Test Bank Answers Chapter.12 Development

Student name:__________

1) Which of the following primarily studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life?

A) oncology
B) developmental psychology
C) cytology
D) parapsychology

2) Laura and Celia are identical twins. They were adopted at birth by different families and raised in different environments. However, there are a lot of behavioral similarities between them. In the context of developmental psychology, which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

A) Their similarities reflect the influence of nature on development.
B) Their similarities are a result of differences in nurture.
C) Their similarities reflect the opposition that nurture poses to nature.
D) Their similarities prove that they were not affected by their genetic makeup.

3) A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments. He finds large differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli. What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the preference for visual novelty?

A) Nurture has a major influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
B) Nature contributes substantially to the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
C) Both nature and nurture have equal influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
D) Neither nature nor nurture have the ability to regulate the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

4) Dr. Agnew remarks that cross-culturally, rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because males have higher status than do females in most cultures. Dr. Blaine counters by suggesting that rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because, unlike females, males do not experience the onset of menstruation, a well-defined event marking the end of childhood. Which of the following option characterizes the views of professors on the issue of nature vs. nurture?

A) Both take a "nature" position.
B) Both take a "nurture" position.
C) Dr. Agnew takes a "nature" position; Dr. Blaine, a "nurture" position.
D) Dr. Agnew takes a "nurture" position; Dr. Blaine, a "nature" position.

5) Developmental psychologists are most likely to use animals for a research study when

A) the results of the research study highlight cohort differences among humans.
B) the research study aims to obtain information that cannot be obtained from human participants.
C) the results of the research study cannot be generalized for humans.
D) the research study aims to provide strong evidence for the importance of heredity among humans.

6) Lorenzo is conducting a research study to understand the correlation between the incidence of breast cancer and the age among women. The women in the research study are from the same ethnic background and belong to the upper middle class. Lorenzo selects 30 women for the study and then divides them into three groups based on their age. The first group consists of women aged 25–35, the second group consists of women aged 36–50, and the third group consists of women aged 51–65. Which of the following is likely to be a limitation in Lorenzo's method of research?

A) It is likely to require taking multiple observations.
B) It is likely to be time-consuming.
C) The results are likely to reflect cohort differences.
D) The participants are likely to drop out of the research.

7) Max is a graduate student who wants to find a relation between identity formation and the influence of the environment. For this purpose, he interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a ________ research method.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) single case experimental
D) sequential

8) Dr. Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study, while Dr. Janice is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Dr. Edward is using a ________ research method; Dr. Janice is using a ________ method.

A) cross-sectional; longitudinal
B) longitudinal; cross-sectional
C) sequential; simultaneous
D) sequential; cross-sectional

9) The millennial generation includes individuals born between the years 1981 and 1996, and this generation is the first generation that came of age in the new millennium. The millennial generation can be considered an example of a

A) boomerang generation.
B) second shift.
C) control.
D) cohort.

10) Which of the following is an example of longitudinal research?

A) Dr. Lee has been conducting surveys among people aged between 30 and 50 to find ways to help them move away from their sedentary lifestyles.
B) Dr. Stewart has been studying a group of people every 15 years since they were aged 10 to understand how the quality of child care correlates with personality development.
C) Dr. Cooper has been observing three groups of men of different ages but similar occupations and the same social class to study the incidence of cognitive impairment.
D) Dr. Filch has been studying three groups of children aged 5, 10, and 15 to understand their problem-solving capabilities.

11) Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Dona is using a ________ research method.

A) cross-sectional
B) transversal
C) longitudinal
D) single case experimental

12) Which of the following developmental research techniques requires researchers to wait for the participants of their experiments to age in order to study changes in the behavior of the participants?

A) longitudinal research
B) cross-sectional research
C) meta-analytic research
D) descriptive research

13) Maria is studying the effects of calcium on the development of children. So, she administers varying levels of calcium to two groups of children, one group consisting of children aged five and the other group consisting of children aged ten. She studies the growth rate of these two groups regularly over a period of one year. On the basis of the given evidence, it would be most accurate to say that Maria is using the ________ research.

