little fossil evidence from 240–40 ka.

b.

some scientists believe that small-scale agricultural communities would make a better model.

c.

our ancestors did not practice inbreeding avoidance.

d.

modern hunter-gatherers are different from our ancestors in many ways.

a.

living things.

c.

selective arguments.

b.

reciprocal altruism between people.

d.

science and technology.

a.

foraging is more time-consuming than agriculture.

b.

humans have practiced foraging for most of our evolutionary history.

c.

sexual division of labor is clearly evident in the fossil record.

d.

foraging requires greater skill compared with agriculture.

a.

lower fitness than

c.

higher fitness than

b.

the same fitness as

d.

more variable fitness than

a.

It increases the chances of deleterious recessive alleles coming together in one individual.

b.

It is bad because individuals with families have more defects than individuals without families.

c.

It decreases the chances of deleterious recessives coming together in one individual.

d.

It is good because it removes deleterious alleles from the population.

a.

It is common.

c.

It occurs when animals are bored.

b.

It is rare.

d.

It is avoided only with siblings.

a.

reduce mating with relatives.

b.

increase mating with relatives.

c.

increase mating with siblings but not parents.

d.

decrease the chances of outbred matings.

a.

not recognizing closely related individuals as members of the opposite sex.

b.

the transfer of one sex at sexual maturity to distant groups.

c.

coercion by other group members who alarm call if a mating attempt happens.

d.

preventing the female from ovulating if a closely related male is in the vicinity.

a.

1:1

c.

1:4

b.

1:2

d.

1:8

a.

25%

c.

75%

b.

50%

d.

100%

a.

Individuals who grew up with only same-sex siblings have the greatest aversion to incest by other adults.

b.

Individuals who grew up only with opposite-sex siblings have the greatest aversion to incest by other adults.

c.

Third-party attitudes are genetically coded, so they vary little with the individual’s particular history.

d.

Third-party aversion is a discredited concept replaced by recent research in evolutionary psychology.

a.

culture stops us from doing what we really desire.

b.

childhood propinquity stifles desire.

c.

natural selection cannot stop the power of culture.

d.

it is prohibited in most religions.

a.

They exist in 50% of societies for brothers and sisters.

b.

They do not exist for distant kin.

c.

They conform to genetic categories.

d.

They do not always conform to genetic categories.

a.

examples of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.

b.

so important that they are genetically determined.

c.

found in only a few cultures.

d.

cultural constructs that rarely address the genetic requirement to avoid inbreeding.

a.

50%

c.

100%

b.

25%

d.

75%

a.

Taiwanese minor marriages

b.

first-party attitudes toward incest

c.

people who move to a kibbutz in their teens

d.

domestic situations where the wife moves to the husband’s group after marriage

a.

They produce about 80% fewer children than other arranged marriages.

b.

They are much less likely to end in separation or divorce.

c.

They rarely result in infidelity.

d.

They were possible when parents had greater control over their children’s actions.

a.

reduces the risk of the expression of deleterious alleles.

b.

reduces the risk of heterozygosity.

c.

increases the likelihood of the expression of deleterious alleles.

d.

increases the likelihood of homozygosity.

a.

can provide the most resources.

c.

have had many sexual partners.

b.

are younger than they are.

d.

are not symmetrical.

a.

are older than they are.

c.

have had many sexual partners.

b.

have high reproductive value.

d.

are not symmetrical.

a.

There are no gender differences related to preferred age of mates and preferred number of partners.

b.

Men tend to marry younger women, but this difference decreases as men age; in comparison, there is a greater age difference between women and their husbands.

c.

Regarding new relationships, it seems that men tend to underestimate women’s sexual interest, while women tend to overestimate men’s interest in commitment.

d.

Regarding new relationships, it seems that men tend to overestimate women’s sexual interest, while women tend to underestimate men’s interest in commitment.

a.

chastity.

c.

mutual attraction and love.

b.

good health.

d.

good sex.

a.

ambition and industriousness

c.

virginity

b.

good looks

d.

youth

a.

ambition and industriousness

c.

virginity

b.

good looks

d.

sexual experience

a.

only females value traits in a mate that facilitate a long-term relationship.

b.

males and females do not differ from each other in ways consistent with evolutionary theory.

c.

males value female promiscuity more than females value male promiscuity.

d.

cultural differences and gender differences both contribute to mate preferences.

a.

females value mutual love and attraction in a mate more than males do.

b.

males and females differ in their mate preferences in ways predicted by evolutionary theory.

c.

gender has a stronger influence on mate preference than culture.

d.

chastity is a high-ranking trait for males and females.

a.

an important mate quality in Sweden but not China.

b.

an important mate quality in China but not Sweden.

c.

important in both China and Sweden.

d.

unimportant in both Sweden and China.

a.

fertility

c.

reproductive value

b.

sexuality

d.

fecundity

a.

be cautious about their partner’s intentions.

b.

make more false-positive errors.

c.

overestimate men’s commitment.

d.

minimize the chance of missing sexual opportunities.

a.

Men are less open to mating opportunities that do not involve long-term commitments.

b.

This result is almost identical in all cultures.

c.

In some cultures, men and women differed more greatly than in others.

d.

Men prefer women who are older than they are.

a.

sex

c.

political views

b.

age

d.

culture

a.

the monetary worth of a bride

b.

the reproductive value of a bride

c.

the wealth of a bride immediately after marriage

d.

a payment to the bride’s family at the time of marriage

a.

is tendered in cattle.

b.

compensates the bride’s family for the cost of her move.

c.

gives the groom rights to her labor and the children she bears during their marriage.

d.

is higher for higher-status families.

a.

polygynous pastoralists who require bridewealth payments upon marriage.

b.

polyandrous pastoralists who require groomwealth payments upon marriage.

c.

monogamous pastoralists who require both bridewealth and groomwealth payments upon marriage.

d.

monogamous pastoralists who require only a bridewealth payment upon marriage.

a.

polyandry.

b.

competition over the most eligible women.

c.

marriage decisions made by brides and grooms.

d.

periods of food shortage.

a.

with the richest fathers.

b.

with the poorest fathers.

c.

who experienced menarche at a later age.

d.

who experienced menarche at an earlier age.

a.

societies controlled by men.

b.

societies where men essentially purchase wives by paying a bride price.

c.

the time of a woman’s first menstruation.

d.

the time of a woman’s first coitus.

a.

counting a woman’s number of previous sexual partners.

b.

calculating their age at menarche.

c.

their weight.

d.

their height.

a.

have longer reproductive life spans.

b.

have decreased fertility.

c.

have lower offspring survivorship.

d.

increase their chances of having pregnancies end in spontaneous abortions.

a.

wealth of the groom.

b.

size of the groom’s father’s herd of cattle and goats.

c.

age of menarche of the bride.

d.

groom’s father’s wealth.