Verified Test Bank Chapter.6 Learning - Psychology in Action 12e Test Bank by Karen Huffman. DOCX document preview.
Package Title: Huffman PIA 12e Testbank
Course Title: Psychology in Action, 12th Edition
Chapter Number: 6
Question type: Multiple Choice
1) A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience is called
a) training.
b) knowledge.
c) intuition.
d) learning.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
2) The learning of a relationship between a new environmental stimulus and a previously reflexive response to a different stimulus is known as
a) operant conditioning.
b) contiguity learning.
c) classical conditioning.
d) latent learning.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
3) _____ conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
a) Reflex
b) Instinctive
c) Classical
d) Basic
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
4) Any event that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is a(n)
a) instinctive response.
b) unconditioned stimulus.
c) operant stimulus.
d) contingency.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
5) In Pavlov’s original classical conditioning experiments, the _____ was the neutral stimulus, the _____ was the stimulus that would elicit a reflex, and _____ was the reflexive response.
a) meat powder; bell; salivation
b) salivation; meat powder; ringing the bell
c) bell; meat powder; salivation
d) meat powder; salivation; ringing the bell
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
6) A(n) _____ is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without any previous conditioning.
a) conditioned response
b) neutral response
c) unconditioned response
d) classical response
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
7) A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called
a) a neutral stimulus.
b) irrelevant.
c) an unconditioned stimulus.
d) an unnatural condition.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
8) A stimulus that, before conditioning, naturally brings about the response of interest is called
a) a conditioned stimulus.
b) irrelevant.
c) an unconditioned stimulus.
d) an unnatural condition.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
9) A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n)
a) conditioned stimulus.
b) primary reinforcer.
c) secondary reinforcer.
d) classical stimulus.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
10) For ten days in a row Frank felt a static electric shock when he kissed his wife while standing on the living room carpet. Now he feels mildly anxious whenever he approaches his wife to kiss her. In classical conditioning, his wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus.
a) unconditioned; conditioned
b) unconditioned; neutral
c) neutral; unconditioned
d) neutral; conditioned
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
11) Eli's grandma gives him a Tootsie roll every time she visits. When Eli sees his grandma arriving, his mouth begins to water. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is
a) hunger.
b) grandma.
c) the Tootsie roll.
d) the watering mouth.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
12) A(n) _____ is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus due to repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.
a) secondary response
b) conditioned response
c) neutral reaction
d) operant response
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
13) Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life?
a) Treating alcoholism with a drug that causes nausea when alcohol is consumed.
b) Giving people a free gift when they purchase make-up in a department store.
c) Teaching people how to solve a problem but making them wait to try the new skill until a later time.
d) Spanking a child for using foul language in the home.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
14) In John Watson's demonstration of classical conditioning with little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was.
a) symptoms of fear.
b) a rat.
c) a bath towel.
d) a loud noise.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
15) A conditioned emotional response is an emotion that is
a) operant conditioned.
b) evoked by a previously neutral stimulus.
c) repeatedly rewarded.
d) evoked by an unconditional stimulus.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
16) Wartime propaganda often depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human. This type of propaganda creates _____ toward the enemy.
a) an unfavorable classically conditioned emotional response
b) an unfavorable learned response through imitation
c) a punished response
d) a reinforced response
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
17) The work of John Watson with Little Albert demonstrated the likelihood that many, if not most, phobias are initially created as a result of
a) observational learning.
b) latent learning.
c) classical conditioning.
d) operant conditioning.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
18) _____ is an exaggerated, irrational fear of an object or situation, which may sometimes be thought of as a(n) _____.
a) A nightmare; conditioned dream response
b) An anxiety attack; immature response
c) A phobia; conditioned emotional response
d) Anxiety; unconditional expressive response
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
19) The phase during which a neutral stimulus becomes linked to an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response is called
a) acquisition.
b) shaping.
c) latency.
d) initiation.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
20) The occurrence of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus is called stimulus
a) discrimination.
