Psychological Disorders Exam Questions Chapter 15 14e

Student name:__________

1) Olivia is the only girl in her grade who plays football with boys. She is likely to be called abnormal because her behavior

A) is a deviation from the average.
B) is a deviation from the ideal.
C) indicates a sense of personal discomfort.
D) indicates an inability to function effectively.

2) ________ refers to behavior considered abnormal if it produces a sense of distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual or if it is harmful to others in some way.

A) Abnormality as the inability to function effectively
B) Abnormality as a legal concept
C) Abnormality as deviation from the ideal
D) Abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort

3) Andy visits his family doctor because he displays symptoms of depression. The doctor conducts an examination and deduces the root cause as a chemical imbalance in his brain. In this scenario, which perspective on psychological disorders does Andy's doctor use?

A) medical perspective
B) psychoanalytic perspective
C) humanistic perspective
D) behavioral perspective

4) Which of the following arguments is presented by critics of the medical perspective on psychological disorders?

A) Mental illness implies that people who display abnormal behavior have no responsibility for or control over their actions.
B) There is no sure way to link what happens to people during childhood to abnormal behavior that they display as adults.
C) This perspective ignores the rich inner world of thoughts, attitudes, and emotions that may contribute to abnormal behavior.
D) Instead of maladaptive cognitions being the cause of a psychological disorder, such cognitions could be just another symptom of the disorder.

5) Which perspective on psychological disorders primarily argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression?

A) sociocultural perspective
B) medical perspective
C) humanistic perspective
D) psychoanalytic perspective

6) Psychoanalytic treatment typically involves

A) administering drugs to maintain hormonal balance.
B) examining early childhood experiences.
C) using electroconvulsive therapy.
D) employing trephination techniques.

7) Which of the following statements accurately identifies either a strength or a limitation of the psychoanalytic perspective on psychological disorders?

A) Strength: It highlights individual responsibility for abnormal behavior.
B) Strength: The perspective offers a precise and objective approach for observing and treating behavior.
C) Limitation: There is no conclusive way to link childhood experiences with abnormal adult behavior.
D) Limitation: It does not take into account that prior experiences can have a profound effect on a person's current psychological functioning.

8) The behavioral perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are

A) genetic anomalies.
B) learned responses.
C) hormonal imbalances.
D) chemical deficiencies.

9) Unlike the psychoanalytic perspective, the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders

A) looks at abnormal behaviors as symptoms of an underlying problem.
B) suggests that psychological disorders are caused by biological factors.
C) views normal and abnormal behaviors as responses to various stimuli.
D) assumes that behavior is largely guided by unconscious impulses.

10) The greatest strength of the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders is its

A) emphasis on observable behavior.
B) emphasis on an individual's rich inner life.
C) focus on childhood conflicts that affect adult behavior.
D) explicit recognition of the biological underpinnings of behavior.

11) The cognitive perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are the result of

A) vitamin deficiency.
B) maladaptive thoughts.
C) hormonal imbalances.
D) genetic mutations.

12) A primary goal of treatment using the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders is to

A) explicitly teach new, more adaptive ways of thinking.
B) use electroconvulsive therapy.
C) detect the genetic anomalies that cause abnormal behaviors.
D) use the technique of trephination for the purpose of treating mental illnesses.

13) The humanistic perspective on psychological disorders is associated with the work of

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Abraham Maslow.
C) Alfred Kinsey.
D) Carl Jung.

14) The humanistic perspective on psychological disorders emphasizes the

A) responsibility people have for anomalies in their own behavior.
B) influence of genetic abnormalities that are responsible for anomalies in human behavior.
C) impact of hormonal imbalances that bring about changes in human behavior.
D) influence of the society that is capable of causing behavioral abnormalities.

15) Which of the following statements supports the sociocultural perspective on abnormality?

A) General declines in psychological functioning are seen in drought-affected areas.
B) African-Americans are more likely to be hospitalized involuntarily for psychological disorders than are whites.
C) Schizophrenia is diagnosed more frequently among people in their late adulthood than among people in their youth.
D) Huntington's disease is caused by an anomaly in chromosome 4.

