Verified Test Bank Ch.13 Personality 14th Edition

Student name:__________

1) ________ refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.

A) Personality
B) Maturation
C) Development
D) Cognition

2) Sarah is a psychologist. She focuses on teenagers in her latest study. The aim of her study is to understand what differentiates one teenager from another and leads him or her to act consistently in different situations and over extended periods of time. Sarah is most likely studying

A) personality.
B) insight.
C) intelligence.
D) creativity.

3) Which of the following statements is true of psychodynamic approaches to personality?

A) They emphasize people's inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning.
B) They support the argument that important components of a person's personality are inherited.
C) They focus on the external world in which a person lives and how external influences determine and affect personality.
D) They state that behavior is triggered by inner forces that are beyond a person's awareness and are shaped by childhood experiences.

4) Dr. Chase believes that one's personality largely reflects inner forces over which one has no control. Dr. Chase appears to take a(n) ________ approach to personality.

A) humanistic
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) evolutionary

5) Which of the following psychologists is considered the most important pioneer of the psychodynamic approach to personality?

A) Gordon Allport
B) Carl Rogers
C) Albert Bandura
D) Sigmund Freud

6) According to Freud's theory, ________ is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience.

A) unconscious conflict
B) preconscious process
C) conscious experience
D) instinctual drive

7) According to Freud, much of our behavior is motivated by

A) the unconscious.
B) semiconscious processes.
C) conscious experiences.
D) the subconscious mind.

8) The ________ is the part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.

A) semiconscious
B) conscious
C) subconscious
D) unconscious

9) According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements is true?

A) The major share of a person's behavior is motivated by the conscious.
B) Conscious experience forms the major part of a person's psychological makeup.
C) The contents of the unconscious can be observed directly.
D) Personality can be understood by exposing what is present in the unconscious.

10) To Freud, much of our personality is determined by the

A) unconscious.
B) semiconscious.
C) conscious.
D) subconscious.

11) According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements is true of the relationship between the preconscious and the unconscious?

A) The preconscious contains the most threatening material in the unconscious mind.
B) The preconscious is the largest portion of the unconscious mind.
C) The preconscious is a small portion of the unconscious mind.
D) The preconscious mind is separate from the unconscious mind.

12) The ________ contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind, such as the knowledge that 2 + 2 = 4.

A) preconscious
B) semiconscious
C) conscious
D) subconscious

13) The ________ provides a "safe haven" for one's recollections of threatening events.

A) semiconscious
B) unconscious
C) conscious
D) subconscious

14) According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements best describes the nature of the id, ego, and superego?

A) The id, ego, and superego correspond to specific structures in the brain.
B) The id, ego, and superego are abstract conceptions of a general model of personality and do not correspond to physical parts of the brain.
C) The id, ego, and superego correspond to broad, distributed networks of structures in the brain.
D) The id, ego, and superego relate to specific structures in the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious parts of the mind.

15) The ________ is the instinctual and unorganized part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses.

A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) conscience

16) According to Freud, which of the following is true of the id?

A) It develops during a person's adulthood.
B) It attempts to reduce tension created by primitive drives.
C) It helps make a person's behavior less selfish and more virtuous.
D) It operates according to the reality principle.

17) The id operates according to the ________ principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction.

A) pleasure
B) reciprocity
C) attitude
D) reality

18) According to Freud, which of the following personality structures is correctly matched with a descriptive term?

A) id—pleasure principle
B) ego—conscience
C) superego—reality principle
D) ego—psychic energy

19) According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of the ego?

A) It starts to develop soon after a person's birth.
B) It operates according to the pleasure principle.
C) It fails to consider the realities society imposes.
D) It includes the conscience, which prevents immoral behavior.

20) The ego operates according to the ________ principle in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the individual's safety and to help integrate the person into society.

A) pleasure
B) reciprocity
C) attitude
D) reality

21) According to Freud, which of the following is the final personality structure to develop in childhood?

A) superego
B) ego
C) temperament
D) id

22) According to Freud, which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which personality structures develop during infancy and childhood, starting from first to last?

A) superego → ego → id
B) id → superego → ego
C) id → ego → superego
D) superego → id → ego

23) The ________ represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents, teachers, and other significant individuals.

A) ego
B) alter ego
C) superego
D) id

24) The ________ includes the conscience, which prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong.

A) ego
B) alter ego
C) superego
D) id

25) According to Freud, which of the following is true of the superego?

A) It operates according to the pleasure principle.
B) It is the instinctual and unorganized part of personality.
C) It helps a person control impulses originating in the id.
D) It is the rational and logical part of personality.

26) What do the id and the superego have in common?

A) They both reflect society's rules and constraints.
B) They both are unrealistic.
C) They are both motivated by primitive drives.
D) They are direct opposites.

27) ________ stages refer to developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.

A) Psychosexual
B) Behavioral
C) Cognitive
D) Sociocultural

28) According to Freud, conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur are known as

A) fixations.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) complexes.
D) conflicts.

29) According to Freud, which of the following sequences indicates the order of the first three stages in psychosexual development, starting from first to last?

A) oral → phallic → anal
B) anal → oral → phallic
C) anal → phallic → oral
D) oral → anal → phallic

30) According to Freud, the ________ stage is a stage from birth to 12–18 months in which an infant's mouth is the focal point of pleasure.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) anal
D) genital

31) According to Freud, which of the following is true of the oral stage during psychosexual development?

A) It is followed by the anal stage.
B) It is preceded by the phallic stage.
C) It begins during adolescence.
D) It continues until a person's death.

32) Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is correctly matched with an age range?

A) oral—3–6 years
B) phallic—0–1 years
C) anal—1–3 years
D) genital—6–12 years

33) From around age 12–18 months until 3 years of age—a period when the emphasis in Western cultures is on toilet training—a child enters the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) anal
D) genital

34) Jake leaves his house in a mess most of the time. He tends to leave the dishes unwashed in the kitchen sink and his clothes scattered on the bedroom floor. At work, Jake keeps the items in his cubicle in a disorganized manner. According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, Jake is most likely to have experienced fixation during the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

35) According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals is known as the ________ stage.

A) oral
B) phallic
C) anal
D) genital

36) According to Freud, a developing child must negotiate the Oedipal conflict during the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

A) oral
B) genital
C) anal
D) phallic

37) According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, identification refers to

A) the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.
B) the defense mechanism in which the ego pushes unacceptable thoughts and impulses out of consciousness but maintains them in the unconscious.
C) a person's capacity to think rationally and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.
D) a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way.

38) After the resolution of the Oedipal conflict, typically around age 5 or 6, children move into the ________ period, which lasts until puberty.

A) oral
B) genital
C) anal
D) latency

39) According to Freud, the ________ stage is the period from puberty until death, marked by mature, adult sexuality.

A) oral
B) genital
C) anal
D) phallic

40) According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following is true of the genital stage?

A) In this stage, the mouth is the focal point of pleasure.
B) It begins during adolescence and extends until death.
C) It involves children obtaining pleasure from expulsion of feces.
D) It occurs before the oral and phallic stages.

41) Which component of the personality uses defense mechanisms, and why?

A) The id uses defense mechanisms to express its impulses.
B) The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the id express its impulses.
C) The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the individual conform to society.
D) The ego uses defense mechanisms to prevent excessive anxiety.

42) Ron is at work. He receives a phone call from the police station in his hometown, informing him that his mother has had an accident and has been hospitalized in critical condition. Ron's ego attempts to reduce the anxiety from receiving the news by distorting reality and preventing him from acknowledging the situation. According to Freudian theory, Ron is most likely using a

A) monocular cue.
B) reinforcement.
C) defense mechanism.
D) mnemonic.

43) According to Freud, the primary the defense mechanisms is

A) denial.
B) repression.
C) projection.
D) sublimation.

44) ________ is the primary defense mechanism in which the ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant thoughts and impulses out of consciousness but maintains them in the unconscious.

A) Denial
B) Repression
C) Projection
D) Sublimation

45) Martha grew up in a dysfunctional family. At the age of eight, she was sexually abused by her father. After graduating from college and getting a job, Martha moved out of her parents' house and started living with a friend. Now, as an adult, Martha is unable to recall memories of the childhood abuse. However, she sometimes has nightmares about it. According to Freud's theory, which of the following defense mechanisms is Martha's ego most likely using?

A) sublimation
B) projection
C) regression
D) repression

46) When regression is used as a defense mechanism, people

A) divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
B) behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development.
C) provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior.
D) attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else.