A) cross-sectional
B) factorial
C) longitudinal
D) single case experimental

14) Which of the following statements is true of a longitudinal research strategy?

A) A cohort difference is unlikely to be observed using this research strategy.
B) Participants under this research strategy continue to be a part of the research till it ends.
C) Changes in behavior are unlikely to be observed using this research strategy.
D) This research strategy requires a large number of participants.

15) The difference between longitudinal research methods and cross-sectional research methods is that

A) longitudinal research methods assess change in behavior over time, whereas cross-sectional research methods assess differences among groups of people.
B) longitudinal research methods are less time-consuming, whereas cross-sectional research methods are comparatively more time-consuming.
C) longitudinal research methods allows for addition of participants throughout the course of an experiment, whereas cross-sectional research methods limit the number of people that can participate in an experiment.
D) longitudinal research methods reflect cohort differences, whereas cross-sectional research methods do not reflect cohort differences.

16) Which of the following describes a major limitation of cross-sectional research?

A) In a cross-sectional study that compares IQ scores, the difference in IQ scores of 25-year-olds and 45-year-olds is due to differences in their life experiences.
B) In a cross-sectional study that compares IQ scores, the difference in IQ scores of 25-year-olds and 45-year-olds is due to the 45-year-olds having taken the same test at several points in time.
C) In a cross-sectional study, the participants may move or die before the study has been completed.
D) In a cross-sectional study, the researchers incur significant expenditure of time as he or she waits for the participants to get older.

17) ________ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.

A) Spleens
B) Chromosomes
C) Serotonins
D) Norepinephrines

18) A normal fertilized egg, or zygote, contains ________ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 46
B) 21
C) 23
D) 2

19) Human genes are composed of

A) sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid.
B) chromosomes.
C) clusters of ribosomes.
D) cytoplasm.

20) One baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and an X chromosome from its father; it will develop as a ________. A second baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and a Y chromosome from its father; it will develop as a ________.

A) male; female
B) female; male
C) male or a female; male or a female
D) female; female

21) Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical female child?

A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XXY

22) Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical male child?

A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XXY

23) As part of the Human Genome Project, scientists were able to

A) program specific genes for the body's future development.
B) establish the number of chromosomes present in the cells of humans.
C) determine the traits that resulted from a combination of multiple genes.
D) map the specific location and sequence of every human gene.

24) The first two weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are known as the ________ period.

A) embryonic
B) germinal
C) fetal
D) critical

25) The one-celled entity formed by the union of an egg and sperm is called a

A) cyst.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) neonate.

26) Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n)

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) neonate.

27) In the ________ stage of development, the developing individual is less than an inch long and has developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an intestinal tract, and a number of other organs that are at a primitive stage of development.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) germinal
D) neonatal

28) Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development?

A) germinal, embryonic, and fetal
B) fetal, embryonic, and germinal
C) germinal, fetal, and embryonic
D) fetal, germinal, and embryonic

29) The longest part of a pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth, is the ________ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) zygotic
D) fetal

30) From eight weeks after conception, until birth, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n)

A) fetus.
B) embryo.
C) zygote.
D) neonate.

31) Which of the following stages of development that a baby goes through is correctly matched with a description or milestone?

A) In the germinal stage, the organism grows from one cell to hundreds of cells.
B) In the perinatal stage, the first cell is formed by the union of an egg and sperm.
C) In the embryonic stage, facial features become similar to those that the child will display at birth.
D) In the fetal stage, the fertilization of the egg takes place.

32) The developing fetus reaches the age of viability ________ weeks after conception, during the ________ period.

A) 22; embryonic
B) 22; fetal
C) 28; embryonic
D) 28; fetal

33) Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE of sensitive or critical periods in development?

A) Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur only before birth.
B) Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur only after birth.
C) Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur either before or after birth.
D) Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur only during puberty.

34) Diane was born in the 35th week of her mother's pregnancy. Diane was a(n)

A) germinal infant.
B) resilient infant.
C) egocentric infant.
D) preterm infant.

35) Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is correctly matched with its description?

A) In phenylketonuria, the child is unable to produce a critical enzyme, which results in an accumulation of poisons that eventually cause profound intellectual disability
B) In Tay-Sachs disease, the body starts producing abnormally shaped red blood cells.
C) In Down syndrome, the brain tissues of the cortex degenerate, resulting in the death of the child.
D) In sickle-cell anemia, the child receives an extra chromosome resulting in intellectual disability.

36) Two-year-old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body cannot break down fat. He will probably die by the time he is 4. Which of the following diseases is Zack most likely suffering from?

A) phenylketonuria
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) tay-Sachs disease
D) down syndrome

37) Clarissa's mother was 38 years old when she gave birth to her. Clarissa suffers from an intellectual disability and doctors have diagnosed that her condition was due to the extra chromosome that she had received at the time of conception. Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa.

A) phenylketonuria
B) sickle-cell anemia
C) tay-Sachs disease
D) down syndrome

38) Phenytoin is used in the treatment of epilepsy. If a woman in the first trimester of her pregnancy consumes phenytoin, her baby is likely to be born with a syndrome called fetal hydantoin syndrome. In such a scenario, phenytoin can be considered an example of a

A) teratogen.
B) gene.
C) chromosome.
D) reflex.

39) Barney's mother gave birth to him when she was 25 years old. She drank heavily during her pregnancy. As a result, Barney is short. He also has learning disorders and displays some facial abnormalities. Which of the following condition is Barney most likely suffering from?

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) phenylketonuria
C) Down syndrome
D) fetal alcohol syndrome

40) Laura was quite liberal with the amount of wine she consumed during her pregnancy. She assumed that wine would not harm her baby. Laura's son, Harris, is now 12 years old. His intelligence is below normal, his growth has been slow, and he has slightly deformed facial features. In this scenario, Harris is most likely suffering from

A) spinal muscular atrophy.
B) hemochromatosis type I.
C) fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) Klinefelter syndrome.

41) Baby Lisa automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the ________ reflex.

A) gag
B) rooting
C) sucking
D) Babinski

42) A ________ reflex prompts babies to clear their throat.

A) rooting
B) startle
C) Babinski
D) gag

43) Which infant reflex is correctly matched with its description?

A) In Babinski reflex, an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked.
B) In sucking reflex, an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek.
C) In startle reflex, an infant bites on things that touch its lips.
D) In rooting reflex, an infant flings out the arms and arches its back in response to a sudden noise.

44) As psychologists use the term, "habituation" means

A) signs of recognition that infants exhibit on seeing familiar faces and things.
B) the repulsiveness toward certain things that children develop early in life depending on their environment.
C) the reaction that neonates exhibit when there is a disturbance in their environment.
D) decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

45) ________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

A) Habituation
B) Attachment
C) Polymorphism
D) Maturation

46) According to animal ethologist Konrad Lorenz, imprinting is

A) the way of thinking in which children view the world entirely from their own perspective.
B) the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.
C) the behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed.
D) the ability of children to overcome circumstances that place them at high risk for psychological or even physical harm.

47) Harry Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire and delivered food; the other was made of cloth and provided no food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they

A) preferred the wire surrogate that provided food.
B) avoided both surrogates and huddled in a corner.
C) preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food.
D) showed no clear preference and ran to whichever surrogate was closer.

48) Based on Harry Harlow's research with monkeys, in which of the following ways can a caregiver ensure to form a secure attachment with a child?