16) Which perspective on psychological disorders assumes that people's normal and abnormal behavior is shaped by factors such as poverty and prejudice?

A) sociocultural perspective
B) psychoanalytic perspective
C) cognitive perspective
D) medical perspective

17) According to the sociocultural perspective on psychological disorders, which of the following factors is viewed as a possible cause of abnormal behavior?

A) genetic mutation
B) poverty
C) maladaptive thoughts
D) chemical deficiency

18) Which of the following perspectives on psychological disorders is correctly matched to its strength?

A) behavioral: Recognizes that people have rich inner lives
B) psychoanalytic: Offers a precise, objective approach to the symptoms of specific disorders
C) humanistic: Offers effective drug treatments for many psychological disorders
D) cognitive: Focuses on thoughts and beliefs, not just behaviors

19) Which of the following psychological perspectives is correctly matched to its weakness?

A) humanistic: Relies on vague and philosophical formulations
B) cognitive: Ignores internal phenomena like thoughts that might contribute to psychological abnormality
C) behavioral: Looks at abnormal behaviors as symptoms of an underlying problem
D) sociocultural: Implies that people have total control over their behavior

20) Which of the following statements is true of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)?

A) It uses the term "neurotic" as a category.
B) It suggests an underlying cause for an individual's behavior and problems.
C) It takes an atheoretical approach to identifying psychological disorders.
D) It offers an unscientific way to organize examination of the major types of mental disturbances.

21) ________ refers to problems associated with a specific cause based in Freud's theory of personality.

A) Paraphilia
B) Dysphoria
C) Neurosis
D) Agenesis

22) The advantage of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, is that

A) it is primarily descriptive and does not specify the cause or reason for a problem.
B) it does not label an individual as abnormal and thereby avoids a dehumanizing, lifelong stigma.
C) it does not rely too much on the medical perspective on abnormal behavior.
D) it considers the degree to which people display psychologically disordered behavior rather than compartmentalizing them into inflexible categories.

23) The results of Rosenhan's classic study illustrate that

A) the brains of people with depression show significantly less activation when they view photos of human faces displaying strong emotions.
B) learned helplessness is a learned expectation that events in one's life are uncontrollable.
C) determining who is psychologically disordered is always a clear-cut, accurate process.
D) placing labels on individuals powerfully influences the way mental health workers perceive and interpret their actions.

24) Which of the following statements is true of the criticisms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition?

A) It relies too much on the humanistic perspective on abnormal behavior.
B) It prevents researchers from exploring the cause of a problem as it lacks precise classification.
C) It labels an individual as abnormal and presents a dehumanizing, lifelong stigma.
D) It reduces both the reliability and the validity of diagnostic categorization.

25) The feeling of apprehension and tension experienced in reaction to stressful situations is referred to as

A) mania.
B) dyslexia.
C) anxiety.
D) paralysis.

26) Which of the following is a major type of anxiety disorder?

A) phobic disorder
B) down syndrome
C) cyclothymic disorder
D) bipolar disorder

27) Ken avoids using elevators and sitting in cars with the windows rolled up. This is because Ken has an intense fear of closed spaces. In this scenario, it is most likely that Ken suffers from a(n)

A) identity issue.
B) mood disorder.
C) specific phobia.
D) obsessive compulsion.

28) Brett has an intense, irrational fear of needles and other sharp objects. Brett is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) manic disorder.
B) phobic disorder.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) cyclothymic disorder.

29) Gary, a 35-year-old, is a certified mountaineer from Chicago. However, he is terrified of lizards. He cannot even enter a room he thinks has a lizard in it. Gary is most likely suffering from

A) schizophrenia.
B) a specific phobia.
C) dissociative fugue.
D) a personality disorder.

30) Daemon has an irrational fear of strangers. Even if someone on the road approaches him to ask the time, Daemon starts hyperventilating. Daemon's condition is termed as

A) claustrophobia.
B) xenophobia.
C) acrophobia.
D) electrophobia.