b) spreading.
c) generalization.
d) responsiveness.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
21) A baby is bitten by a dog and then is afraid of all small animals. The child’s newfound fear of animals other than the dog that bit her is an example of
a) stimulus discrimination.
b) extinction.
c) reinforcement.
d) stimulus generalization.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
22) The occurrence of a learned response only to a specific stimulus and not to other, similar stimuli is called stimulus
a) generalization.
b) recovery.
c) differentiation.
d) discrimination.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
23) After Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear the laboratory rat, if he did not show fear to similar furry animals or objects, this would demonstrate he process of
a) stimulus generalization.
b) stimulus discrimination.
c) higher-order conditioning.
d) shaping.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
24) Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
a) Hank thinks all elderly drivers are slow and leave their blinkers on.
b) Sung-lee believes that everyone should wear seat belts because she was hurt in an accident when she wasn't wearing one.
c) After an accident with a red car last month, Giorgio gets nervous when he sees a red car, but not when he sees a red truck or van.
d) Phoung is an aggressive driver, but stops for red lights because she got a ticket for running one several months ago.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
25) Which of the following is an appropriate description of extinction in classical conditioning?
a) It is the spreading of a CR to stimuli that are only similar to the CS.
b) It is the application of an undesirable or aversive stimulus in response to an inappropriate behavior.
c) It is a weakening of the association between the CS and the UCS.
d) It is the disappearance of a desired response when reinforcements are withdrawn.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
26) When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US (food, in this case), the CR will “die out” in a process called ______________.
a) CR fading
b) extinction
c) habituation
d) generalization fading
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
27) The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the CS is called _____.
a) latent learning
b) immediate recall
c) spontaneous recovery
d) a cognitive map
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
28) Although Henrietta extinguished her fear of spiders several months ago, she suddenly gasped in horror and felt her heart pounding when she saw an itsy-bitsy spider crawling up the water spout in her back yard. This is an example of _____.
a) an extreme case of arachnophobia
b) second-order extinction
c) stimulus discrimination
d) spontaneous recovery
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
29) When a neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus as well, this is called _____ conditioning.
a) operant
b) classical
c) higher order
d) secondary
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
30) Which of the following pairs occur in higher order conditioning?
a) NS-US
b) US-previous NS
c) NS-previous CS
d) NS-US-UR
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
31) If you wanted to use higher-order conditioning to get Watson’s Little Albert to fear Barbie dolls, you would show him a Barbie doll with _____.
a) the loud noise
b) the original unconditioned response
c) the white rat
d) the original conditioned response
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Discuss the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Synthesis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
32) A form of associative learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called _____.
a) self-efficacy
b) classical conditioning
c) operant conditioning
d) insight learning
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
33) The consequences of one’s behaviors are a critical element in shaping future actions in _____ conditioning.
a) operant
b) classical
c) cognitive
d) operant and classical
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
34) An outcome of an action that increases the probability that the response will be repeated is called _____.
a) punishment
b) reinforcement
c) an operational directive
d) a discriminative stimulus
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
35) An outcome of an action that decreases the probability that the response will be repeated is called _____.
a) discrimination
b) punishment
c) reinforcement
d) shaping
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
36) The responses learned through classical conditioning are _____; the responses learned through operant conditioning are _____.
a) active; passive
b) active; voluntary
c) voluntary; involuntary
d) involuntary; voluntary
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
37) Reinforcement and punishment are defined in terms of _____.
a) intrinsic and extrinsic motives
b) whether they cause pleasure and pain
c) adaptive significance
d) whether they increase or decrease responses that follow behaviors
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
38) When satisfying consequences happen to someone, the probability of repeating the behavior that occurred before the satisfying consequence increases. This best illustrates
a) higher order conditioning.
b) the law of effect.
c) generalization.
d) classical conditioning.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
39) Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?