A) by leaving the child alone
B) by imitating the child's signals instead of responding to them
C) by responding to the negative emotions of the child but not the positive emotions
D) by responding to both positive and negative signals that the child gives off regarding emotions

49) The "strange situation" experiment designed by Mary Ainsworth aims to

A) measure the resilience of infants and toddlers.
B) classify and describe different parenting styles.
C) classify the attachment behavior of toddlers.
D) highlight the father's role in parenting.

50) In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the ________ attachment style describes an infant who exhibits distress at his or her mother's departure in the strange situation, but who is easily soothed on her return.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized

51) At 12 months of age, Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth. Which of the following behaviors in the strange situation would be most consistent with this classification?

A) Jordan is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and is pleased when she returns.
B) Jordan is unconcerned when his mother leaves and is uninterested when she returns.
C) Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves and seems both relieved and angry when she returns.
D) Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves, and he ignores her when she returns.

52) Eliza takes her 1-year-old son, Danny, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Danny eagerly explores the room as long as Eliza is present. When Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms, Danny becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, he quickly calms down. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style?

A) disorganized
B) ambivalent
C) secure
D) avoidant

53) In the context of the Ainsworth strange situation, which of the following is true about a baby's reaction?

A) A securely attached child is likely to continue showing signs of distress when his or her mother returns after a brief absence.
B) A disorganized-disoriented child is unlikely to avoid eye contact when approaching his or her mother.
C) An avoidant child is unlikely to show any concern when his or her mother leaves the room.
D) An ambivalent child is likely to exhibit consistent behavior toward his or her mother when she returns after a brief absence.

54) Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. In fact, he starts kicking and hitting her. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which term best describes Adam's attachment style?

A) patriarchal
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) secure

55) Compared with children who are securely attached during infancy, ambivalent or avoidant children

A) are less socially and emotionally competent during childhood.
B) are less likely to have psychological problems later in life.
C) tend to be more cooperative, capable, and playful.
D) tend to exhibit better adjustment later in life.

56) Compared with a mother's play with her children, a father

A) engages more in play that does not require any interaction.
B) prefers to let the children play by themselves more often.
C) engages in more physical, rough-and-tumble sorts of activities.
D) engages more in verbal and traditional games.

57) While investigating the influence of culture on children's play, it was observed that

A) Korean-American children were free of the influence of culture.
B) nature had no influence on Anglo-American children.
C) Anglo-American children were more likely to be influenced by nurture as compared to Korean-American children.
D) Korean-American children engage in proportionately less pretend play than do Anglo-American children.

58) For children from poor, disadvantaged homes, high-quality out-of-home child care is associated with

A) genetic diseases.
B) long-term intellectual gains.
C) genetic mutations.
D) intellectual decline.

59) Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without uttering a word, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not comply. In Baumrind's terms, Joan's parents are

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.

60) Hailey's parents demand that she follow their instructions without asking any question. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In Baumrind's terms, Hailey's parents are ________; Isabella's are ________.

A) authoritarian; authoritative
B) authoritative; authoritarian
C) permissive; authoritarian
D) authoritative; permissive

61) Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things. They ground her for a month and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library, researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. Most likely, Maura's parents are ________ and Trish's are ________.

A) permissive; authoritative
B) authoritarian; permissive
C) authoritarian; authoritative
D) authoritative; permissive

62) Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules regarding homework, bedtime, and household chores. Since they believe that freedom and responsibility are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior, whether childish or mature. The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is called

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.

63) Children's ability to overcome circumstances that place them at high risk for psychological or even physical harm is called

A) metacognition.
B) resilience.
C) temperament.
D) egocentrism.

64) Which of the following constructs primarily reflects that "nature" is more influential than "nurture"?

A) attachment style
B) temperament
C) choice of mother tongue
D) choice of friends

65) Bonnie is 3 months old. Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. At other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop

A) a general sense of mistrust.
B) a sense of superiority.
C) an inflated id.
D) memory impairment.

66) According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the ________ stage.