31) Social phobia is the fear of being

A) suffocated in confined spaces.
B) judged or embarrassed by others.
C) attacked by a clown.
D) sexually abused.

32) Which of the following individuals' professional lives is likely to be affected on a large scale because of a phobia?

A) Alia, who is a surgeon and has a fear of being buried alive
B) Philip, who is a construction worker and has claustrophobia
C) Dahlia, who is a diving instructor and has a fear of butterflies
D) Mark, who works as an electrician and has agoraphobia

33) Which of the following statements accurately identifies either a similarity or a dissimilarity between social phobia and agoraphobia?

A) Social phobia often stems from panic disorder, whereas agoraphobia does not.
B) Both agoraphobia and social phobia best illustrate obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) Social phobia is a generalized anxiety disorder, whereas agoraphobia is a phobic disorder.
D) Both agoraphobia and social phobia can prevent people from leaving their homes.

34) Fear of places, such as unfamiliar or crowded spaces, where help might not be available in case of emergency is referred to as

A) acrophobia.
B) claustrophobia.
C) xenophobia.
D) agoraphobia.

35) Phobic disorders differ from generalized anxiety and panic disorders in that

A) they are always preceded by a panic attack.
B) there is a specific, identifiable stimulus that sets off the anxiety reaction.
C) the feeling of anxiety lasts longer.
D) people experience "free-floating" anxiety.

36) Isabella, a 29-year-old, feels a sense of impending, unavoidable doom. Without any warning, she frequently experiences sudden shortness of breath, faintness, and cold sweats. This has been happening for the last 6 months. Doctors say there is no identifiable trigger for her condition. She has recently quit her job to work from home as she wants to avoid any further embarrassment. In the given scenario, from which of the following is Isabella most likely suffering?

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) panic disorder
C) Huntington's disease
D) Trisomy 21

37) Which of the following is a symptom of panic disorder?

A) a sense of impending, unavoidable doom
B) the inability to register new information
C) loss of memory
D) loss of motor function

38) Which of the following is TRUE of people with panic disorders?

A) They have reduced reactions in the anterior cingulate cortex to stimuli.
B) They suffer from degeneration of tissues in the subcortical region.
C) They have heightened emotional processing in the cerebral cortex region.
D) They always have an extra chromosome.

39) Which of the following major anxiety disorders is correctly paired with its appropriate symptoms?

A) phobic disorder: Episodes of panic attack that do not have any identifiable stimuli
B) generalized anxiety disorder: Persistent, uncontrollable, "free-floating" anxiety
C) panic disorder: Inability to register new information
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder: Disruption in motor function

40) Thomas, a 35-year-old, has constantly been under immense pressure at work. As a result, he has been suffering from insomnia for the last 3 years. He has also been complaining of muscle tension and severe headaches. However, his medical reports show that he is not suffering from any physiological or genetic disorder. Thomas is most likely suffering from

A) Down syndrome.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) Huntington's chorea.
D) dissociative identity disorder.

41) Who among the following is likely to have an obsession?

A) Anya's speech is incomprehensible, and she has hallucinations.
B) During a manic episode, Matt quits his job and uses his entire savings to travel the world.
C) While at work, Rhea constantly wonders if she closed all the windows of her house.
D) Tim is a software engineer with a fear of technology.

42) An irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some behavior that seems strange and unreasonable is referred to as

A) mania.
B) hypomanic episode.
C) compulsion.
D) agnosia.

43) Sam washes his hands very frequently. In spite of this, he feels that his hands are not clean and that he might acquire a viral disease due to poor hygiene. Given this information, we can conclude that Sam has

A) bipolar disorder.
B) cyclothymic disorder.
C) dyskinesia.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

44) Which of the following individuals suffers from panic disorder?

A) Alex has an intense, unwarranted fear of cats.
B) Bailey feels driven to place her glasses at a particular angle on the dresser every night.
C) Callista is plagued by chronic, debilitating worry.
D) Dorian is suffering from sudden dizziness and hyperventilation for the last three months.

45) Which of the following is TRUE of the causes of anxiety disorders?