a) Pavlov: operant conditioning
b) Thorndike: classical conditioning
c) Skinner: reinforcement
d) Garcia; conditioned emotional response
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
40) According to Skinner’s principles of instrumental conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come immediately _____the response.
a) after
b) before
c) at the same time as
d) before, during, or after
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
41) Primary reinforcers
a) must be presented before the response occurs.
b) usually satisfy a biological need.
c) must be learned over repeated experiences.
d) are ineffective at changing behaviors.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
42) For most nonhuman organisms, offering food after a desired response will usually serve as a _____ reinforcer.
a) negative and secondary
b) positive and secondary
c) negative and primary
d) positive and primary
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
43) Secondary reinforcers increase the probability of a response, and _____.
a) are based on prior learning of their reinforcing properties, not a biological need
b) are less reinforcing than primary reinforcers
c) lose their reinforcing value over time
d) occur reflexively in response to an external stimulus
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
44) For most people, money is a _____ reinforcer.
a) primary
b) anticipatory
c) unnecessary
d) secondary
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
45) Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son’s face and yells at the top of their lungs “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
a) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son’s screaming.
b) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child’s screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married.
c) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming.
d) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
46) Adding a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called _____.
a) positive reinforcement
b) positive conditioning
c) stimulus discrimination
d) negative punishment
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
47) The BEST method parents can use to get their children to do their chores is to _____.
a) punish them if they refuse
b) reward them before they do the chores
c) reward them after they do the chores
d) do the chores for them at first, so they can observe a model
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Evaluation
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
48) Taking away or removing a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called _____.
a) negative punishment
b) primary punishment
c) negative reinforcement
d) positive reinforcement
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
49) The addition of a(n) _____ stimulus results in positive reinforcement; whereas the subtraction of a(n) _____ stimulus results in negative reinforcement.
a) desirable; painful or annoying
b) primary; secondary
c) operant; classical
d) higher order; lower order
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
50) When you take aspirin to decrease a headache, the removal of pain is_____.
a) ineffective
b) secondary reinforcement
c) positive reinforcement
d) negative reinforcement
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
51) Negative reinforcement is _____ the same as punishment.
a) always
b) mostly
c) sometimes
d) never
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
52) Negative punishment _____ the chances that a given behavior will continue, while negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood that the response will persist.
a) decreases; decreases
b) increases; decreases
c) decreases; increases
d) increases; increases
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
53) Your dog is begging for food while you eat dinner. Your mother gives him a morsel from her plate, and he stops barking. In this situation, your dog has been _____, and your mother has been _____.
a) classically conditioned; punished
b) operant conditioned; positively reinforced
c) positively reinforced; negatively reinforced
d) negatively reinforced; punished
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
54) A program that designates the rate or interval at which a response is reinforced is called _____.
a) a schedule of reinforcement
b) a reinforcement calendar
c) a reinforcement timetable
d) higher-order conditioning
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
55) Continuous reinforcement occurs when _____.
a) all responses are rewarded
b) all rewards are reinforcing
c) all correct responses are rewarded
d) only specific correct responses are rewarded after a specific amount of time has passed
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
56) Partial reinforcement occurs when _____.
a) a reward is only partially reinforcing
b) rewards are alternated with punishment
c) some, but not all, correct responses are rewarded
d) some correct and some incorrect responses are rewarded
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
57) Continuous reinforcement is “better” when it comes to _____; partial reinforcement is “better” when it comes to _____.
a) initial learning of a behavior; resistance to extinction
b) spontaneous recovery; initial learning of a behavior
c) resistance to extinction; spontaneous recovery
d) resistance to extinction; initial learning of a behavior
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
58) You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?
a) Partial reinforcement
b) Interval reinforcement
c) Continuous reinforcement
d) Ratio reinforcement
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
59) When you put nickels in a gumball machine, you receive _____ reinforcement; when you put nickels in a slot machine, you receive _____ reinforcement.