A) trust-versus-mistrust
B) id-versus-ego
C) autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
D) intimacy-versus-isolation

67) Elizabeth is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother in preparing supper. However, at the end of the day, her mother often loses her temper easily, and ends up scolding Elizabeth. She tells Elizabeth to stay out of the kitchen as rather than helping her, she makes more of a mess. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth is most likely to develop

A) a strong sense of independence.
B) feelings of guilt.
C) feelings of superiority.
D) a sense of jealousy.

68) As a 7-year-old, Maya loves working on art projects at school. However, very few of her projects are appreciated by her teachers. Most of the time, her teachers advise her about how she can improve her artwork. Maya, on the other hand, feels that her teachers are criticizing her work and are trying to discourage her. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which of the following is most likely to happen to Maya?

A) Maya will develop feelings of failure and inadequacy.
B) Maya will develop a sense of dependence.
C) Maya will work harder to improve her skills.
D) Maya will begin to mistrust her teachers and classmates.

69) Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A) Erikson focused equally on the development of both males and females.
B) The well-established accuracy of the concepts used by Erikson is a strong point of his theory.
C) Erikson's theory confirmed that nature has a greater influence than nurture on the development of an individual.
D) Erikson's theory encompassed the entire life span of an individual.

70) In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, identify a true statement that supports his interactionist position on the nature–nurture issue.

A) He suggested that movement from one stage to the next occurs when a child reaches an appropriate level of maturation and is exposed to relevant types of experiences.
B) He maintained that the stages of development differed only in the quantity of information acquired at each stage and not in the quality of knowledge and understanding.
C) He proposed that our genetic inheritance predisposes us to respond in particular ways to our environment and even to seek out particular kinds of environments.
D) He stressed the role of heredity and maturation—the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behavior—in producing developmental change.

71) Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?

A) sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
B) preoperational, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
D) nonoperational, preoperational, operational, and post operational

72) Roger is a playful 1-year-old. During his playtime, his father sometimes hides one of his toys to see if Roger realizes that the toy is missing. Roger begins a prompt search for the toy as soon as he notices that it is missing. According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Roger appears to be in the

A) postconventional morality stage.
B) preoperational stage.
C) sensorimotor stage.
D) concrete operational stage.

73) Dawn is 1 week old. Ellis is 6 years of age. Fritzi is 9 years of age. Girard is 15 years of age. In the context of the stages of development suggested by Piaget, which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) Dawn—sensorimotor
B) Ellis—concrete operational
C) Fritzi—formal operational
D) Girard—postoperational

74) According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child in the sensorimotor period

A) experiences conflict between independence of action and the sometimes-negative results of that action.
B) has little competence in representing the environment using images, language, or other symbols.
C) comprehends the principle of conservation and masters the concept of reversibility.
D) can hold five or more chunks of information in short-term memory.

75) According to Piaget, when an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has understood the principle of

A) object permanence.
B) conservation.
C) formal operations.
D) reversibility.

76) To stop baby Rudy fussing for a sharp knife on the kitchen table, Rudy's mother put it in her apron pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she said, and it worked. Rudy's mother has capitalized on his lack of the concept of

A) conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) object permanence.
D) reversibility.

77) Which of the following statements is TRUE about the degree of cognitive sophistication among children in Piaget's preoperational stage of development?

A) They do not understand that objects exist even when they are not visible.
B) They can describe people, events, and feelings.
C) They master the principle of conservation.
D) They are capable of abstract, hypothetical thought.

78) A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism but fails to understand the concept of conservation. In the context of the Piagetian stages, she is most likely in the ________ stage.

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

79) According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the ________ stage of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

80) Omar, a 6-year-old, asks his mother for pasta in a small bowl as he is not hungry enough to finish a large bowl. He gets annoyed when his mother serves him a little pasta in a large bowl. Looking at the size of the bowl, he thinks that he will not be able to finish the pasta. In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of following assumptions can be made about Omar?

A) He has developed a mental representation of the bowls.
B) He thinks his mother shares his perspective.
C) He lacks an understanding of the concept of conservation.
D) He understands the idea of reversibility.

81) Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice. His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has failed to grasp the concept of

A) object permanence.
B) egocentrism.
C) hypo-deductive reasoning.
D) conservation.

82) Edward is 8 years of age and is currently in the second grade. In the context of the theory propagated by Piaget, Edward is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

83) Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason. Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint?

A) Yes. Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period.
B) Yes. Children become capable of abstract, hypothetical reasoning during the concrete operational period.
C) No. Children are unable to reason prior to the formal operational period.
D) No. Children can reason much earlier than this, during the preoperational period.

84) In most elementary school curriculum, mathematical variables first appear in the sixth grade. In the context of Piaget's theory, which of the following best supports this trend?

A) Children in the concrete operational stage cannot reason with hypothetical entities such as variables.
B) According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage are too egocentric.
C) Children are incapable of understanding the idea of reversibility until the beginning of the formal operational period.
D) Dealing with variables requires mastering the principle of conservation, which does not usually appear until adolescence.

85) According to the information-processing approach, a child's information-processing capabilities

A) improve with age as some abilities become more automatic.
B) illustrate the emergence of concrete operational thinking.
C) highlight the child's egocentric thought.
D) are an indicator of the child's motivation.

86) Two children are participating in a memory research: Heather, a preschooler, and Illeana, a sixth-grader. When the children fail a recall task, the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana proposes that she might try to write the items down. The difference in the girls' responses most clearly illustrates an increase in ________ during childhood.

A) memory capacity
B) metacognitive ability
C) operational thinking
D) proximal development

87) Compared with Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky

A) gave more importance to the quality of knowledge to which children are exposed.
B) gave more importance to the concept of imprinting.
C) placed more emphasis on the social bases of cognitive development.
D) placed more emphasis on individual performance.

88) Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was facing trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. Which of the following concepts is being illustrated in this scenario?

A) Piaget's concept of conservation
B) Erikson's concept of industry versus inferiority
C) Piaget's concept of concrete operational thought
D) Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development

89) Identify a true statement about the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood.

A) This developmental stage includes the major biological change called menopause.
B) This developmental stage is characterized by sexual and physical maturity.
C) Individuals in this developmental stage are considered adults.
D) Individuals in this developmental stage spend more time with their parents than with their peers.

90) ________ is the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys.

A) Puberty
B) Amenorrhea
C) Menopause
D) Sensorimotor stage

91) During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He did not want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect the ________ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) ambivalent

92) Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the ________ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) postoperational

93) The primary criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is

A) its potential lack of generality across cultures.
B) its focus on moral behavior rather than moral reasoning.
C) that it pertains to moral behavior rather than moral judgments.
D) it defines moral behavior largely in terms of concrete principles.

94) According to Erik Erikson, the identity-versus-role-confusion stage of psychosocial development is characterized by

A) the appearance of the zone of proximal development and increased scaffolding.
B) the development of a sense of competence.
C) an increasing reliance on adults for information.
D) an increasing importance of the peer group as a source of social judgments.

95) Jacques is 13 years old. On Monday, Jacques announces to his parents that he wants to be called "Jack." On Wednesday, he says he wants to drop out of school. On Friday, he says he wants to get a tattoo and become an architect. In Erikson's terms, Jacques is most likely experiencing the ________ crisis.

A) initiative-versus-guilt
B) autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
C) identity-versus-role-confusion
D) generativity-versus-stagnation

96) Yolanda is 24, Zachary is 44, and Andrew is 73. Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome?

A) Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; and Andrew: wisdom
B) Yolanda: wisdom; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: generativity
C) Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: wisdom; and Andrew: generativity
D) Yolanda: generativity; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: wisdom

97) A TRUE statement about Erik Erikson's generativity-versus-stagnation stage of psychosocial development is that

A) successful resolution of the crises of this stage results in the possibility of forming intimate relationships on a physical, intellectual, and emotional level.
B) it marks a pivotal point in psychosocial development, paving the way for continued growth and the future development of personal relationships.
C) success in this stage results in people feeling positive and optimistic about the continuity of life and their contribution to humanity.
D) people in this stage ask themselves if they have lived a meaningful life.

98) Which of the following statements reflects a genuine contribution of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A) He recognized that psychosocial development is essentially a lifelong process.
B) He recognized that psychosocial development is dependent on nature and not on nurture.
C) He recognized that psychosocial development is usually complete by early childhood.
D) He recognized that psychosocial development is usually complete by early adolescence.

99) According to critics, Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

A) suggests that psychosocial development of an individual stops at adolescence.
B) is primarily applicable to Western society and its moral code.
C) is anchored in male-oriented concepts of individuality and competitiveness.
D) suggests that women may develop identity through the establishment of relationships.

100) Denise is in her mid-40s; she is not married and is childless. Her job is routine and she feels as if she has not really done much to contribute to society's future. In Erikson's terms, Denise is in the ________ stage.

A) generativity-versus-stagnation
B) trust-versus-mistrust
C) autonomy-versus-shame
D) initiative-versus-guilt

101) Which of the following teenagers is exhibiting warning signs that indicate the possibility of a suicide attempt?

A) 18-year-old Derek, who has just brought home a dog to keep his younger sister company
B) 14-year-old Rhea, who seems to have lost her appetite and has become withdrawn
C) 19-year-old Antony, who spends more time with his friends than with his family
D) 12-year-old Shaniya, who feels inadequate because of her poor academic skills

102) According to developmental psychologists, the period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-20s is called

A) emerging adulthood.
B) adolescence.
C) midlife transition.
D) neonate.

103) Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life that developmental psychologists call ________ adulthood.

A) developing
B) emerging
C) beginning
D) nascent

104) Maria, a 47-year-old woman, stopped menstruating last year. She sometimes experiences sudden sensations of heat, and, to treat this symptom, she is currently undergoing a hormone therapy (HT). This biological change in Maria's body is called

A) menarche.
B) menopause.
C) amenorrhea.
D) imprinting.

105) Cleona is a 14-year-old whose parents are always fighting. In the context of current marriage and divorce trends in the United States, Cleona is most likely to

A) live in a single-parent family after she turns 18.
B) ensure that she establishes close relationships later in her life.
C) experience her parents' divorce before she turns 18.
D) be socially and psychologically competent as an adult.

106) As compared to children in two-parent families, children in single-parent families are

A) never well adjusted.
B) more likely to be poor.
C) more likely to develop close relations.
D) less likely to have trust issues.

107) In contrast to traditional marriages, family life in the 21st century

A) starts with a marriage instead of a live-in relationship.
B) involves a low probability of divorce.
C) involves women assuming the primary responsibility for care of the home and children.
D) involves women acting simultaneously as wives, mothers, and wage earners.

108) Which of the following suggests that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time?

A) wear-and-tear theories of aging
B) genetic programming theories of aging
C) dual-process theory
D) activity theory of ageing

109) Which theory of aging suggests that mechanical functions of the body work less efficiently as people age?

A) wear-and-tear theory
B) person-centered theory
C) dual-process theory
D) activity theory

110) Alessandro is an 80-year-old man. He seems to have little memory of his wedding, anniversary celebrations, his children's birthdays, and their graduation ceremonies. However, he explicitly remembers all the details about the Second World War. It is evident that Alessandro has suffered losses in his ________ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) nondeclarative

111) Which of the following is a progressive brain disorder typically associated with old age that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) cyclothymic disorder
C) Crohn's disease
D) bipolar disorder

112) Li is 72 years old. Each time her children come to meet her, she seems withdrawn and slightly detached from them on physical, psychological, and social levels. Which of the following theories is likely to explain Li's withdrawn attitude?

A) the wear-and-tear theory of aging
B) the genetic programming theory of aging
C) the disengagement theory of aging
D) the activity theory of aging

113) Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store. She has kept herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle adulthood. She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank, and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to the ________ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully.

A) activity
B) Kübler-Ross
C) disengagement
D) wear-and-tear

114) When people remember, reconsider, and evaluate what has occurred in the past, they engage in a process called

A) stagnation.
B) midlife transition.
C) imprinting.
D) life review.

115) Martina has Stage IV non–small cell lung cancer. She is aware of her impending death. However, she keeps saying that she will accept death only if she lives to see her granddaughter married and settled. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Martina is in the ________ stage.

A) depression
B) anger
C) bargaining
D) denial

116) Discuss the nature–nurture issue and the significance of behavioral genetics in this issue.

117) Discuss how humans serve as an important source of information about the relative effects of genetic and environmental factors.

118) Distinguish between cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. Provide an example of each. Identify at least one advantage and one disadvantage of each type of method.

119) Discuss the risks associated with longitudinal research studies.

120) What are genes? Discuss the role of genes in human development.

121) Describe the Human Genome Project.

122) Elaborate on the different stages of development that a fertilized egg undergoes to become a fully developed baby.

123) Normal prenatal development occurs in 95 to 98% of all pregnancies. Identify two genetic or chromosomal abnormalities and two teratogens associated with birth defects in the remaining 2 to 5% of pregnancies. Describe the nature of their effects on development.

124) Discuss three remedies to overcome infertility.

125) Outline the reflexes with which a neonate is born.

126) Outline the perceptual capabilities of very young infants. How might these capabilities inform one's position on the nature vs. nurture debate? Provide as thoughtful a response as you can.

127) Define the term attachment as it is used in psychology. Explain how attachment reflects a dynamic interplay between an infant and his or her caregiver. Finally, describe the behavior of securely attached infants in Ainsworth's strange situation.

128) A local community center asks you to give a presentation to parents-to-be on out-of-home care and its potential influence on child development. What points might you include in your presentation?

129) Select either (a) Baumrind's four parenting styles or (b) the four Eriksonian stages of psychosocial development occurring during childhood. Name each style or stage and provide a brief vignette or "case study" of a child exhibiting each style or stage.

130) Elaborate on the various stages of cognitive development put forward by Piaget.

131) Identify and describe the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood.

132) Discuss the different aspects of physical development in girls and boys during adolescence.

133) Describe Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development for adolescents.

134) Explain how Carol Gilligan's conception of morality differs from Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

135) Making explicit reference to specific stages and concepts, describe your own adolescent and young adult development from an Eriksonian perspective. Try to capture some of the developmental tensions and challenges during this period in your narrative.

136) Write two different vignettes, or brief case studies, each describing an adolescent displaying at least three suicide warning signs. In your vignettes, demonstrate your knowledge of the demographic influences on and the potential risk factors for suicide attempts.

137) What is the major biological change that women undergo during middle adulthood? Discuss the role of hormone therapy (HT) in this biological change.

138) Discuss the aging process in middle adulthood for men.

139) Why is the notion of "midlife crisis" disputable?

140) Briefly discuss the socioemotional changes that occur during the last stages of adulthood.

141) Discuss the current marriage and divorce trends in the United States.

142) Discuss the economic and emotional consequences for children living in homes with only one parent.

143) How have the roles of men and women in family life evolved?

144) Explain the role of working mothers in family life.

145) How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes of aging imparted by Western culture? Make reference to patterns of physical, cognitive, and social development in your answer.

146) Discuss the theories that explain the physical changes an individual undergoes in the stage of late adulthood.

147) "Age-related declines in memory and cognition are largely a matter of nature." "Age-related declines in memory and cognition are largely a matter of nurture." Support either of these propositions and provide strong evidence in support of your answer.

148) List and describe the various stages cited by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross regarding people facing impending death.