Chapter 16 Culture, Cooperation, And Human Exam Questions

a.

information acquired through social learning.

b.

shared knowledge about the world by every member of society.

c.

language.

d.

behavior that is determined mainly by genes.

a.

It is common in other primates.

b.

It occurs only in humans.

c.

It is common in other primates, but cumulative cultural change is rare in other animals.

d.

It is common in other primates and is also cumulative, just as in humans.

a.

an older individual actively helps the young to learn—for example, by manipulating their hands.

b.

the activity of older animals indirectly increases the chances that the young will learn the behavior on their own.

c.

young animals use older animals as behavioral models.

d.

older animals teach younger animals to be social.

a.

It allows for the development of cumulative culture because individuals from every generation learn each behavioral variant on their own.

b.

It allows behavioral variants to be copied and changed by succeeding generations.

c.

It results in complex behaviors, skills, belief systems, and bodies of knowledge for nonhuman primates.

d.

It occurs because individuals are in situations that allow them to experiment and solve similar problems in the same way.

a.

an older individual actively helps the young to learn—for example, by manipulating their hands.

b.

the activity of older animals indirectly increases the chances that the young will learn the behavior on their own.

c.

young animals use older animals as behavioral models.

d.

older animals teach younger animals to be social.

a.

with social facilitation only.

b.

with observational learning only.

c.

only when learning is mainly genetic.

d.

only in humans.

a.

social facilitation.

c.

genetic differences.

b.

noncultural factors.

d.

the environment.

a.

intelligence and the ability to cooperate in the context of culture

b.

individuality and perseverance

c.

a large brain and superior genes for behavior

d.

the ability for social learning and a large population size

a.

hunting and fishing.

c.

farming.

b.

foraging for nuts and fruit.

d.

raising cattle.

a.

active teaching

c.

social facilitation

b.

observational learning

d.

imitation

a.

active teaching

c.

social facilitation

b.

observational learning

d.

facilitated teaching

a.

Yes, otherwise they would quickly disappear.

b.

No, some such behaviors are adaptive, some are neutral, and some are maladaptive.

c.

No, all such behaviors are neutral.

d.

No, only traits transmitted genetically can be adaptive.

a.

Humans cooperate only with their relatives.

b.

Humans cooperate with large numbers of unrelated individuals.

c.

Humans rarely cooperate.

d.

Humans cooperate only under the supervision of government institutions.

a.

personal experience.

b.

information passed on from other individuals.

c.

information encoded in their genes.

d.

a combination of innate, genetic behaviors and personal experience.

a.

observation and trial and error.

c.

observation alone.

b.

trial and error.

d.

genetic adaptation.

a.

agricultural

c.

small hunter-gatherer

b.

industrial

d.

pastoralist

a.

relatedness among members of the group was high.

b.

relatedness among members of the group was low.

c.

predation was high.

d.

predation was low.

a.

Members of contemporary hunter-gatherer bands are not as closely related as thought, and unrelated individuals in most societies cooperate often.

b.

People frequently move between bands, so cooperation of any kind is impossible.

c.

Individuals cooperate only with family members.

d.

Cooperation is simply rarely observed among most human groups.

a.

differences in cultural adaptations can be established between groups.

b.

there is a struggle for existence.

c.

there is variation in traits.

d.

traits are heritable.

a.

evolution, as often conceived as a process of natural selection shaping existing traits or creating new ones over time, is in one sense over for humans.

b.

human evolution and the rise of new traits is rapidly continuing as humans biologically adapt to their environments.

c.

genetic evolution is more likely today than it was before the advent of agriculture 10 ka.

d.

natural selection is completely irrelevant to the study of human behavior and mate choice in modern societies.

a.

perform an action by watching the behavior of others.

b.

learn the end state of a behavior but not the behavior that generated the end state.

c.

have an increased chance of learning a behavior when others have that behavior.

d.

learn a behavior by following the first steps and then figure out the rest on their own.

a.

they rarely copy others’ behavior.

b.

individuals settle on only one technique once it is learned.

c.

individuals blindly copy all of the observed behavior’s details.

d.

individuals are unable to imitate behaviors.

a.

They typically copy it faithfully.

b.

They typically do not copy it.

c.

They typically only copy the components that are relevant to achieving an outcome.

d.

They typically copy only a few randomly chosen components.

a.

Cultural evolution is slower.

b.

Cultural evolution is faster because it can occur in individuals and be passed on.

c.

Cultural evolution occurs at the same rate.

d.

Cultural evolution is faster because it alters the underlying genes, which then quickly spread through the population.

a.

They perished because they were unable to figure out how to adapt to the arctic habitat.

b.

They succeeded in surviving the harsh arctic conditions.

c.

They had access to accumulated local knowledge.

d.

They brought with them a diverse tool kit.

a.

They practice farming.

b.

They live in permanent settlements.

c.

They frequently engage in warfare.

d.

They have a hierarchical political system with a king.

a.

punishment of free-riders and enforcement of moral normal by third parties.

b.

pure and unselfish altruism by most individuals in the group.

c.

an altruism gene that reverses the effects of kin selection.

d.

extremely low levels of relatedness that result from regular inbreeding.

a.

Proposers allocate 20% to 30% of their endowments to the other player.

b.

Proposers allocate 80% to 90% of their endowments to the other player.

c.

Proposers refuse to allocate any of their endowments to the other player.

d.

Proposers receive a 20% bonus for being generous.

a.

They built pyramids.

b.

They built snow houses that kept them warm during frigid winters.

c.

They made a living by raising and herding cattle.

d.

They constructed weirs to harvest salmon, requiring the labor of hundreds of men from different villages.