a) continuous; continuous
b) continuous; partial
c) partial; continuous
d) partial; partial
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
60) When reinforcement follows a predetermined number of responses, it is a _____ schedule of reinforcement, compared to a _____ schedule in which reinforcement follows the first response after a predetermined period of time has elapsed.
a) fixed ratio; fixed interval
b) variable ratio; fixed interval
c) fixed interval; fixed ratio
d) partial; continuous
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
61) A _____ schedule of reinforcement provides a reward for the first response after a non-specific number of responses have occurred.
a) variable ratio
b) fixed interval
c) average interval
d) average ratio
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
62) Slot machines use a variable ratio because _____.
a) the gambler won't be able to tell when the next payoff is going to occur
b) it decreases the gambler’s resistance to quitting
c) the gambler will receive a reward after every spin
d) the likelihood of hitting a “big jackpot” is quite low
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
63) A schedule of reinforcement that presents a reinforcer if the behavior occurs in an unpredictable timeframe (e.g., the time before reinforcement varies) is called a _____ schedule, and is best for producing slow and steady responses.
a) Mixed interval
b) Variable interval
c) Rotating interval
d) Variable ratio
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
64) Professor Miller gives a quiz once a week but he never tells students on what day the quiz will be given. This is a _____ schedule.
a) fixed ratio
b) variable ratio
c) fixed interval
d) variable interval
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning f
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
65) When a teacher uses a fixed interval schedule for quizzes (e.g., every Friday), this usually encourages students to _____.
a) study frequently
b) avoid class on Friday
c) cheat
d) study the night before the test only
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
66) George gets paid on Fridays for a week's work; Mai-ling gets paid for every five wedding veils she completes. George is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, while Mai-ling is on a _____ schedule.
a) fixed ratio; average interval
b) average ratio; variable ratio
c) average interval; variable interval
d) fixed interval; fixed ratio
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
67) When someone reinforces a series of successive approximations of a desired response, they are engaged in _____ a behavior.
a) the continuous reinforcement of
b) generalizing
c) discriminating
d) shaping
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
68) You clap with delight when your young son picks up a spoon. You laugh and applaud when he later brings the spoon toward his mouth. When he places the spoon in his mouth you hug and kiss him all over. It is MOST likely that you _____.
a) are using a fixed interval schedule
b) are using a fixed ratio schedule
c) are using classical conditioning
d) are using shaping to teach your son to eat with spoon
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
69) When you add a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a response recurring, you are engaged in _____. If you subtract a stimulus with the same result, you are engaged in _____.
a) negative reinforcement; negative punishment
b) positive reinforcement; negative punishment
c) positive punishment; negative punishment
d) positive punishment; negative reinforcement
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
70) Dan and Jenny spank Nolan when he pulls the dog’s tail. They are using _____ to teach Nolan not to pull the dog’s tail.
a) negative punishment
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) positive reinforcement
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
71) _____ increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur, whereas _____ decreases that likelihood.
a) Operant conditioning; classical conditioning
b) Higher order conditioning; operant conditioning
c) Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
d) Reinforcement; punishment
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
72) One reason that domestic violence seem to escalate is that aggression is used as a punishment that is often _____.
a) ignored by the abused
b) reinforcing to the abuser
c) the most effective way to keep the relationship from breaking up
d) reported by the abused
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
73) Five-year-old Nicholas just learned the rhyme, “Step on a crack, break your mother's back.” Tonight his mother won’t let him eat the candy bar his grandmother just gave him until after dinner. Nicholas waves goodbye to grandma, and then smiles while stepping on all of the cracks in his driveway. This may be an example of _____.
a) delayed aggression
b) learned helplessness
c) passive aggressiveness
d) an Oedipal response
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
74) Your textbook discusses several potential problems associated with the use of punishment. They include all but which of the following?
a) passive aggressive behaviors
b) lying and avoidance behaviors
c) inappropriate modeling of the punishment actions
d) the appearance of stimulus generalization in the individual who is punished
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Evaluation
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
75) If you repeatedly fail in your attempts to control your environment, you are likely to make no further attempts to escape or even make your environment better. This is called _____.