47) According to Freud's theory, which of the following scenarios illustrates the defense mechanism of denial?

A) Lindsay, who is denied a promotion by her manager, yells at her son when she comes home.
B) Ahmed has a temper tantrum whenever his students fail or make mistakes in class.
C) John, who mistreats his wife and feels guilty, blames her for not expressing her love.
D) David is fired from the company he works at, but he refuses to accept that he has lost his job.

48) Samantha and Elizabeth are sisters. Samantha resents Elizabeth on an unconscious level. In order to protect herself from expressing her feelings of hatred, Samantha behaves in an overly loving manner toward Elizabeth. According to Freud, which of the following accurately describes Samantha's behavior?

A) pushing unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious
B) expressing unconscious impulses as their opposite in consciousness
C) behaving as if she were at an earlier stage of development
D) refusing to acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information

49) Which defense mechanism is correctly matched with a description?

A) displacement—the expression of an unwanted feeling is redirected from a more threatening person to a weaker one
B) reaction formation—unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable activities
C) projection—unacceptable impulses are expressed as their opposites
D) sublimation—unacceptable impulses are attributed to another person

50) Which of the following individuals uses a defense mechanism as proposed in Freudian theory?

A) Liz, a 30-year-old, who has become more responsive to her partner's advances ever since an attractive woman moved in next door
B) Juan, a 15-year-old, who immerses himself in his studies as part of forgetting his desire for other young men
C) Shauntel, a-23-year-old, who tells people that her coworker Mary dislikes her, even though Mary considers Shauntel a friend
D) Renee, a 28-year-old, who secretly finds Ben attractive but tells her colleagues, "Ben's nasty; he's disgusting!”

51) According to Freud, rationalization is used when

A) people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior.
B) unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed out of awareness and back into the consciousness.
C) unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness.
D) people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information.

52) Nancy is a professional boxer. While growing up, Nancy realized that she found pleasure in physically fighting and overpowering other people. Nancy then decided to divert this undesirable impulse into a socially approved behavior. As a result, she took up boxing as a profession. According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms is Nancy most likely using?

A) denial
B) projection
C) regression
D) sublimation

53) Which of the following is true of the Freudian theory of personality?

A) It states that personality is largely set by the time one reaches adolescence.
B) It is based almost entirely on lower-class Austrian men.
C) It is universally accepted by contemporary psychologists.
D) It helps predict how an adult will display certain developmental difficulties.

54) How do neo-Freudians differ from Freud in their approach to understand personality?

A) The neo-Freudians placed even more emphasis on sex than did Freud himself.
B) The neo-Freudians tended to emphasize the importance of the ego rather than that of the id.
C) The neo-Freudians paid less attention to cultural influences on behavior.
D) The neo-Freudians focused less on the social environment.

55) According to Carl Jung, which of the following is true of the collective unconscious?

A) It is the outermost layer of the unconscious.
B) It is displayed in behavior that is shared by diverse cultures.
C) It is proved to exist by reliable research evidence.
D) It is acquired by a person through experiences in life.

56) Which neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorist is correctly matched with a key concept?

A) Carl Rogers; inferiority complex psychology
B) Alfred Adler; unconditional positive regard
C) Karen Horney; archetype
D) Carl Jung; collective unconscious

57) According to Carl Jung, ________ are universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences.

A) prototypes
B) archetypes
C) stereotypes
D) subtypes

58) Personality types derived from Jung's personality approach form the basis for the

A) DISC assessment.
B) Myers-Briggs personality test.
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
D) Rorschach test.

59) ________ is sometimes considered the first feminist psychologist.

A) Karen Horney
B) Mary Calkins
C) Bertha Pappenheim
D) Anna Freud

60) Karen Horney's conceptualizations of personality

A) accepted Freud's suggestion that women have penis envy.
B) suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships.
C) drew criticism from feminists and were discarded as baseless assumptions.
D) rejected the importance of the relationship between parents and children.

61) According to Adler, parents can facilitate their children's development by

A) helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority.
B) helping them master key tasks like weaning and toilet training.
C) providing consistently and adequately for their needs.
D) teaching them good eating habits.

62) According to Adler, a lack of self-worth, a feeling that one is not as good as others is known as a(n)

A) inferiority complex.
B) confirmation bias.
C) insight.
D) mnemonic.

63) Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the basic attributes necessary to describe personality and consistencies in individuals' behavior. Dr. Montgomery is a(n)________ theorist.

A) trait
B) psychosexual
C) humanistic
D) cognitive

64) According to Allport's trait theory, which of the following scenarios illustrates a secondary trait?

A) Miley loves country music and often listens to it on her phone.
B) Archana is a completely selfless person who does charitable work most of the time.
C) Jonah wishes to become the governor of his state and often resorts to unethical means to gain power.
D) Rodney is an honest person who is known among his friends for being loyal.

65) A ________ trait is a single, overriding characteristic that directs most of a person's behavior.

A) secondary
B) central
C) primary
D) cardinal

66) An all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as Machiavellianism. Because the trait is named in his honor, it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a(n) ________ trait for the Italian prince.

A) secondary
B) auxiliary
C) peripheral
D) cardinal

67) ________ traits are characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than other traits.

A) Secondary
B) Central
C) Primary
D) Cardinal

68) A graduate student is using a statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns. She is performing a ________ analysis.

A) trend
B) matrix
C) factor
D) correlation

69) In the context of the statistical technique used for identifying primary personality traits, ________ refer to the fundamental patterns of traits that cluster together in the same person.

A) mores
B) incentives
C) factors
D) norms

70) According to Hans Eysenck, the degree to which reality is distorted is known as

A) extraversion.
B) psychoticism.
C) neuroticism.
D) agreeableness.

71) Which of the following phrases is correctly labeled with one of Hans Eysenck's major personality dimensions?

A) distorted reality—psychoticism
B) degree of sociability—openness
C) emotional stability—conscientiousness
D) distorted reality—neuroticism

72) According to the Big Five personality traits, which of the following belongs to extraversion?

A) anxious
B) impulsive
C) organized
D) talkative

73) According to the Big Five trait approach to personality, which of the following specific traits is correctly paired with a description?

A) kind—high extraversion
B) impulsive—low neuroticism
C) calm—high agreeableness
D) imaginative—high openness

74) Garner is imaginative, independent, and prefers variety. Brandy is conventional, practical, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high, while Brandy scores low on the Big Five personality factor of

A) neuroticism.
B) openness to experience.
C) extraversion.
D) agreeableness.

75) According to the Big Five personality traits, who among the following is most likely to score low on agreeableness?

A) Varun, who praises his cousin even when she performs poorly in school
B) Leanne, who feels sympathy for injured animals
C) Sam, who tends to find fault with everything his brother does
D) Fathima, who is known among her friends for being kind and encouraging

76) Carlos is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody. Quinn is disorganized, careless, and impulsive. Johann is quiet, serious, and rather timid. Finally, Kristy is imaginative, independent, and fond of variety. Which of these individuals is correctly matched with a Big Five personality description?

A) Quinn—low conscientiousness
B) Carlos—low openness
C) Kristy—high extraversion
D) Johann—high agreeableness

77) Which of the following is true of trait approaches to personality?

A) They cannot be used to compare one person with another.
B) They vary in their conclusions about which traits are the most fundamental to personality.
C) They fail to provide a clear, straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies.
D) They cannot be used to develop useful personality measures.

78) Catherine is a psychologist who offers counseling services to young adults. During her counseling sessions, she tries to understand her clients' personality by focusing on the external world in which they live and how the external influences determine and affect their personality. Based on this information, it can be inferred that Catherine uses ________ approaches to personality.

A) trait
B) learning
C) biological
D) psychodynamic

79) One of the main proponents of the social cognitive approach to personality is

A) Gordon Allport.
B) B. F. Skinner.
C) Raymond Cattell.
D) Albert Bandura.

80) Which approach to personality emphasizes the role played by self-efficacy?

A) Bandura's social cognitive approach
B) Skinner's behaviorist approach
C) Gordon Allport's trait theory
D) Rogers' humanistic theory

81) ________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

A) Self-efficacy
B) Self-regulation
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-actualization

82) Teena is pursuing an undergraduate course in architecture. She receives an assignment from her professor that involves building a replica of a famous fort. Teena is confident she can complete the assignment a day before the deadline. According to Bandura, Teena most likely has high

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) inferiority complex.
D) superiority complex.

83) Mrs. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She consistently provides valuable feedback on her students' math assignments. She wants her students to have faith in their abilities to produce positive outcomes. Mrs. Linley is trying to develop her students'

A) self-awareness.
B) self-regulation.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-actualization.

84) The cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS) theory proposed by Walter Mischel attempts to understand personality through

A) collectivism.
B) situationism.
C) realism.
D) materialism.

85) ________ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations.

A) Self-regulation
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-actualization
D) Self-awareness

86) Which of the following statements is TRUE about self-esteem?

A) An individual's sense of self-esteem is one dimensional.
B) Self-esteem is strongly affected by culture.
C) Self-esteem is pretty much the same concept in every culture.
D) Self-esteem underlies people's faith in their ability to carry out a specific task or produce a desired result.

87) Which of the following statements is true of the learning approaches to personality?

A) They emphasize the inherited determinants of personality.
B) They are criticized for failing to produce verifiable observations.
C) They share a highly deterministic view of human behavior.
D) They suggest that personality is determined by unconscious forces.

88) ________ approaches to personality are theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited.

A) Biological and evolutionary
B) Trait and learning
C) Humanistic and trait
D) Learning and evolutionary

89) The degree to which a person assumes mastery and lead­ership roles in social situations is known as

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-esteem.
C) social potency.
D) social influence.

90) The inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life is known as

A) outlook.
B) attachment style.
C) trait.
D) temperament.

91) Baby Celeste is busy, active, and sleeps fitfully. Her sister, by contrast, was calm and placid as a baby. This vignette illustrates differences in

A) outlook.
B) intelligence.
C) temperament.
D) attachment style.

92) ________ is the neurotransmitter most closely related to individual differences in thrill- or sensation-seeking tendencies.

A) Norepinephrine
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) Dopamine

93) ________ approaches to personality emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning.

A) Evolutionary
B) Humanistic
C) Learning
D) Biological

94) Which of the following statements is true of humanistic approaches to personality?

A) They have helped make personality psychology an objective, sci­entific venture.
B) They have led to the growth of a significant form of therapy for psychological difficulties.
C) They suggest that people are incapable of moving toward higher levels of functioning.
D) They carry basic assumptions that have been verified through scientific research.

95) ________ is a prominent psychologist associated with the humanistic perspective.

A) Albert Bandura
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Carl Rogers
D) Sigmund Freud

96) Humanistic psychologists suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential, each in a unique way; that is, people have a fundamental drive toward

A) self-regulation.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-actualization.
D) self-efficacy.

97) According to Carl Rogers' humanistic approach to personality, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Situational reinforcements and punishments form personality.
B) People are controlled by unconscious, unseen forces that make up the core of personality.
C) Personality remains rigid and unchanging throughout a person's life.
D) People develop a need for positive regard that reflects the desire to be loved and respected.

98) Humanistic approaches in psychology have been most influential in

A) business.
B) academia.
C) therapeutic settings.
D) social service.

99) Which of the following approaches to personality stresses that personality remains flexible and resilient throughout one’s life?

A) learning approach
B) psychodynamic approach
C) trait approach
D) biological/evolutionary approach

100) Proponents of which of the following approaches to personality are most likely to take an interactionist stand on the nature vs. nurture issue, rather than a strict "nature" or a strict "nurture" position?

A) psychodynamic
B) biological/evolutionary
C) humanistic
D) learning

101) Proponents of ________ approaches to personality are most likely to reject determinism and stress the freedom of individuals to make their own choices.

A) psychodynamic
B) biological
C) learning
D) humanistic

102) A psychological test is reliable when it

A) measures what it is supposed to measure.
B) has been normed using a sample representative of those for whom the test has been designed.
C) yields consistent measurements.
D) measures the positives.

103) Which term indicates the ability of a test to measure what it is actually designed to measure?

A) reliability
B) consistency
C) precision quotient
D) validity

104) A researcher developed a questionnaire to assess impulsiveness among adults. In a journal article, she later presented evidence that college students tend to get essentially the same score if they take the test twice, two months apart. However, when a reader looks at the sample questionnaire items she included in the article, it seems that they relate more to whether a person is sociable, outgoing, and fun than to whether an individual is impulsive. In this situation, the reader is most likely to specifically question the ________ of the researcher's questionnaire.

A) reliability
B) validity
C) norm
D) generalizability

105) Dr. Cavanaugh examines the relationship between the trait of hardiness and senior citizens' compliance with medication regimes. However, the hardiness measure he uses is based on college students. Based on this information, which of the following is the most apparent weakness of Dr. Cavanaugh's study?

A) the validity of the hardiness measure
B) the norming of the hardiness measure
C) the generalizability of compliance
D) the reliability of the hardiness measure

106) Which of the following tests sparked controversy in the United States for establishing different test norms for members of different racial and ethnic groups?

A) The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
B) The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
C) The General Aptitude Test Battery
D) The Keirsey Temperament Sorter

107) One of the best examples of a self-report measure, and one of the most frequently used personality tests, is the

A) TAT.
B) NEO-PI-R.
C) MMPI-2-RF.
D) TAT 2.

108) The ________ is a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors.

A) TAT
B) NEO-PI-R
C) MMPI-2-RF
D) 16 PF

109) Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)?

A) It consists of right or wrong answers and yields scores on three separate scales.
B) It involved asking groups of healthy adult males to complete a large number of items.
C) It consists of questions that cover a variety of issues ranging from mood to opinions to health.
D) It was originally created to identify the defense mechanisms used by respondents.

110) Who among the following is using a self-report measure to assess the trait of extraversion in the context of personality assessment?

A) Dr. Portillo is interpreting participants' responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) pictures.
B) William, a postdoctoral research fellow is recording the number and length of conversations participants initiate in a laboratory situation.
C) Ron, a graduate student is examining his own extraversion scores on a test of the Big Five dimensions.
D) Dr. Portillo is recording the extraversion scores of all the participants at his own laboratory.

111) The TAT and the Rorschach are ________ tests of personality.

A) objective
B) reflective
C) projective
D) self-report

112) The best-known projective test of personality is the

A) MMPI-2-RF.
B) TAT.
C) NEO-PI-R.
D) Rorschach test.

113) Which of the following is true of the Rorschach test?

A) It is widely used in clinical settings.
B) It is universally accepted as a valid test.
C) It consists of a series of pictures about which a story must be written.
D) It involves making observations that have an objective basis.

114) In the context of projective methods of personality assessment, the Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) uses ________ and the Rorschach test uses ________.

A) a series of symmetrical visual stimuli; a series of pictures
B) a series of symmetrical visual stimuli; a series of symmetrical audio stimuli
C) a series of symmetrical audio stimuli; a series of symmetrical visual stimuli
D) a series of pictures; a series of symmetrical visual stimuli

115) Behavioral assessment relies most heavily on

A) the use of ambiguous stimuli.
B) the observation of people in their own settings.
C) the rigorous standardization of personality questionnaires.
D) the interpretive skill of the examiner.

116) Which of the following is true of behavioral assessment?

A) It involves seeing an ambiguous stimulus and describing it or telling a story about it.
B) It is used to make hiring and personnel decision in the workplace.
C) It involves asking people questions about their own behaviors and traits.
D) It relies on psychodynamic approaches to personality.

117) Describe in detail the id, ego, and superego in Freud's theory of personality. Be sure to mention the guiding principles of the id and the ego, the extent to which each of the three processes is conscious, and the point at which each of the three develops during infancy or childhood.

118) Identify and describe the first three stages of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and be sure to identify the key developmental task associated with each stage.

119) How do the theories of the neo-Freudian psychodynamic theorists differ from Freud's pioneering views? Identify two neo-Freudians and describe some of their major contributions to psychological theory.

120) Describe trait approaches to personality. Briefly describe one of Gordon Allport's, Raymond Cattell's, or Hans Eysenck's trait theories of personality. Identify the Big Five personality dimensions central to contemporary trait approaches.

121) Distinguish between self-efficacy and self-esteem. How do these concepts reflect their origins in social learning theory? Suggest how self-esteem may vary across cultures.

122) Evaluate the learning approaches to personality.

123) Define self-actualization. How is unconditional positive regard critical in supporting an individual's self-actualization?

124) Suppose you develop a new self-report measure of the broad personality trait of extraversion. Distinguish between reliability and validity. Describe how you would establish the reliability and validity of your new test.

125) Distinguish between self-report, projective, and behavioral assessment measures of personality. What are some criticisms of "projective" tests such as the Rorschach test?