A) If one member of a pair of identical twins has panic disorder, there is 80% chance that the other will have it.
B) Certain chemical deficiencies in the brain appear to produce some kinds of anxiety disorder.
C) An underactive autonomic nervous system may be at the root of panic disorder.
D) Environmental factors do not play a role in causing anxiety disorders.

46) Some researchers suggest that poor regulation of the brain's ________ may lead to panic attacks, which cause the limbic system to become overstimulated.

A) amygdala
B) locus ceruleus
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

47) Which of the following is true of the cognitive perspective on anxiety disorders?

A) It proposes the dopamine hypothesis, which suggests that schizophrenia results from excess activity in the areas of the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
B) It supports the notion that anxiety disorders are the result of people's feelings of loss or of anger directed inwardly at themselves.
C) It suggests that a person's characteristic level of anxiety is related to a specific gene involved in the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
D) It suggests that people's maladaptive thoughts about the world are at the root of an anxiety disorder.

48) Psychological difficulties that take on a physical form for which there is no medical cause are called

A) genetic disorders.
B) chromosomal disorders.
C) somatic symptom disorders.
D) cognitive disorders.

49) Clara is depressed after losing her job. She has been complaining of a severe backache that is affecting her daily life. However, her physician has examined her and found that there is no medical cause for her condition. According to the symptoms displayed by Clara, she is most likely to be suffering from

A) a somatic symptom disorder.
B) Parkinson's disease.
C) Huntington's disease.
D) an obsessive-compulsive disorder.

50) People with ________ believe that everyday aches and pains are symptoms of a dread disease.

A) borderline personality disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) illness anxiety disorder
D) dissociative fugue

51) Valerie complains frequently of back and joint pains. She is always worried about her stomach bloating. She even avoids eating certain foods as she believes that she is intolerant to these foods. However, a thorough medical examination reveals no medical problem or biological cause for her complaints. From which of the following disorders is Valerie most likely suffering?

A) negative-symptom schizophrenia
B) somatic symptom disorder
C) general anxiety disorder
D) dissociative amnesia

52) ________ is a major somatic symptom disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg.

A) Conversion disorder
B) Vascular dementia
C) Hypochondriasis
D) Dysphoric disorder

53) Rosy is an elementary school teacher. One morning, she wakes up to find that she has lost her hearing ability. She visits her doctor who, after a few tests, establishes that the cause of her physical disturbance is purely psychological as no biological reason is confirmed for her problem. He also explains that Rosy has a somatic symptom disorder. In this scenario, Rosy is most likely suffering from

A) a dysthymic disorder.
B) vascular dementia.
C) hypochondriasis.
D) a conversion disorder.

54) Which of the following statements represents the difference between illness anxiety disorder and conversion disorder?

A) Conversion disorder is a somatic symptom disorder, whereas illness anxiety disorder is a mood disorder.
B) Conversion disorder involves a sudden physical disturbance, whereas illness anxiety disorder involves symptoms misinterpreted as evidence of some serious ailment.
C) Conversion disorder is genetically inherited, whereas illness anxiety disorder often begins suddenly.
D) Conversion disorder causes reduced reactions in the anterior cingulate cortex to stimuli, whereas illness anxiety disorder causes overstimulation of the limbic system.

55) A conversion disorder in which an individual's hand becomes entirely numb, while an area above the wrist, controlled by the same nerves, remains sensitive to touch is referred to as

A) bipolar disorder.
B) cyclothymic disorder.
C) glove anesthesia.
D) dissociative disorder.

56) Denzel's entire right hand becomes numb. However, a small area above his right wrist is still sensitive to touch. According to mental health professionals, Denzel's condition is termed as

A) dysphoria.
B) dissociative fugue.
C) neurosis.
D) glove anesthesia.

57) ________ are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person's traits that are normally integrated and work together.

A) Conversion disorders
B) Dissociative disorders
C) Chromosomal disorders
D) Somatic symptom disorders

58) ________ is a disorder in which a person displays two or more sets of likes and dislikes as well as reactions to the same situation.

A) Bipolar disorder
B) Conversion disorder
C) Cyclothymic disorder
D) Dissociative identity disorder

59) ________ is a disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs.

A) Agnosia
B) Anorexia
C) Dissociative amnesia
D) Conversion disorder

60) Which of the following is TRUE of dissociative disorders?

A) Dissociative fugue involves an actual loss of information from memory and typically results from a physiological cause.
B) In dissociative amnesia, people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health.
C) In dissociative identity disorder, a person displays two or more sets of likes and dislikes and reactions to the same situation.
D) In multiple personality disorder, a person experiences a significant, selective memory loss.

61) Which of the following is a difference between dissociative amnesia and simple amnesia?

A) Dissociative amnesia involves an actual loss of information from memory, whereas simple amnesia involves failure to recall information from memory.
B) Simple amnesia involves an actual loss of information from memory, whereas dissociative amnesia involves failure to recall information from memory.
C) Simple amnesia occurs due to stress, whereas dissociative amnesia results from a physiological cause.
D) Dissociative amnesia is a form of amnesia in which a person leaves home suddenly and assumes a new identity, whereas simple amnesia is a form of amnesia associated with lost memories known as repressed memories.

62) Omar was leading a happy life with his family that consisted of his wife and a daughter. One day, he left home to go to work. Three days later, Omar was found homeless in another city. He had no memory of who he was or how he got there. He was found two months later but still had no recollection of his family or previous life. Which of the following most accurately describes Omar's condition?

A) bipolar disorder
B) dissociative amnesia
C) cyclothymic disorder
D) dissociative identity disorder

63) The term ________ is sometimes used to describe the lost memories of people with dissociative amnesia.

A) "free-floating" memories
B) la belle indifference
C) repressed memories
D) selective memories

64) ________ is a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home suddenly and assumes a new identity.

A) Anorexia
B) Conversion disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Dissociative fugue

65) Agatha's husband reports that she has suddenly gone missing. Two days later, the police find her in a nearby town. When questioned, she explains that she is a nurse on a traveling assignment and her name is Gloria. Agatha does not remember her actual identity. In this scenario, from what condition is Agatha most likely suffering?

A) bulimia
B) dissociative fugue
C) agoraphobia
D) conversion disorder

66) The common thread among dissociative disorders is that

A) they allow people to escape from some anxiety-producing situation.
B) people suffering from these disorders experience a significant loss of memory.
C) they involve an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to see or hear.
D) people suffering from these disorders leave their home to lead a life of anonymity.

67) Mood disorder refers to

A) a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and assumes a new identity.
B) a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to interfere with everyday living.
C) an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ.
D) an actual loss of information from memory that typically results from a physiological cause.

68) Which of the following is a mood disorder?

A) autism spectrum disorder
B) major depressive disorder
C) illness anxiety disorder
D) narcissistic personality disorder

69) Which of the following statements is true of major depressive disorder?

A) People with major depressive disorder show a recklessness that produces emotional and sometimes physical self-injury.
B) Compared to men, women with major depressive disorder have high levels of energy.
C) Women are twice as likely to suffer from major depressive disorder as men are.
D) People with a small brain structure called area 25 are at a lower risk of suffering from major depressive disorder.

70) Which of the following is TRUE of the symptoms of mood disorders?

A) In mania, the individual cycles between periods of intense happiness on the one hand and deep depression on the other.
B) In bipolar disorder, the individual feels elated all the time and seems to have boundless energy.
C) In major depressive disorder, the individual feels useless, worthless, and lonely, and also thinks the future is hopeless.
D) In manic-depressive disorder, the individual seems to have lost his or her eyesight.

71) ________ is an extended state of intense, wild elation.

A) Mania
B) Depression
C) Anxiety
D) Insomnia

72) Sienna was in an extended state of intense, wild elation for a month. In the beginning, she frequently changed her hair color. She went on shopping sprees and ended up spending large amounts of money on trivial things. At the peak of her elation, she ran away from home to get married to a man she had been dating for a couple of weeks. Which of the following disorders was Sienna most likely experiencing?

A) anorexia nervosa
B) mania
C) dissociative fugue
D) bulimia

73) Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

A) It is characterized by severe distortion of reality.
B) It is the most severe form of manic-depressive disorder.
C) It is a result of excess activity in the areas of the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
D) It is a condition previously known as manic-depressive disorder.

74) ________ is a disorder in which a person typically alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression.

A) Amnesia
B) Conversion disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Dissociative fugue

75) Butch, a gifted musician, alternates between periods of dark despair and times of elation, great energy, recklessness, and creativity. He seems to be most prolific during periods of mania. Butch is most likely to be suffering from

A) conversion disorder.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) dissociative disorder.
D) narcissistic personality disorder.

76) Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a major role in depression?

A) endorphins
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) morphine

77) Dr. Gates strongly believes that depression is a result of feelings of loss or of anger that individuals are likely to direct inwardly at themselves. Dr. Maru, on the other hand, believes that stresses in people's lives reduce positive reinforcements and thus cause withdrawal. She also believes that giving attention to patients for their depressive behavior is likely to reinforce the depression. In the context of perspectives on depression, which of the following is likely to be a true statement for this scenario?

A) Dr. Gates is a proponent of the psychoanalytic perspective, and Dr. Maru is a proponent of the behavioral perspective.
B) Dr. Gates is a proponent of the cognitive perspective, and Dr. Maru is a proponent of the psychoanalytic perspective.
C) Dr. Gates is a proponent of the behavioral perspective, and Dr. Maru is a proponent of the cognitive perspective.
D) Dr. Gates is a proponent of the humanistic perspective, and Dr. Maru is a proponent of the biological perspective.

78) A proponent of the cognitive perspective on depression who subscribes to the ideas of psychologist Martin Seligman is most likely to support the idea that depression is largely a response to

A) childhood experiences.
B) learned helplessness.
C) repressed memories.
D) the need for power.

79) Dr. Allan, a psychologist, believes that women are more prone to depression because they experience fluctuations in estrogen levels, whereas men do not. Dr. Allan seems to favor a ________ approach to understanding depression.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) biological
D) psychoanalytic

80) ________ is a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs.

A) Schizophrenia
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Hypochondriasis
D) Bipolar disorder

81) Patients diagnosed with ________ account for by far the largest percentage of those hospitalized with psychological disorders.

A) schizophrenia
B) dissociative disorders
C) major depression
D) anxiety disorders

82) Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of an individual with schizophrenia?

A) binge eating
B) disturbance of emotion
C) excessive social interaction
D) alternating periods of mania and depression

83) Barry says, "I cannot keep my thoughts in control all the time. Today is my father's birthday. Flowers are easy to give. So many gifts make me dizzy. I am forgetting something. Someday, I will fly." Which of the following characteristics of schizophrenia is Barry exhibiting?

A) an extended state of intense and wild elation
B) inappropriate emotions
C) withdrawal
D) disturbances of thought and speech

84) Karen's thoughts seem disjointed and illogical, and she suffers from frequent hallucinations. In addition, the syntax of her speech is unusual. Karen is most likely to be suffering from

A) an anxiety disorder.
B) hypochondriasis.
C) schizophrenia.
D) a dissociative disorder.

85) Yumi believes that he has a microchip planted in his brain that allows aliens to control his thoughts and actions. He also believes that law enforcement agencies are trying to hack into this microchip to stop him from telling the world about the existence of aliens. Identify a characteristic of schizophrenia that Yumi is exhibiting.

A) delusions
B) neurosis
C) withdrawal
D) mania

86) Which of the following statements is TRUE of process schizophrenia?

A) It is also known as Type II schizophrenia.
B) It is primarily characterized by positive symptoms, such as hallucinations.
C) It has proved more difficult to treat than reactive schizophrenia.
D) It is characterized by the sudden and conspicuous onset of symptoms.

87) In ________, symptoms develop slowly and subtly.

A) reactive schizophrenia
B) process schizophrenia
C) Type I schizophrenia
D) Type II schizophrenia

88) ________ symptoms of schizophrenia are disordered behavior such as hallucinations, delusions, and emotional extremes.

A) Reactive
B) Latent
C) Negative
D) Positive

89) Which of the following is a negative symptom found in process schizophrenia?

A) binge eating
B) unsatisfactory sexual activities
C) hallucinations
D) blunting of emotion

90) Which of the following brain abnormalities is associated with schizophrenia?

A) reduced activity in the brain's dopamine pathways
B) increased activity in the frontal lobe of the brain
C) abnormalities in cortex and limbic systems
D) inactive brain receptors related to hearing and color during hallucinations

91) Research suggests that ________, a neurotransmitter, may be a major contributor to the development of schizophrenia.

A) somatostatin
B) octopamine
C) dimethyltryptamine
D) glutamate

92) A cognitive expert will argue that schizophrenia results from

A) excessive dopamine activity.
B) underattention to important stimuli.
C) a family history of schizophrenia.
D) enlarged hippocampi.

93) The predisposition model of schizophrenia suggests that

A) schizophrenia has genetic causes.
B) expressed emotion cannot trigger schizophrenic symptoms.
C) schizophrenia is not related to social rejection.
D) individuals may inherit an inborn sensitivity to schizophrenia.

94) Who among the following is likely to have little sense of personal distress?

A) Megan, who is xenophobic
B) Stephanie, who is claustrophobic
C) Eddie, who has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
D) Danny, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder

95) Roger is a manipulative individual who has no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others. It is most likely that he has

A) manic disorder.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

96) Which of the following is TRUE of the characteristics of various personality disorders?

A) People with antisocial personality disorder have an exaggerated sense of self-importance.
B) People with schizoaffective personality disorder have an overly emotional and dramatic style of behavior.
C) People with borderline personality disorder tend to rely on relationships to define their identity.
D) People with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society.

97) Carrie is dramatic and emotionally volatile. She rapidly forms intense relationships that seem to fall apart just as quickly. Although she tends to distrust others, she also needs their attention to define her. Carrie is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) antisocial personality disorder.
B) borderline personality disorder.
C) narcissistic personality disorder.
D) bipolar personality disorder.

98) Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a(n)

A) exaggerated sense of self-importance.
B) tendency to submit to demeaning treatment.
C) disregard for religion.
D) inability to develop a stable sense of identity.

99) Gloria considers herself an exceptional human being. She expects special treatment from others but does not take others' feelings into consideration. Gloria's behavior indicates that she is suffering from

A) Parkinson's disease.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) narcissistic personality disorder.
D) catatonic schizophrenia.

100) ________ is a disorder typically marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate doings.

A) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) Narcissistic personality disorder
C) Schizophrenia
D) Bipolar disorder

101) ________ refers to a severe developmental disability that impairs children's ability to communicate and relate to others.

A) Schizophrenia
B) Autism spectrum disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

102) Lionel is 2 years old. His communication is severely impaired. He appears withdrawn and unresponsive to affection. He has difficulty in both verbal and nonverbal communication, and he tends to avoid social contact. He is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) narcissistic personality disorder.
B) Alzheimer's disease.
C) autism spectrum disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

103) Which of the following statements is TRUE of autism spectrum disorder?

A) It is not a severe developmental disability and can be easily cured.
B) It is marked by inattention, impulsiveness, and a low tolerance for frustration.
C) It results in children involving in increased social contact.
D) It usually appears in the first three years and typically continues throughout life.

104) Which of the following is an eating disorder?

A) apraxia
B) anorexia nervosa
C) agnosia
D) alzheimer's disease

105) Which of the following is a sexual disorder?

A) paraphilic disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bipolar disorder
D) bulimia

106) Alzheimer's disease is classified as a(n)

A) eating disorder.
B) neurocognitive disorder.
C) somatic symptom disorder.
D) manic disorder.

107) ________ is the appearance of multiple, simultaneous psychological disorders in the same person.

A) Comorbidity
B) Amok
C) Ataque de nervios
D) Agoraphobia

108) According to a massive study done on the prevalence of psychological disorders in the United States, which of the following is the most common disorder reported?

A) depression
B) alcohol dependence
C) panic disorder
D) posttraumatic stress disorder

109) Based on the study conducted with more than 8,000 men and women between the ages of 15 and 54 in the United States, it was found that

A) 48% of those interviewed had experienced a disorder at some point in their lives.
B) comorbidity was nonexistent.
C) posttraumatic stress disorders were infrequent.
D) 30% of those interviewed had experienced narcissistic personality disorder.

110) Children between the age of 6 and 18 with ________ typically experience temperamental outbursts grossly out of proportion to the situation, both verbally and physically.

A) agnosia
B) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
C) dissociative identity disorder
D) anorexia

111) Some practitioners argue that symptoms of ________ simply defines a child having a temper tantrum rather than a disorder.

A) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
B) somatic symptom disorder
C) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) dissociative identity disorder

112) In the context of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), critics of the new classification of binge-eating disorder consider it

A) a medium to ignore people's thoughts.
B) a reflection of the rise of reality shows.
C) to be unscientific.
D) to be overly inclusive.

113) Which of the following eating disorders occurs most frequently in cultures that hold the societal standard that slender female bodies are the most desirable?

A) dissociative fugue
B) anorexia nervosa
C) conversion disorder
D) agoraphobia

114) Which of the following reasons explains why dissociative identity disorder is unlikely to be recognized in India?

A) In India, the self is based on external factors that are relatively independent of a person.
B) In India, the self is commonly viewed as a weakness of a person's heart.
C) In India, a sense of self is fairly concrete.
D) In India, no standards exist to evaluate a sense of self.

115) Ayyash is originally from Malaysia. He is usually a quiet and reclusive person. He mostly keeps to himself and does not interact much with his peers. However, on some days, he shouts and hits people who ask him for something as simple as a pen. According to Malaysian culture, Ayyash is exhibiting a behavior called

A) hagaii.
B) amok.
C) koro.
D) ataque de nervios.

116) Which of the following symptoms can serve as a guideline to help people suffering from any psychological disorder determine if they need outside intervention?

A) short-term feelings of distress
B) thoughts of inflicting harm on themselves or suicide
C) a chronic physical problem with an apparent physical cause
D) a constant need for them to be close to and around other people

117) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three criteria that consider abnormality as a deviation from what is average behavior, as a deviation from an ideal, and as a sense of personal discomfort.

118) How do psychologists typically define abnormal behavior? Discuss the aspects of the criteria that consider abnormality as the inability to function effectively and as a legal concept.

119) Where does abnormality originate? Respond by making explicit reference to the six major perspectives on abnormality.

120) Briefly outline the humanistic perspective and the sociocultural perspective on psychological disorders.

121) List the positive attributes of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).

122) Discuss the limitations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).

123) List and describe a few types of phobic disorders. Provide examples for each type.

124) Describe panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.

125) Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

126) Discuss the causes of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

127) Define somatic symptom disorders. Describe a type of somatic symptom disorder.

128) Discuss the characteristics of conversion disorders.

129) Describe dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia.

130) Discuss dissociative fugue.

131) Describe major depressive disorder.

132) Briefly describe the causes of mood disorders.

133) Describe schizophrenia. What are the characteristics that reliably distinguish schizophrenia from other disorders?

134) Discuss the predisposition model of schizophrenia.

135) Describe personality disorder. Review the nature and potential bases of both antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

136) Describe narcissistic personality disorder.

137) Discuss major depressive disorder or major depression in the case of children and adolescents.

138) Discuss the characteristics and causes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

139) Describe psychoactive substance use disorder and alcohol use disorders.

140) List the different types of eating disorders and sexual disorders.

141) Discuss the social and cultural context of psychological disorders.

142) Discuss how culture affects the prevalence and presentation of psychological disorders.

143) As a psychology student, you may begin to feel that you suffer from some of the disorders you are studying: this is a variation of medical student's disease. Sometimes, though, people do need professional psychological help. Write two hypothetical vignettes, each describing an individual displaying three symptoms indicating that he or she might benefit from psychological intervention. Select a different set of symptoms for each vignette.