a) passive aggressiveness
b) learned helplessness
c) submissive behavior
d) underachievement
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
76) A Skinner box is the name for the _____.
a) laboratory used by B.F. Skinner
b) burial caskets for laboratory animals who died during research protocols
c) prison cell reserved for students who fail this exam
d) apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement and punishment on animal behavior
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
77) B. F. Skinner conducted an experiment that suggested that a behavior that is repeated because it is thought to cause a desired effect, even when there is no connection between the behavior and the effect, is called _____.
a) redundant
b) ineffectual
c) supercilious
d) superstitious
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
78) You always sit in the same chair in your psychology class on test-taking days because you believe that something about this seat or location helped you get an “A” on your first test. You are engaged in a _____ behavior.
a) self-defeating
b) superstitious
c) self-fulfilling
d) repetitious
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
79) Feedback should _____ to increase the effectiveness of reinforcement.
a) be given by an appropriate role model
b) be immediate, consistent, and clear
c) be classically administered
d) always follow a partial schedule of reinforcement
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
80) The BEST motto for the timing of reinforcement or punishment is _____.
a) Spare the rod and spoil the child
b) Haste makes waste.
c) The sooner (or immediate) the better.
d) A stitch in time saves nine.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Evaluation
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
81) Two-year-old Rumiko started whining at the grocery store. The best way for her parents to extinguish this behavior is to praise her _____ when she is NOT whining at the store and _____.
a) consistently; leave the store every time she whines
b) most of the time; leave the store every other time she whines
c) some of the time; leave the store when they are done shopping
d) none of these options; they should stop taking her to the store
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
82) Extinction occurs in _____ conditioning when the US and CS are no longer paired; extinction occurs in _____ conditioning, when reinforcement is withheld.
a) operant; classical
b) insight; latent
c) classical; operant
d) voluntary; involuntary
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
83) A child learns that whenever he eats all his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) biofeedback theory
d) social learning theory
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
84) The BEST rule to follow in applying operant conditioning to your own life is to _____.
a) reinforce appropriate behavior
b) extinguish inappropriate behavior
c) save punishment for extreme cases only
d) use a combination of these options
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Evaluation
APA: Goal 5: Professional Development
85) A teacher who reinforces successive approximations of a behavior is engaged in _____.
a) programmed instruction
b) operant-observational learning
c) shaping
d) vicarious observation
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
86) This is a theory of learning that emphasizes the role of thought and social learning in behavior.
a) Operant conditioning
b) Cognitive social learning theory
c) Classical conditioning
d) Instinctive drift
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Easy
Objective: 6.3
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
87) _____ were influential in early studies of cognitive learning.
a) William James and Ivan Pavlov
b) B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike
c) Wolfgang Kohler and Edward C. Tolman
d) Albert Bandura and R.H. Walters
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
88) The sudden understanding or realization of how a problem can be solved is called a(n) _____.
a) idea
b) inspiration
c) insight
d) cognitive awakening
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
89) The chimpanzee in Kohler's insight experiment _____.
a) used trial and error to reach a banana placed just out of reach
b) turned its back on the banana out of frustration
c) sat for a while, then used two sticks to bring the fruit within reach
d) gradually solved the problem by trying all possible solutions
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
90) The BEST definition of a cognitive map is _____.
a) a map that you describe using words rather than drawings
b) a mental image of a three-dimensional space that an organism has navigated
c) neuronal pathways produced when you think or learn something new
d) a method of studying that maps your thoughts in a logical manner
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
91) Learning exists without behavioral signs until there is some reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. It can appear “hidden” until the information or skills are needed.
a) subliminal
b) subconscious
c) lucid
d) latent
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
92) Tolman did an experiment where laboratory rats were reinforced for completing a maze. Each subsequent day, they ran the maze with fewer errors. On the 11th day of the experiment, Tolman flooded the maze with water, forcing the laboratory rats to use muscle movements that had never been reinforced. If the rats were building cognitive maps of the mazes, which result would you expect for their performance on the 11th day?
a) The rats should make the same number of errors they did on the first day of the experiment
b) The rats should make more errors they did on the first day of the experiment
c) The rats should continue to show a decrease in the number of errors, as they had done in the first 10 days
d) The rats should make more errors but run faster than on the first day
Section Reference: Cognitive–Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
93) You aimlessly wander the mall nearly every weekend without buying anything. When a mother with a child asks you where the nearest toy store is, you know exactly where to direct her. This is an example of _____.
a) Kohler's insight learning
b) Tolman's latent learning
c) a Klingon map
d) sublingual mapping
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
94) You have been to the grocery store with your parents many times on weekly shopping trips, but never really paid a lot of attention to the location of specific items. Today your father asked you to go get a bag of sugar, and you knew immediately how to get to the aisle with baking products. This internal representation the layout of the store is called a(n) ________.
a) cognitive schema
b) primary reinforcer
c) cognitive map
d) insight solution
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
95) This theory says learning occurs by watching others and then later repeating their actions.
a) operant conditioning
b) insight learning
c) observational learning
d) self-efficacy
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
96) Young Matthew is a very fussy eater. He only willingly eats yogurt, cheese sticks, chicken nuggets, and sweets. Tonight at dinner he watched his big brother Jonah eat a plate of lasagna, smile, and talk about how yummy it was. Matthew then had a small taste of the pasta dish and exclaimed that he loved it. In this example, Jonah has served as a(n) ________ for Matthew.
a) model
b) exemplar
c) prototype
d) cognitive map
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
97) When you learn something by imitating the behavior of other people, these people are _____.
a) preventing you from developing your independence
b) modeling actions
c) helping you to cheat
d) positively reinforcing you
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
98) Bandura’s observational learning studies focused on how ____.
a) rats learn cognitive maps through exploration
b) children learn aggressive behaviors by observing aggressive models
c) cats learn problem solving through trial and error
d) chimpanzees learn problem solving through reasoning
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
99) Ursula’s mother spanks Ursula for hitting her younger brother. According to observational learning principles, the mother is _____.
a) extinguishing a response by applying an unpleasant consequence
b) acting as a model for aggressive behavior
c) using negative reinforcement
d) teaching the younger brother by way of classical conditioning
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
100) Based on cognitive-social learning theory, which of the following is the BEST slogan to present to a class for parents who want their children to adopt their standards of behavior?
a) Silence is golden.
b) Do as I say, not as I do.
c) Because I said so.
d) Follow my lead.
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
101) Which of the following is NOT required for you to learn by observation?
a) You must pay attention to the model.
b) You must note and remember what you saw.
c) You must be able (e.g., physically or developmentally) to reproduce what you observed.
d) The model must match you in age, gender, and other characteristics.
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
102) Based on observational learning research, which of the following is TRUE?
a) Children who watch aggression are less likely to aggress because they have gotten it out of their systems.
b) Children will imitate an aggressive model that appears to receive a reinforcer as a result of the behavior.
c) Television and movie aggression are not related to real-life aggression in children because they can tell the difference between fantasy and reality.
d) If you watched aggressive television when you were a child and it didn't make you more aggressive, this is evidence that aggressive TV does not influence children's behavior.
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
103) Which of the following is an appropriate pairing of the individual to the subject he studied?
a) Tolman: observational learning
b) Pavlov: operant conditioning
c) Kohler: insight learning
d) Bandura: classical conditioning
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
104) According to your text, research has shown that exposure to media portrayals of demeaning and stereotypical roles for minorities and women _____.
a) increases critical thinking about minorities and women
b) initiates and conditions the learning of prejudice
c) increases empathy for minorities and women
d) decreases a child’s own stereotypical gender-role behavior
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
105) Research suggests that media coverage of empathetic, prosocial behavior _____.
a) is correlated but not causally linked with performing prosocial behavior
b) is correlated and causally linked to performing prosocial behavior
c) has nothing to do with “copy-cat” prosocial behavior
d) is only influential for people with a genetic predisposition for performing prosocial behavior
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
106) According to your text, a rat raised in an enriched versus a deprived environment typically develops
a) more complicated behavior patterns.
b) a thicker cerebral cortex.
c) predictable behavioral repertoires.
d) a larger body.
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
107) ____________neurons in the brain are fired when monkeys observe another monkey performing a similar task.
a) Inter
b) Mirror
c) Sensory
d) Motor
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
108) ___________neurons are believed to be responsible for human empathy and imitation.
a) Inter
b) Sensory
c) Mirror
d) Motor
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
109) Tony sees a little boy crying and he feels sad. At the biology level, what is the BEST explanation of what is happening?
a) Mirror neurons are firing
b) Sensory neurons have been stimulated
c) Dopamine is being released
d) There is no biological explanation of empathy
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
110) From an evolutionary perspective, _____ is an adaptation that enables us to survive and prosper in a constantly changing world.
a) optimism
b) learning
c) pessimism
d) hope
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
111) A classically conditioned negative reaction to a particular taste that has been associated with nausea or other illness is known as _____.
a) gustatory discriminant response
b) conditioned taste aversion
c) negative taste response
d) taste contingency
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
112) Which researcher is noted for his work examining the development of conditioned taste aversions in rats?
a) Honnick
b) Thorndike
c) Tolman
d) Garcia
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
113) Garcia’s taste aversion studies demonstrated that Pavlov was mistaken in his belief that _____.
a) shock is an unconditioned stimulus
b) dogs salivate to meat
c) humans could be classically conditioned
d) conditioning required multiple pairings of an NS to a UCS
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Evaluation
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
114) Garcia and his colleagues taught coyotes to avoid sheep by pairing a nausea-inducing drug with freshly killed sheep eaten by the coyotes. This is an example of _____.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Evaluation
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
115) Garcia’s finding that conditioned laboratory rats to avoid sweetened water because it was paired with a shock that caused nausea several hours later shows _________.
a) the US must follow the CS immediately
b) classical conditioning can be overcome by strategies
c) in cases when the conditioned response is necessary to survive, the US does not have to follow the
CS immediately
d) animals and humans are biologically prepared to avoid hunger
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
116) In an experiment, laboratory rats were classically conditioned to get sick after drinking sweetened water that was paired with a drug that compromises immune response. These rats continued to die after the experiment because of the conditioned response to the sweetened water alone. Which conclusion can be drawn from this research?
a) Animals and humans can be classically conditioned to any neutral stimulus
b) Any response the body is capable of making can be conditioned, including dying
c) Classical conditioning is always automatic and cannot be avoided with strategies
d) Classical conditioning works with voluntary responses as well
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
117) This is the idea that an organism has a built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.
a) Learned disposition
b) Biological preparedness
c) Predispositional association
d) Biological association
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
118) Biological preparedness suggests that we would be MOST likely to develop a classically conditioned aversion to _____.
a) snakes
b) flowers
c) cats and dogs
d) sugar
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
119) There are some behaviors that cannot be _____ conditioned because biological preparedness suggests that a species will favor natural instinctive behaviors to those being reinforced.
a) positively
b) negatively
c) classically
d) operantly
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
120) John Michael suffers from alcoholism, and he cannot seem to stop drinking. He goes to a hospital and they give him a nausea-producing drug (emetic) after he gargles with alcohol. As a result of this treatment, John will probably
a) vomit due to the emetic and then “pair” the emetic with alcohol
b) vomit caused by the emetic and then continue to drink alcohol
c) develop an addiction to the emetic
d) get a sore throat due to the alcohol
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
121) _____ is a biological constraint that occurs when an animal’s conditioned responses shift back toward innate response patterns.
a) Biological shift
b) Instinctive drift
c) Learned aversion
d) Innate reflexive conversion
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
122) Chickens could not be taught to play baseball because they would chase the ball after it was batted, rather than run to first base. This was an example of _____ because it demonstrated that the chickens’ innate pattern of running after food (the ball) took precedence over running toward a stationary object (first base).
a) an autonomic reflex
b) classical conditioning
c) operant conditioning
d) instinctive drift
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
Question type: Essay
123) List the US, UCS, UR, and UCR in Pavlov’s original experiment that led to the development of classical conditioning theory.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Objective: 6.1
Objective Text: Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
124) “Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination are opposite processes.” Is this a true statement? Briefly explain your answer.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
125) What is the most basic difference between a punisher and a reinforcer?
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Comprehension
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
Question type: Text Entry
126) When you reinforce successive approximations of a desired response, rewarding a person or animal as they get closer and closer to a target behavior, you are using the process called ________.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
127) A mental representation of a three-dimensional space that can be used to execute later processes is called a(n) ________.
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
Question type: Essay
128) In Bandura’s observational learning, what four separate processes are required? (Hint: they are typically abbreviated ARRM)
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
129) Identify at least 3 processes that would lead to activation of mirror neurons.
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
130) How does the process of a conditioned taste aversion differ most notably from other instances of classical conditioning?
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
131) Lauryn has an irrational fear of flying. Use classical conditioning theory to explain how she learned this fear. Provide a definition of conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned response, and indicate each term that is used in Lauryn's conditioning.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
132) Describe the processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and higher-order conditioning in classical conditioning. Use an example of each type of conditioning to illustrate your comparison.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
133) Imagine that you are a behavioral psychologist who wants to help a father increase his daughter's compliance in mowing the backyard without being reminded. Develop a plan that will include both positive and negative reinforcement, and positive and negative punishment.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
134) Explain the importance of schedules of reinforcement in the effective use of reinforcement and punishment. Provide an example of a fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval and variable-interval partial schedule to illustrate your explanation.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
135) Imagine that you want to teach your dog to “shake hands” with visitors. Design a program based on shaping to accomplish your goal.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
136) Define and give an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. Describe why policymakers and developmental psychologists urge parents to use alternatives to physical punishment, such as forms of negative punishment?
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
137) Contrast classical and operant conditioning with regard to which two events become associated and the type of response (i.e., voluntary vs. involuntary), illustrating your answer with an example of why someone in each learning condition would stop flying in airplanes.
Section Reference: Classical Conditioning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the key terms and findings in classical conditioning.
Bloomcode: Evaluation
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
138) Explain the importance to human learning of Kohler’s and Tolman’ research, and provide an example of how you might use insight and latent learning in your everyday life.
Section Reference: Cognitive-Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Analysis
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
139) Define observational learning, including a description of the four processes that are essential for it to work, and an example of your own observational learning.
Section Reference: Cognitive - Social Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology
140) Define biological preparedness and describe how it is related to classical and operant conditioning, providing an example from your own life.
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
141) Describe how the principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive-social learning are involved in the acquisition of prejudice.
Section Reference: Cognitive - Social Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.3 Summarize the key terms and findings in the cognitive-social theory of learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
142) Describe two ways learning occurs in everyday life, including one example of voluntary learning and one example of involuntary learning.
Section Reference: Operant Conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 6.2 Discuss the key terms and findings in operant conditioning
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
143) Explain how conditioned taste aversions can differ from other examples of classical conditioning. Give an example of how a conditioned taste aversion can be both a position (helpful) and negative (unhelpful) event.
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Application
APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking
144) What are mirror neurons? When might they be activated in the brains of human beings or non-human animals?
Section Reference: Biology of Learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 6.4 Review the biological factors in learning.
Bloomcode: Knowledge
APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology