Test Questions & Answers Ch.7 Memory 12th Edition

Package Title: Chapter 7, Testbank

Course Title: Huffman, PIA 12e

Chapter Number: 7

Question type: Multiple Choice

1) The process by which information is encoded, stored, and later retrieved is called ________.

a) intellect

b) cognition

c) memory

d) perception

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

2) Memory is a ________ process, which means that it includes the organization and shaping of information by processing, storage, and retrieval of information.

a) controlled

b) evolutionary

c) constructive

d) mnemonic

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

3) The process of translating information into a neural code or language that will be retained in memory is called ________.

a) dictation

b) encoding

c) translation

d) encryption

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

4) With regard to memory, the process of retaining neurally encoded information over time is known as ________.

a) maintenance

b) capturing

c) sensory retention

d) storage

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

5) The three steps in memory processing are ________.

a) encoding, storage, retrieval

b) translations, maintenance, transmittal

c) dictation, capturing, regurgitation

d) encrypting, sensory retention, neural processing

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

6) Which of the following are ways that people can improve their elaborative rehearsal skills?

a) expand on the information

b) repeating the information to themselves over and over again

c) learning information in the same place every time they review it

d) cramming information into memory all at once

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

7) Which of the following supports the idea that elaborative rehearsal leads to better recall than maintenance rehearsal?

a) people who study words by counting syllables remember than better than people who study by placing words into sentences

b) people who study words by placing them into sentences remember than better than people who study by counting syllables

c) people who study words by rating the pleasantness of their sounds recall them as well as people who study by counting syllables

d) people who study words by rating the pleasantness of their sounds recall them as well as people who place words into sentences

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

8) In a computer model of memory, ________ would happen at the keyboard, ________ on the monitor, and ________ on the hard drive.

a) retrieval, storage, encoding

b) encoding, storage, retrieval

c) storage, encoding, retrieval

d) encoding, retrieval, storage

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

9) In the three-stage memory model, which of the following is the CORRECT memory pathway?

a) sensory memory - short-term memory - long-term memory

b) short-term memory - long-term memory - perceptual memory

c) sensory memory - perceptual memory - working memory

d) sensory memory - short-term memory - long-term memory - perceptual memory

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

10) According to the three-stage memory model, information must first enter ________ memory and then transfer to ________ memory. Finally, it must be moved to ________ memory to be retained for a meaningful length of time.

a) sensory, short-term, working

b) short-term, sensory, long-term

c) sensory, short-term, long-term

d) working, short-term, sensory

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

11) The following descriptions are characteristic of ________ memory: information lasts for a few seconds or less, a large but not unlimited storage capacity, and transmission of an accurate but not perfect “image.”

a) long-term

b) short-term

c) working

d) sensory

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

12) The three storage systems included in the three-stage memory model are ________ memories.

a) sensory, perceptual, and factual

b) semantic, episodic, and long-term

c) sensory, short-term, and long-term

d) conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

13) ________ memory refers to the initial memory stage, which holds information from the world around us. It has relatively large capacity, but the duration is only a few seconds.

a) Long-term

b) Short-term

c) Sensory

d) Working

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

14) In sensory memory, the approximate duration of a visual image is about ________, and the approximate duration of auditory echoic memory is up to ________.

a) 1/2 second; 4 seconds

b) 1 second; 1 minute

c) several seconds; 1/4 second

d) 1/2 minute; 4 minutes

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

15) The fact that you can recall what someone said several seconds ago, even if you were absorbed in another task when he or she first said it, is explained by ________ memory.

a) iconic

b) phonosonic

c) working

d) echoic

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

16) When you swallow the last bite of a divine piece of chocolate and continue to experience the delightful taste for a bit longer, you are utilizing your ________.

a) long-term memory

b) mnemonic devices

c) sensory memory system

d) iconic memory store

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

17) The memory system that stores sensory information while it “decides” whether to send it on to LTM is called ________ memory in the traditional memory model.

a) sensory

b) short-term

c) long-term

d) higher-order

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

18) The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory is called ________.

a) iconic memory

b) mnemonic memory

c) elaborative rehearsal

d) maintenance rehearsal

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

19) Maintenance rehearsal allows us to keep information in ________ memory longer than the typical 30 seconds.

a) short-term

b) long-term

c) iconic

d) echoic

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

20) Yu-Wai just met a woman he feels attracted to. He keeps saying her name over and over to himself to make sure he doesn't forget it. Yu-Wai is using ________ to keep this woman’s name in ________ memory.

a) mnemonics; long-term

b) a reverberating circuit; sensory

c) maintenance rehearsal; short-term

d) selective attention; short-term

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

21) ________ is the process of grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit in order to store more information in ________ memory.

a) Chunking; short-term

b) Divided attention; short-term

c) Collecting; long-term

d) Dual-coding; sensory

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

22) Miguel has an average memory capacity. Which of the following lists is the MOST likely to forget?

a) IBM, CBS, FBI, CIA, NBC, ABC, ESP

b) Karen, Kathy, Katie, Keith, Kevin, Kim,

c) 123, 456, 789, 987, 654, 321

d) ZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJ

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

23) Short-term memory receives information direction from ________ memory shortly after encoding has occurred.

a) sensory

b) sensory and working

c) long-term

d) sensory and long-term

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

24) Which of the following is TRUE regarding short-term memory?

a) It has a relatively large capacity.

b) Its duration can be extended through maintenance rehearsal.

c) It maintains information for four seconds or less.

d) It receives information only from sensory memory.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

25) According to your textbook, the purpose of long-term memory is to ________.

a) facilitate language abilities

b) store information for long periods of time

c) encode data for later retrieval

d) engage our objective judgment systems

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

26) Of the three memory stages, ________ memory has the greatest capacity and the longest duration.

a) sensory

b) long-term

c) short-term

d) working

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

27) The type of memory that stores an almost limitless amount of information for a nearly permanent length of time is called ________ memory.

a) long-term

b) short-term

c) executive

d) working

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

28) The two major systems of long-term memory are ________.

a) explicit and declarative

b) semantic and procedural

c) implicit and nondeclarative

d) explicit and implicit

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

29) The subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences is called ________ memory.

a) explicit

b) sensory

c) procedural

d) implicit

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

30) Your general knowledge of what you have learned so far in this course is called ________ memory.

a) nondeclarative

b) implicit

c) semantic

d) episodic

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

31) Knowledge of facts and the relationships between them is called ________ memory, whereas knowledge of events is called ________ memory.

a) informative; autobiographical

b) factual; landmark

c) semantic; episodic

d) explicit; implicit

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

32) Which of the following is the best example of episodic memory?

a) Freud is considered the father of psychology.

b) The name of the 16th president of the U.S.

c) The name of the third Super Bowl winning team

d) The events leading up to your high school graduation

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

33) The memory subsystem that stores unconscious procedural motor skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming is called ________ memory.

a) primary/unconscious

b) explicit/declarative

c) implicit/nondeclarative

d) nonverbal unconscious

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

34) Implicit/nondeclarative memory is learned ________.

a) unintentionally or unconsciously

b) through intense instruction

c) with great effort

d) on a conscious and intentional level

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

35) When you blow dry your hair in the morning, you are using ________ memory.

a) sensory

b) procedural

c) explicit

d) episodic

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

36) With regard to the different systems of memory, tying shoes requires the use of your ________ memory.

a) echoic

b) procedural

c) episodic

d) iconic

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

37) ________ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to ________ rehearsal.

a) Explicit; implicit

b) Episodic; semantic

c) Elaborative; maintenance

d) Maintenance; elaborative

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

38) Nanette highlights the margin-definition of terms in her psychology textbook; Nathan thinks about how each term applies to his own life or to other concepts in the chapter. Nathan is more likely to recall and use the terms better on an essay exam because he ________.

a) used dual-coding and Nanette did not

b) obviously isn’t interested in psychology

c) used maintenance rehearsal and Nanette did not

d) processed the terms at a deeper level than did Nanette

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

39) The technique that links new information to previously stored material so that we can move data from STM to LTM is called ________.

a) elaborative rehearsal

b) shallow processing

c) maintenance rehearsal

d) hierarchical encoding

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

40) The immediate goal of elaborative rehearsal is to better ________ new information.

a) recall

b) memorize

c) understand

d) recognize

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

41) Using analogies or metaphors to better understand and retain new information are all methods of ________ rehearsal.

a) maintenance

b) encoding

c) chunking

d) elaborative

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

42) Prior exposure to a stimulus that facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information even when there is no conscious memory of the exposure is called ________.

a) priming

b) unconscious coding

c) primary processing

d) declarative memory

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

43) Research shows that when people see the NURSE, they respond to a related word such as DOCTOR faster compared to seeing an unrelated word such as READY prior to DOCTOR. This phenomenon is known as ________.

a) selective attention

b) mnemonic strategies

c) priming

d) long-term potentiation

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

44) Just as chunking is a form of STM organization, ________ is (are) a form of LTM organization.

a) parallel processing

b) rehearsal

c) hierarchies

d) massed practice

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

45) An essay test requires the use of ________ because you must use very general retrieval cues to search the contents of your LTM.

a) the encoding specificity principle

b) recall

c) recognition

d) mood congruent memory

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

46) A clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall of a stored piece of information from long-term memory is called a ________.

a) specificity code

b) priming pump

c) retrieval cue

d) flashbulb stimulus

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

47) In answering this question, the correct multiple-choice option may serve as a ________ for recalling accurate information from your long-term memory.

a) specificity code

b) priming pump

c) retrieval cue

d) flashbulb stimulus

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

48) Recognition is the process of ________.

a) recognizing that a present stimulus is familiar or has been encoded earlier

b) matching the way information is encoded and later retrieved in LTM

c) using a general cue to search the contents of STM

d) stimulating the recall and retrieval of information in STM

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

49) Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you can’t remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president’s name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie. Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as a(n) ________.

a) elaborative rehearsal cue

b) cross code

c) structural cue

d) retrieval cue

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

50) When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy’s assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of ________.

a) state-dependent memory

b) retrieval cues

c) cross links in deep structure

d) mnemonic devices

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

51) ________ devices improve memory by encoding items in a special way.

a) Eidetic imagery

b) Mnemonic

c) Reverberating circuit

d) ECS

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

52) The method of loci and acronyms are examples of ________.

a) ways students try to cheat on exams

b) mnemonic devices

c) eidetic imagery

d) a photographic memory

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

53) To remember the pathway for vision you imagine yourself walking into your house, noting the cornea peephole in the front door, the entryway fishbowl full of aqueous humor, and a pupil seated in your living room handing you a lens as you enter the dining room where glasses filled with vitreous humor rest on a retinal tablecloth with pictures of rods and cones. This is an example of ________.

a) a psychotic breakdown

b) using acronyms

c) using peg words

d) the method of loci

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

54) James uses the ________ mnemonic device for remembering that the names of the Great Lakes start with the letters in HOMES.

a) peg word

b) word association

c) acronym

d) method of loci

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

55) The encoding specificity principle says that information retrieval is improved when ________.

a) both maintenance and elaborative rehearsal are used

b) reverberating circuits consolidate information

c) conditions of retrieval are similar to encoding conditions

d) long-term potentiation is accessed

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

56) Which of the following supports the principle of encoding specificity?

a) People who study in a depressed mood do better when tested in a good mood.

b) People who study in a manic state do better when tested in a manic state.

c) People who study under the effects of anti-anxiety medication do better when tested under the effects of anti-depressant medicine.

d) People who study when they first wake up in the morning do better when tested in the afternoon.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

57) The tendency to remember previous sad events when feeling sad in the present is an example of ________.

a) state dependence

b) mood congruence

c) context dependence

d) emotion focus

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

58) If you learn something while under the influence of caffeine, you recall it better when you are using caffeine again; this is known as ________ memory.

a) state-dependent

b) trait-dependent

c) context-dependent

d) mood-congruent

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

59) ________ devices improve memory by encoding items in a special way.

a) Eidetic imagery

b) Mnemonic

c) Reverberating circuit

d) ECS

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

60) The method of loci and acronyms are examples of ________.

a) ways students try to cheat on exams

b) mnemonic devices

c) eidetic imagery

d) a photographic memory

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

61) James uses the ________ mnemonic device for remembering that the names of the Great Lakes start with the letters in HOMES.

a) peg word

b) word association

c) acronym

d) method of loci

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

62) Ebbinghaus found that he could remember ________ percent of a list of nonsense syllables an hour after learning the list perfectly, ________ percent a day later, and ________ percent a week later.

a) 10; 20; 30

b) 44; 35; 21

c) 99; 90; 10

d) 50; 49; 48

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

63) According to Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting, the loss of information from memory ________.

a) is initially rapid, then slows

b) is initially slow, then speeds

c) occurs at a steady rate over time

d) occurs rapidly in children and older adults, but slower in young adults

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

64) Relearning is the process of learning material ________, which usually takes ________ time than original learning.

a) over and over again; much more

b) a second time; less

c) similar to other material; less

d) that is very complex; more

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

65) To measure Anita’s retention of the poems she learned 15 years ago, the time it took her to review, recall, and recite the poetry was recorded. This is an example of ________.

a) a recall ratio

b) relearning

c) reintegration

d) recognition

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

66) The serial position effect suggests that people will remember ________ items better than ________ items on a list.

a) middle and end; beginning

b) beginning and end; middle

c) beginning; middle or end

d) end; middle or beginning

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

67) When taking an exam, students often do better with items taken from the first and last of the chapter covered by the exam. This demonstrates ________.

a) the superiority of distributed practice

b) source amnesia

c) the state-dependent effect

d) the serial-position effect

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

68) According to the serial position effect, to increase the chance that you will be remembered by your host when introduced at a crowded party, you should try to be introduced ________.

a) seventh

b) in the middle

c) fourth

d) either first or last

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

69) ________ theory suggests that memory is like any other biological process that deteriorates over time.

a) Deterioration

b) Interference

c) Decay

d) Amnesia

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

70) Research shows that introducing a time delay between the presentation of a list of words and a recall test impairs performance on recall of the end of the list. This finding can be interpreted as evidence for which theory of forgetting?

a) decay theory

b) interference theory

c) motivated forgetting theory

d) encoding failure theory

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Evaluation

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

71) ________ theory suggests that we forget things because other information is obstructing its storage or retrieval.

a) Recall

b) Decay

c) Blockage

d) Interference

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

72) ________ theory suggests that people block memories that could cause pain, threat, or embarrassment or provoke anxiety.

a) Blockage

b) Interference

c) Motivated forgetting

d) Defensiveness

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

73) Research shows that when people are presented an irrelevant distractor stimulus at the end of a word list they must recall, it impairs their ability to recall the last item on the list compared to a control group to whom there was no distractor stimulus. This finding is evidence for which theory of forgetting?

a) decay theory

b) interference theory

c) motivated forgetting theory

d) retrieval failure theory

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

74) When you get to class today, you are shocked to find that there is a major unit exam taking place. It is also true that tests typically make you very anxious. Freud might suggest that his theory of ________ applies in this situation.

a) defense mechanisms

b) unconscious resistance

c) passive aggressiveness

d) motivated forgetting

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

75) Encoding failure is likely due to ________.

a) a problem with implicit/nondeclarative memory

b) a failure of sensory memory

c) momentary inaccessibility

d) precise details in STM are overlooked during transfer to LTM

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

76) ________ theory suggests that memories stored in long-term memory are not actually forgotten, but rather are just temporarily unavailable.

a) Decay

b) Selective forgetting

c) Retroactive forgetting

d) Retrieval failure

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

77) According to retrieval failure theory, memories stored in LTM are ________.

a) never really forgotten (tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon)

b) interfered with by other stored memories

c) lost once they are transferred to the unconscious

d) forgotten rather than repressed

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

78) A retrieval failure that involves a sensation of knowing something, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it, is called ________.

a) reintegration

b) regressed repression

c) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

d) state-dependent forgetting

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

79) This is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

a) Paul said “ooks” instead of “oops.”

b) Simon wrote a song, but just couldn’t recall the words at the moment.

c) Art said “white” instead of “black.”

d) Peter experienced a sour sensation when he licked his lollipop.

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

80) ________ interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.

a) Retrograde

b) Retroactive

c) Anterograde

d) Proactive

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

81) You are likely to forget your old address once you have learned your new one because of ________ interference.

a) semantic

b) episodic

c) proactive

d) retroactive

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

82) ________ interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information.

a) Anterograde

b) Retrograde

c) Proactive

d) Retroactive

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

83) Varian is finding it hard to learn Greek in his first year of college because he took Latin in his last two years of high school. This is an example of ________.

a) motivated forgetting

b) proactive interference

c) retroactive interference

d) temporary amnesia

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

84) An assailant entered a classroom and attacked the professor during class! Of course, it was staged for a learning experience so the professor said, “What did he look like? I only noticed he was really tall,” even though he was actually rather short. When questioned by the police, most students described the assailant as being really tall; this is known as the ________.

a) misinformation effect

b) sleeper effect

c) source amnesia

d) priming outcome

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

85) Two researchers showed a video to their participants and included misinformation following the video. Which of the following would you expect?

a) Participants integrated the misinformation into the recall of the video.

b) Participants recalled exactly what was in the video.

c) Participants from certain cultures only integrated the misinformation.

d) Participants from certain age groups integrated the misinformation.

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

86) Forgetting the actual origination of a memory is called ________.

a) retrograde amnesia

b) forgetting something

c) anterograde amnesia

d) source amnesia

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

87) Distributed practice is a learning technique in which ________.

a) subjects are distributed across equal study sessions

b) learning sessions alternate with non-learning rest periods

c) learning decays faster than it can be distributed

d) several students study together, distributing various subjects according to their individual strengths

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

88) Jamie heard about a divorce that was printed in the RAG MAG, which she does not believe is very reliable. However, over time, she forgot where she heard about the divorce. The fact that she forgot the origin of this information (and the fact that it was not reliable) is known as ________.

a) the misinformation effect

b) the information effect

c) the sleeper effect

d) source amnesia

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

89) When you study in long, unbroken intervals of time, you are engaging in ________.

a) massed practice

b) distributed practice

c) long-term potentiation

d) the Ebbinghaus principle

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

90) Cramming is another term for ________, which is an inefficient form of studying.

a) serial studying

b) buddy studying

c) massed practice

d) priming

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

91) Massed practice is another term for ________, which is an inefficient form of studying.

a) cramming

b) chunking

c) serial studying

d) serial grouping

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

92) Students who study in long, unbroken intervals are engaged in _________, and are likely to perform ________ on a test of what they learned.

a) distributed practice; poorly

b) distributed practice; well

c) massed practice; well

d) massed practice; poorly

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Evaluation

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

93) Why do your teachers want you to distribute your study time evenly across the semester, rather than cram your learning into a few long, unbroken intervals just before exam days?

a) They know people learn better when using massed practice rather than distributive practice.

b) They are capitalizing on the sleeper effect.

c) They are pushing you to engage in the encoding specificity effect so that you avoid proactive interference.

d) They know people learn better when using distributed practice rather than massed practice.

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

94) Which of the following statements about culture and memory is ACCURATE?

a) Culture affects both the “software” and “hardware” components of memory.

b) Preliterate cultures recall orally presented stories better than literate cultures.

c) Reading a story strongly influences memory in all cultures, regardless of schooling.

d) Memory tends to be a universal human construct that is not significantly affected by culture.

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

95) What conclusion can be drawn from cross-cultural studies of memory?

a) People in all cultures demonstrate the same memory abilities.

b) Culture provides experiences and strategies that improve memory for culturally relevant information.

c) People in preliterate cultures have fewer memory strategies than people in literate cultures.

d) Many cultures do not consider memory to be an important mental function.

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

96) The long-lasting increase in neural sensitivity during learning is called ________.

a) maintenance rehearsal

b) adrenaline activation

c) long-term potentiation

d) the reverberating response

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

97) Long-term potentiation is a result of ________.

a) repeated practice that builds neural pathways

b) a decrease in the number of dendrite connections with other neurons

c) a decrease in the release of neurotransmitters

d) excited production of more antagonistic neurotransmitters

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

98) Hormones ________ memory.

a) improve

b) impair

c) can either improve or impair

d) are unrelated to

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

99) A vivid memory of circumstances associated with strongly emotional or surprise events that triggers hormone release is called a(n) ________.

a) photographic memory

b) flashbulb memory

c) eidetic memory

d) Zeigarnik effect

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

100) A flashbulb memory is one in which ________.

a) vivid images are associated with everyday events

b) vivid images of procedural memories

c) you were blinded by someone’s flashbulb and had to rely on other sensory information to form a memory vivid images of semantic memories

d) vivid images are associated with a surprising or strongly emotional event

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

101) Your vivid memory of what you were doing when you watched the last presidential election is an example of ________.

a) the encoding specificity principle

b) long-term potentiation

c) latent learning

d) a flashbulb memory

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

102) Memory tends to be ________.

a) localized in the brain

b) distributed throughout the brain

c) both localized and distributed throughout the brain

d) located only in the cortex

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

103) One of the leading causes of neurological disorders (including memory loss) among Americans between the ages of 15 and 25 is ________.

a) dementia

b) drug and alcohol use

c) traumatic brain injury

d) Parkinson’s disease

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

104) The lobes that take the heaviest hit in a TBI are the ________ lobe(s).

a) frontal and temporal

b) temporal and parietal

c) parietal and occipital

d) occipital and frontal

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

105) Loss of memory as a result of brain injury or trauma is called ________.

a) morbid forgetting

b) retrieval failure

c) amnesia

d) Alzheimer’s disease

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

106) Loss of memory for events before an injury is called ________ amnesia.

a) proactive

b) retrograde

c) anterograde

d) retroactive

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

107) Kelsey suffers from ________ amnesia because he cannot remember the events that led up to the motorcycle accident that injured his brain.

a) retroactive

b) anterograde

c) retrograde

d) proactive

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

108) The process that changes the brain in a fixed and stable way that establishes events in long-term memory is called ________.

a) aggregation

b) empactation

c) consolidation

d) fixing

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

109) Anterograde amnesia is the inability to ________ after an injury.

a) form new memories

b) recall old memories

c) remember where you live

d) recall your grade point average

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

110) Ralph fell through the floor of his tree house and found himself in the hospital. He has no memory of his hospital stay, which suggests he has developed ________ amnesia.

a) retroactive

b) proactive

c) anterograde

d) retrograde

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

111) A progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss that occurs most commonly in the elderly is called ________.

a) sentience

b) dementiation

c) Alzheimer's disease

d) age-related amnesia

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

112) PET scans of patients with Alzheimer’s disease suggest they have a loss of function in the ________.

a) temporal lobe

b) parietal lobe

c) temporal and parietal lobes

d) entire cerebral cortex

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

113) June-bug has Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following is she MOST likely to forget?

a) why her sisters added the “bug” to her name when they were kids

b) how to tie her shoes

c) how to shift gears in her Mercedes

d) how to feed herself at mealtimes

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

114) Researchers have demonstrated that it is ________ to create false memories.

a) relatively easy

b) moderately difficult

c) rarely possible

d) never possible

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Evaluation

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

115) Although repression, as a defense mechanism, is highly accepted as possible in psychology, the concept of repressed memories of ________, and their storage in the unconscious mind, is highly questioned.

a) painful experiences

b) flashbulb memories

c) episodic memories

d) procedural memories

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

116) ________ memories are related to anxiety-provoking thoughts or events that are prevented from reaching consciousness.

a) Suppressed

b) Flashback

c) Motivated

d) Repressed

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

117) According to research, eyewitnesses generally report ________ confidence in the accuracy of their inaccurate memories.

a) very little

b) little

c) moderate

d) strong

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

118) What are reasons offered in your text as to why we shape, rearrange, and distort our memories?

a) logic and consistency

b) consistency and efficiency

c) efficiency and heuristics

d) heuristics and priming

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

119) If you erroneously recall the reading the word “sleep” on a list of words like “snooze, nap, rest, wake, doze,” you are probably ________.

a) suffering from the sleeper effect

b) experiencing anterograde amnesia

c) constructing a false memory

d) a victim of priming

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

120) Your textbook author summarizes specific study tips compiled from memory research. These tips include all the following EXCEPT ________.

a) reducing interference

b) employing massed practice

c) striving for a deeper level of processing

d) counteracting the serial-position effect

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

121) Sleep is important for memory because ________.

a) in sleep we process and store new information acquired when we are awake

b) in sleep we shape important memories so that they are consistent with our personal desires

c) learning while drowsy reduces conscious interference and creates “purer” memories

d) sleep helps to revitalize the engram, which is the neurological “hub” of memory

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Analyze

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

122) Studying information even after you think you already know it ________.

a) is a waste of time

b) creates retroactive interference

c) is an effective strategy called overlearning

d) is a mnemonic device

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

Question type: Text Entry

123) The ___ model refers to a continuum ranging from shallow to intermediate

to deep, with deeper functioning leading to improved encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

124) The parallel distributed processing, or ___, model suggests that our brains can process multiple, or parallel, operations simultaneously.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

Question type: Essay

125) Explain how the misinformation effect is a form of retroactive interference.

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

Question type: Text Entry

126) If you go to the supermarket and need to buy seven items, you might remember the first and last objects on your list, but struggle to remember what was in the middle of your list. Clearly you should write down your shopping list in the future. What accounts for this tendency to forget items in the middle of a list? ___

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

127) The brain structure most involved in processing emotional memories is the ___.

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

128) Research finds that sports-related brain injuries can lead to a devastating neurological condition called CTE, or ___.

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

129) Research finds that approximately 70% of wrongful convictions are based on which factor? ___

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

Question type: Essay

130) Describe the encoding, storage, and retrieval approach to memory, using a computer analogy.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Comprehension

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

131) Describe the three storage systems in the traditional model of memory, and explain how the purpose, duration, and capacity of each system differ. Illustrate your answer with an example of how each system contributed to a specific memory from your recent past.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

132) Describe the types of long-term memory storage, illustrating each with a personal example.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

133) Describe how you use encoding, storage, and retrieval in the process of long-term memory; illustrate your answer with examples.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

134) Describe the retrieval process, focusing on retrieval cues, recognition, recall, and priming. Illustrate each with a personal example.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

135) Summarize how you can use the following concepts to improve your study habits and exam scores: elaborative rehearsal and retrieval cues.

Section Reference 1: Nature of Memory

Difficulty: Easy

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.1 Summarize the key factors, research findings, and major models of memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

136) Describe each of the following five theories of forgetting, and include examples to illustrate each: decay theory, interference theory, motivated forgetting, encoding failure, and retrieval failure theory.

Section Reference 1: Forgetting

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.2 Review the research, key theories, and important factors in forgetting.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

137) Describe the role of each of the following brain structures in memory and list the type of memories that would be disrupted in the case of trauma to each structure: amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebral cortex.

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Knowledge

APA: Goal 1: Knowledge Base in Psychology

138) Briefly describe memory impairments for each of the following patients, including a possible explanation for why each is having their memory problem and the duration of the impairment: Janice has retrograde amnesia; Chou has anterograde amnesia; and Teresita has Alzheimer’s disease.

Section Reference 1: Biological Bases of Memory

Difficulty: Hard

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.3 Summarize the biological factors involved in memory.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

139) Summarize the research and its implications or consequences for eyewitness testimony and repressed memories.

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Analysis

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking

140) You need to buy ten grocery items: meat, poultry, raisins, soda, tomatoes, oranges, milk, cookies, apples, and tea. Illustrate how you would use each of the following mnemonic devices to remember this list: method of loci, outline organization and acronyms.

Section Reference 1: Memory Distortions and Improvement

Difficulty: Medium

Learning Objective 1: LO 7.4 Summarize how our memories get distorted and the resulting problems.

Bloomcode: Application

APA: Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking