Test Bank Chapter 14 Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, And

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1) Which of the following statements best expresses the position of most health psychologists on the mind-body issue?

A) The mind and the body are separate entities.
B) The mind and the body are one and the same.
C) The mind and the body are clearly linked.
D) Health psychologists are concerned only with the body.

2) Dr. Alastair examines the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain. Dr. Alastair is a

A) psychoimmunologist.
B) psychoneuroimmunologist.
C) psychoneurologist.
D) neuroimmunologist.

3) Adaptation to stress

A) occurs without a person's awareness.
B) helps avoid stress-related physiological health issues.
C) requires minor effort when the stress is long lasting.
D) produces psychological responses that improve hardiness.

4) Which of the following statements is true of stress?

A) An event may sometimes be stressful and at other times provoke no stressful reaction at all.
B) For people to consider an event stressful, they need not necessarily perceive it as threatening.
C) Positive events such as getting married or starting a new job are not directly associated with stress.
D) Stress may produce biological and psychological responses that improve our overall health.

5) Which of the following stressors is an example of a cataclysmic event?

A) a car accident
B) a flash flood
C) heart bypass surgery
D) child abuse

6) Which of the following would qualify as an example of a cataclysmic event?

A) being stranded in an earthquake affected area
B) getting ready for the first day at work
C) getting irritated due to slow Internet connection at work
D) suffering from a severe headache

7) A plane hijacking is an example of a

A) personal stressor.
B) cataclysmic event.
C) background stressor.
D) daily hassle.

8) Which of the following is an example of a personal stressor?

A) getting stuck in a severe traffic jam
B) waiting in a restaurant for a long duration for an order to be taken
C) being informed about a suicide bomb attack
D) giving birth to a baby

9) Posttraumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, may result from

A) cataclysmic events and severe personal stressors.
B) personal stressors only.
C) background stressors only.
D) background stressors and uplifts.

10) Ron recently lost his best friend in a flash flood while they were camping. Now, even the sight of a full bath tub triggers flashbacks of the event, and he has difficulty sleeping. In the given scenario, it is most likely that Ron is suffering from

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) autism spectrum disorder.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) separation anxiety disorder.

11) Which of the following is true of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A) It can be caused by negative as well as positive events.
B) It is caused by the minor irritations of life that we all face time and time again.
C) It occurs suddenly and typically affects many people simultaneously.
D) It can be triggered by an otherwise innocent stimulus.

12) Which of the following statements is true of background stressors?

A) They include major life events such as the death of a parent or spouse.
B) They are minor irritations and can have long-term ill effects if they continue.
C) They are the primary cause of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
D) They are strong stressors and can affect thousands of people simultaneously.

13) Misplacing one's keys illustrates a

A) personal stressor.
B) background stressor.
C) cataclysmic event.
D) catastrophic event.

14) Sally was irritated as her cell phone got switched off due to low battery. This is an example of a

A) personal stressor.
B) background stressor.
C) cataclysmic event.
D) catastrophic event.

15) Which of the following would qualify as an example of a background stressor?

A) losing one's sibling in a train accident
B) getting married to one's childhood sweetheart
C) getting irritated because one is stuck in a huge traffic jam
D) losing an eye during a bomb blast

16) Maria has been living with her boyfriend Sam for the last 5 years. Maria is unhappy because they do not spend as much time together as they used to at the beginning of their relationship. She thinks Sam works long hours and trivializes her concerns about their relationship. In the context of the types of stressors, Maria's relationship is most likely to be a(n) ________ in her life.

A) background stressor
B) personal stressor
C) cataclysmic event
D) episodic stressor

17) Identify a true statement about background stressors.

A) They produce unpleasant emotions and moods.
B) They require day-to-day coping.
C) They make people stronger by boosting their immune systems.
D) They go unnoticed without any impact on the individual.

18) Which of the following is true of daily hassles?

A) They are short-lived and do not add up over time.
B) They require a definitive response on the individual's part.
C) They are the major troubles that people encounter every day.
D) They are associated with the occurrence of flu, sore throat, and backaches.

19) Which of the following is TRUE of the consequences of stress?

A) Only negative stressors affect you physiologically.
B) Stress produces both biological and psychological consequences.
C) Stress does not have direct physiological results.
D) Stress increases the immune system response.

20) Susan has been working tirelessly for the past few weeks to meet tight deadlines. She is also being compelled by her parents to get married and settle down. Susan is stressed and has been diagnosed with high blood pressure, skin rashes, and fatigue. She is in a helpless state and thinks her life is in turmoil. Susan is suffering from a(n)

A) emotional insulation.
B) defense mechanism.
C) psychophysiological disorder.
D) general adaptation syndrome.

21) Which of the following theories suggests that the physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress?

A) the Schachter–Singer theory
B) the theory of emotion
C) the general adaptation syndrome theory
D) the emergency theory

22) Which of the following is true of the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A) People are unaware of the presence of a stressor.
B) The sympathetic nervous system becomes energized.
C) The body exhibits clear symptoms of physical illness.
D) People suffer from an inability to concentrate.

23) Which of the following is the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A) the alarm stage
B) the mobilization stage
C) the resistance stage
D) the exhaustion stage

24) During the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),

A) people first become aware of the stressor.
B) people use a variety of means to cope with the stressor.
C) physical or psychological well-being is not affected.
D) physiological resources to fight the stressor are used up.

25) People enter the last stage of the general adaptation syndrome—exhaustion—when

A) resistance is inadequate.
B) they just become aware of the presence of a stressor.
C) their sympathetic nervous system starts to become energized.
D) they attempt to cope with the stressor.

26) At which stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation model (GAS) are individuals most likely to show negative consequences of stress?

A) exhaustion
B) resistance
C) alarm
D) mobilization

27) Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome model is correctly matched with an example?

A) alarm—drinking coffee and energy drinks to stay up late each night, writing the political science paper
B) resistance—realizing that a major term paper is due in 2 weeks in your political science course
C) exhaustion—coming down with a bad cold the day after you hand in the political science paper
D) alarm—visiting the library daily to do reference and research work to write the political science paper

28) Which of the following is TRUE of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) During the exhaustion stage, the sympathetic nervous system becomes energized, which helps a person cope initially with the stressor.
B) During the exhaustion stage, a person's ability to fight the stressor is highest.
C) During the exhaustion stage, sometimes people escape a stressor.
D) During the exhaustion stage, the body is actively fighting the stressor on a biological level.

29) Some health psychologists have criticized the general adaptation syndrome because

A) it suggests that one's physiological reaction to stress changes rapidly, which may not be true.
B) it does not take into account how an individual interprets or appraises a stressful event.
C) they believe people's biological responses are not specific to the way they appraise a stressful event.
D) they believe that the physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress.

30) Which of the following is a direct physiological effect of stress?

A) increased production of lymphocytes
B) increased hormonal activity
C) decreased blood pressure
D) decreased production of cancer cells

31) Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress are known as

A) coping.
B) adaptation.
C) resistance.
D) reactance.

32) Eve was stressed as she had got transferred to Italy. She decided to look at the brighter side of her relocation by telling herself that it will be a new experience, that she will be able to meet different people, and see new places. Eve is displaying ________ coping.

A) emotion-focused
B) proactive
C) avoidant
D) defensive

33) Following an ugly confrontation with a coworker, Simon seeks sympathy from his friends. Simon is practicing ________ coping.

A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) avoidant
D) proactive

34) Faced with overlapping, unrealistic deadlines at work, Ivan recruits his friends to perform some of the routine clerical tasks associated with the projects. Ivan is engaged in ________ coping.

A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) avoidant
D) proactive

35) Which of the following statements is TRUE about emotion-focused coping?

A) In emotion-focused coping, a person may use wishful thinking to reduce stress or use more direct escape routes.
B) Taking time-out from stress by creating positive events is a type of emotion-focused coping.
C) Emotion-focused coping may be more effective than problem-focused coping when the situation is unchangeable.
D) Emotion-focused coping attempts to modify the source of stress.

36) Which of the following statements is TRUE about problem-focused coping?

A) Problem-focused coping leads to changes in behavior or to the development of a plan of action to deal with stress.
B) People use problem-focused strategies more frequently when they perceive circumstances as being unchangeable.
C) Problem-focused coping includes strategies such as accepting sympathy from others and looking at the bright side of a situation.
D) In problem-focused coping, a person may use wishful thinking to reduce stress or use more direct escape routes.

37) In avoidant coping, people

A) use wishful thinking to reduce stress.
B) attempt to modify the source of stress.
C) try to manage emotions in the face of stress.
D) make the best of whatever situation they find themselves in.

38) Peter has to cancel a vacation with his wife because of work. He is stressed and worried about how his wife might react to the news when he gets home from work. He decides to go to a pub after work and gets drunk. In the context of coping with stress, Peter employs

A) problem-focused coping.
B) emotion-focused coping.
C) proactive coping.
D) avoidant coping.

39) Steve is not good at physics, and even thinking about the subject causes him stress. He keeps putting off studying physics. In the context of coping with stress, Steve uses

A) problem-focused coping.
B) emotion-focused coping.
C) avoidant coping.
D) proactive coping.

40) Which of the following is true of avoidant coping?

A) It often makes the problem worse.
B) It helps people manage their emotions in the face of stress.
C) It works by changing the nature of stress.
D) It creates a state that produces learned helplessness.

41) Which of the following refers to unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others?

A) subjective well-being tactics
B) defense mechanisms
C) cataclysmic events
D) Type B behavior patterns

42) Which of the following is TRUE of defense mechanisms?

A) Defense mechanisms deal with reality.
B) Defense mechanisms are personality characteristics associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness.
C) Defense mechanisms permit people to avoid stress by acting as if the stress were not even there.
D) People who practice defense mechanisms are generally optimistic, good-natured, and have good social skills.

43) A 1988 study conducted by Lehman and Taylor reports that California students living in dormitories, close to areas of geological fault, unlikely to withstand an earthquake were more likely to doubt earthquake predictions than were students living in safer structures. This example best illustrates

A) avoidant coping.
B) a projection.
C) emotion-based coping.
D) a defense mechanism.

44) Learned helplessness occurs when people

A) conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled.
B) stop experiencing any emotions at all and thereby remain unaffected.
C) avoid stress by acting as if the stress were not even there.
D) conceal the source of stress from themselves and others.

45) People sometimes stop even trying to cope with stress if they feel that they have no control over the bad things that happen to them. This state is referred to as

A) emotional insulation.
B) learned helplessness.
C) avoidant reactance.
D) denial.

46) "Don't wait for the storm to pass— learn to dance in the rain," exhorts an inspirational poster you notice in an office. This quote most directly relates to the ________ component of hardiness.

A) commitment
B) challenge
C) control
D) coping

47) Which of the following hormones is released when people confront devastating situations?

A) estriol
B) thyroxine
C) insulin
D) cortisol

48) Despite growing up in an environment characterized by unemployment, violence, drug abuse, and poverty, Geoff finished college and is successful and thriving today. Geoff is

A) hostile.
B) hardy.
C) resilient.
D) fortunate.

49) Which of the following is true of resilient people?

A) They are not able to work with what they have and tend to complain about whatever situation they find themselves in.
B) They depend on their social network to help deal with stress.
C) They avoid stress by acting as if the stress were not even there.
D) They are likely to be genetically predisposed to produce chemicals that can moderate the effects of cortisol.

50) Which of the following is an effective coping strategy?

A) stop trying to remedy the aversive circumstances
B) turn a threat into a challenge
C) stop experiencing any emotions at all
D) act as if the stress were not even there

51) In proactive coping, people

A) cope with stress by acting as if the stress were not even there.
B) anticipate and try to head off stress before encountering it.
C) remain unaffected and unmoved by both positive and negative experiences.
D) use wishful thinking to reduce stress.

52) The ________ behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven.

A) Type B
B) Type D
C) Type C
D) Type A

53) Vivian always makes sure that she submits her class assignments before anybody else does. Also, she aims at getting the highest score among her classmates. Vivian has a ________ behavior pattern.

A) Type C
B) Type B
C) Type A
D) Type D

54) Katie was very excited about the athletics event to be held in her school. She got injured just a few days before the event and was asked by her physician to take rest for one full day. She was very frustrated and worried that she might be replaced by her friend, Elaine, if she misses her daily practice. She ignored her physician's advice, went ahead with her practice, and worsened the injury. Katie is most likely a ________ personality.

A) Type B
B) Type A
C) Type C
D) Type D

55) Annie gets annoyed if anyone in her class gets a better grade than her. She becomes very hostile toward that person. It is most likely that Annie has a ________ personality.

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D

56) Eric is always in a hurry. He feels that anything that needs to be done should be done urgently. It is most likely that Eric has a ________ personality.

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D

57) The Type B behavior pattern is characterized by

A) feelings of being driven.
B) patience.
C) hostility.
D) competitiveness.

58) Martha has a cooperative nature and is an excellent team manager. She is well-liked by her team members as she is not aggressive and is patient with new recruits. Martha most likely has a ________ personality.

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D

59) Kim is aggressive, competitive, and ambitious. Lonnie is relaxed, cooperative, and patient. Morrie is anxious, tense, and pessimistic. Which of the following correctly represents their behavior pattern types?

A) Kim—Type A; Lonnie—Type B; and Morrie—Type D
B) Kim—Type B; Lonnie—Type D; and Morrie—Type A
C) Kim—Type A; Lonnie—Type D; and Morrie—Type B
D) Kim—Type B; Lonnie—Type A; and Morrie—Type A

60) Which of the following typically characterizes the Type B behavior pattern?

A) hostility and competitiveness
B) a cooperative and nonaggressive manner
C) a competitive and nonaggressive manner
D) patience and competitiveness

61) Patrick is nonaggressive and avoids confrontation if he can help it. He is also patient and not very competitive. Patrick most likely has a ________ personality.

A) Type D
B) Type C
C) Type A
D) Type B

62) Jane is a calm and composed person who believes in working patiently. She hates the idea of employees working aggressively to win more incentives than their coworkers. She is cooperative with her coworkers and helps them whenever they are in need. Jane is a ________ individual.

A) Type C
B) Type A
C) Type B
D) Type D

63) Neil, a team lead in an advertising firm, is a harmonious person who provides constant support to his teammates without any hassles, is cooperative, and patient. Neil is most likely a ________ personality.

A) Type D
B) Type A
C) Type C
D) Type B

64) Djamed is good at mathematics and often tutors his friend Alexander. When Alexander gets a better grade in mathematics than Djamed, all of their friends tease Djamed. Djamed, however, is not concerned about it. It is most likely that Djamed has a ________ personality.

A) Type B
B) Type D
C) Type A
D) Type C

65) The Type A and Type B behavior patterns are best seen as

A) distinct categories.
B) overlapping categories.
C) the ends of a continuum.
D) orthogonal dimensions.

66) Mick is a dedicated basketball player who believes in cultivating his sports skills by competing with others. He always feels driven to practice and improve his techniques of shooting, passing, and rebounding. Also, he is extremely patient and cooperative when he teaches the technique to his teammates. Mick's behavior

A) reflects a Type B behavior pattern.
B) falls between Type A and Type B behavior patterns.
C) is a combination of Type C and Type D behavior patterns.
D) represents insecurity, anxiety, and hostility.

67) The component of the Type A pattern most strongly linked to coronary heart disease is that of

A) hostility.
B) competitiveness.
C) time urgency.
D) ambitiousness.

68) Which of the following is TRUE of the Type A behavior pattern?

A) Men who display the Type A behavior pattern suffer significantly less fatal heart attacks than those classified as having the Type B pattern.
B) Patience is the key component of the Type A behavior pattern which is related to nonaggressiveness.
C) The importance of the Type A behavior pattern lies in its links to coronary heart disease.
D) The Type A behavior pattern is characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner.

69) The key component of the Type A behavior pattern, hostility, is highly toxic because it

A) produces excessive physiological arousal in stressful situations.
B) affects the course of cancer through links to the immune system.
C) decreases heart rate and blood pressure.
D) results in decreased production of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

70) The Type D behavior pattern is characterized by

A) hostility.
B) time urgency and feelings of being driven.
C) insecurity and anxiety.
D) patience.

71) June has a very negative outlook on life. She is always distressed and anxious. June is most likely a ________ personality.

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D

72) Which of the following is TRUE of cancer?

A) Development of cancer is directly related to the Type A behavior pattern.
B) Cancer is a disease which cannot be cured even if detected early.
C) Cancer spreads when certain cells in the body become altered and multiply rapidly in an uncontrolled fashion.
D) Conclusive evidence suggests that cancer patients are less emotionally reactive, suppress anger, and lack outlets for emotional release.

73) Which of the following statements is true of smokers?

A) Most smokers agree that cigarette smoking frequently causes disease and death.
B) All smokers have the same risk of contracting a smoking-related illness irrespective of their race.
C) Some people are genetically predisposed to become smokers irrespective of their social environment.
D) Most smokers are unaware of the link between smoking and disease.

74) Identify a true statement about smoking.

A) African Americans are more likely to indulge in smoking than whites.
B) African Americans are more likely to die from smoking-related illnesses than whites.
C) Genetic predisposition is the primary cause of smoking.
D) Once addicted, people do not want to quit smoking.

75) Which of the following statements is true of addiction to smoking?

A) Genetic predisposition is the primary cause of addiction to smoking.
B) The risk of becoming an established smoker has not been found to be linked to exposure to smoking in media.
C) Smoking even a single cigarette can lead to a smoker finding that not smoking requires an effort or involves discomfort.
D) Smoking tobacco causes psychological addiction to nicotine but does not cause physiological addiction.

76) Which of the following is true of e-cigarettes?

A) Their long-term risks are well documented.
B) They do not contain the tar found in cigarette smoke.
C) They do not cause nicotine addiction.
D) Teenagers usually have a good understanding of the risks of using e-cigarettes.

77) In the context of quitting smoking, which of the following statements is true about addiction to smoking?

A) Smoking has psychological components but no physiological components.
B) Quitting smoking is much easier than quitting cocaine or heroin.
C) The biochemical reactions to nicotine are similar to those to amphetamines.
D) Nicotine does not bring about changes in the brain chemistry.

78) The most effective way to quit smoking is to

A) use products that provide a dose of nicotine that reduces dependence on cigarettes.
B) stop using cigarettes completely.
C) switch to e-cigarettes as they reduce dependence on nicotine.
D) do it on one's own without involving other people.

79) Which of the following is supposed to be the most successful method of quitting smoking?

A) using the patch or nicotine replacement gum
B) going cold turkey
C) attending counseling, along with using nicotine replacement patches or gums
D) using Zyban or similar drugs

80) In the long term, the most effective means of reducing smoking may be

A) using the patch or nicotine replacement gum.
B) going cold turkey.
C) changes in societal norms and attitudes toward the habit.
D) using Zyban or similar drugs.

81) Smokers are more likely to quit smoking when

A) their friends are quitting.
B) they are told about the risks associated with smoking.
C) their means of buying cigarettes are withdrawn.
D) they feel challenged to quit smoking.

82) In the context of smoking, which of the following statements is true of developing countries?

A) Smoking seldom occurs in children under 18 years of age because of cultural influence.
B) Their governments make significant efforts to discourage the sale of tobacco.
C) Many governments rely on revenues from tobacco.
D) Smoking has declined significantly in the last few decades.

83) Blythe takes the medication prescribed by her doctor. However, she takes an increased dose and combines the drug with other medications based on her past experience. Blythe is practicing

A) reactance.
B) creative nonadherence.
C) modified compliance.
D) hardiness.

84) Linda was suffering from an eye infection. Her doctor prescribed her eye drops that she had to use four times a day and advised her to apply warm compresses five times every day. The doctor also asked her to avoid using eye makeup. However, Linda used the solution only once a day and rarely applied warm compresses to her eye. She also continued to use eye makeup. Linda is practicing

A) reactance.
B) modified compliance.
C) creative nonadherence.
D) hardiness.

85) Natasha has a fever, so her doctor prescribes her antibiotics for three days. She starts feeling better with the first dose. By the second day, she feels fine and decides not to have the antibiotics on the third day. In the context of following medical advice, Natasha's behavior is an example of

A) learned helplessness.
B) hardiness.
C) resilience.
D) creative nonadherence.

86) In the context of following medical advice, which of the following is an example of creative nonadherence?

A) Melinda forgets to take her prescribed medication.
B) Jake substitutes his prescribed medications with other medications that he believes will work better.
C) Ronald misreads the dosage mentioned on his prescription bottle and takes a wrong dose.
D) Nancy does not fill her drug prescription because she is too busy to go the pharmacy.

87) Which of the following is a reason for ineffective communication between primary-care physicians and their patients?

A) Patients believe themselves to be "all knowing," resulting in serious communication problems.
B) Primary-care physicians cannot use technical terms with patients and thereby fail to communicate effectively.
C) Many primary-care physicians are not able to communicate effectively as they do not know their patients on a personal level.
D) The relatively high prestige of physicians intimidates patients, which affects communication.

88) Which of the following is TRUE of physicians' communication with their patients?

A) Patients often prefer an interview with questions of a technical nature.
B) Patients often prefer opposite-sex physicians.
C) Patients may be reluctant to volunteer information that might cast them in a bad light.
D) Patients prefer physicians choosing specific treatment that they favor without consulting them.

89) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding male and female physicians' communication with their patients?

A) Female physicians provide more patient-centered communication than do male physicians.
B) Female physicians provide less patient-centered communication than do male physicians.
C) Female and male physicians provide equivalent amounts of patient-centered communication.
D) Male physicians provide more information regarding the diagnosis and the prescribed treatment than do their female counterparts.

90) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding patients' preference for male or female physicians?

A) Patients prefer female physicians.
B) Patients prefer male physicians.
C) Patients prefer same-sex physicians.
D) Patients prefer opposite-sex physicians.

91) Andrew was told by his physician that he would be able to control his diabetes if he controls his diet and avoids the use of sugar in his diet. Andrew was given a(n) ________ framed health message by his physician.

A) positively
B) neutrally
C) negatively
D) ambiguously

92) The Surgeon General is developing new warning labels for cigarette packages. A certain label states, "Quitting smoking now will improve respiratory and cardiovascular health." Label A is a(n) ________ framed health message.

A) positively
B) neutrally
C) negatively
D) ambiguously

93) Preventive health behavior is best motivated by ________ framed messages; behavior leading to the detection of a disease is best motivated by ________.

A) negatively; positively framed messages
B) positively; negatively framed messages
C) negatively; negatively framed messages as well
D) positively; positively framed messages as well

94) Which of the following messages is most likely to motivate the maintenance of an exercise program?

A) "If you exercise, you'll feel more energetic and look more attractive."
B) "If you don't exercise, you'll gain weight and feel sluggish."
C) "If you sit at home all day without any exercise, you will become obese."
D) "If you do not exercise, you will start looking ugly."

95) "If you don't drink at least one full glass of water each day, you're going to get kidney stones," admonishes your friend. This is a(n) ________ framed health message.

A) negatively
B) neutrally
C) positively
D) invasively

96) Tim was told by his doctor that if he did not stop eating fast food, he will become diabetic and obese. This is an example of a(n) ________framed health message.

A) neutrally
B) positively
C) ambiguously
D) negatively

97) People who are happy

A) prefer to go with the flow rather than have control over their lives.
B) are modest.
C) like themselves.
D) see themselves as slightly less intelligent than others.

98) Which of the following is a true statement about happy people?

A) They see themselves as less intelligent than others and are not bothered by this.
B) They employ learned helplessness to deal with stress.
C) They tend to be introverted and enjoy their own company.
D) They feel more in control of events in their lives.

99) Sheila is a happy person and considers herself more intelligent than the average person. She is extroverted and gets along well with other people. She is most likely to

A) be emotionally insulated from negative events.
B) give up at tasks that she finds difficult.
C) employ learned helplessness to avoid stress.
D) hold a moderately inflated view of herself.

100) Identify a characteristic of happy people.

A) They delude themselves and use learned helplessness to avoid stress.
B) Their optimism permits them to persevere at tasks and ultimately to achieve more.
C) Their social network is limited, and they are quite shy.
D) They are carefree as they do not feel the need to have control over their lives.

101) David is a happy person and feels in control of events in his life. He is optimistic by nature and enjoys the company of his close friends. In the context of the characteristics of happy people, he is most likely to

A) have slightly lower self-esteem than the average person.
B) persevere at tasks and ultimately achieve more.
C) employ learned helplessness to avoid stress.
D) be emotionally insulated from negative as well as positive events.

102) In relation to the gender differences in happiness, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Women get less pleasure from being with their parents than men do.
B) For women, time spent with their parents involves recreational activities.
C) For men, time spent with their parents closely resembles work.
D) Men report being slightly less happy than women.

103) Oliver is a happy person most of the time. Which of the following characteristics would be observed in Oliver?

A) emotional insulation
B) lethargy
C) defense mechanism
D) optimism

104) The level of subjective well-being is very stable because

A) people prefer very few changes in their lives.
B) people are part of the same social system.
C) people have a general set point for happiness.
D) people have mundane life styles.

105) Research shows that winning the lottery usually leads to

A) a long-term spike in happiness.
B) an initial surge in happiness, followed by a slow return to previous levels.
C) an initial surge in happiness, followed by a slide into deep depression.
D) no change in happiness levels, even in the short term.

106) Dewey just won a million-dollar lottery jackpot. One year from now, he is likely to be

A) more ecstatic than he was before he won the lottery.
B) about as broke as he was before he won the lottery.
C) more depressed than he was before he won the lottery.
D) about as happy as he was before he won the lottery.

107) Overall, the set point for happiness is ________ and it is determined ________.

A) relatively high; at least partly by genetics
B) rather low; at least partly by genetics
C) relatively high; almost wholly by the environment
D) rather low; almost wholly by the environment

108) Most individuals in the United States would rate themselves as

A) unhappy.
B) pretty happy.
C) neither happy nor unhappy.
D) either happy or unhappy, depending on the time of day.

109) Most people think that they are ________ famous people like Oprah Winfrey.

A) somewhat less happy than
B) just as happy as
C) happier than
D) much less happy than

110) Which of the following statements is TRUE about happiness?

A) Men and women report being equally happy.
B) African Americans are much less happy than whites.
C) People in poor countries are much less happy than people are in the West.
D) Countries that are not economically prosperous do not have happy residents.

111) Identify the correct statement concerning the happiness of people.

A) It is a universally accepted feature that money buys happiness for everybody.
B) Men are generally happier than women across all cultures.
C) The level of subjective well-being is highly unstable.
D) Few differences exist between members of different demographic groups.

112) Which of the following is TRUE about happiness?

A) Generally, money does not buy happiness.
B) Countries that are not economically prosperous do not have happy residents.
C) Women are generally happier than men across all cultures.
D) There is no relation between people's set points and genetic factors.

113) Explain posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms. Briefly discuss different kinds of experiences that can cause PTSD.

114) Distinguish between cataclysmic events, personal stressors, and background stressors. Discuss the various effects on stress and well-being associated with these different types of events. Illustrate your answer with references to specific events you have experienced.

115) Describe the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

116) In the context of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), briefly discuss the three major types of consequences of stress. How does stress affect the immune system?

117) In the context of coping with stress, compare emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping with examples.

118) In the context of coping with stress, compare avoidant coping and proactive coping. Give examples of each. Briefly explain why avoidant coping is not effective.

119) Briefly describe the process of coping with stress through social support.

120) Describe the hardiness and define resilience. Explain how hardiness and resilience help individuals cope with stress.

121) Describe hypothetical individuals displaying Type A, Type B, and Type D behavior patterns. Discuss the association of Type A and Type D behavior patterns with negative health consequences.

122) Describe hypothetical individuals displaying Type A, Type B, and Type D behavior patterns. Discuss the association of Type A and Type D behavior patterns with negative health consequences.

123) Why is hostility considered the key component of the Type A behavior pattern that is related to heart disease?

124) Briefly discuss how cancer spreads in the body.

125) Explain the psychological aspects of cancer.

126) Why do people smoke? Explain.

127) Describe some of the effective tools for ending the habit of smoking.

128) Discuss some of the barriers to communication between health-care practitioners and their clients. Review some of the strategies clients might adopt to improve communication with health-care practitioners.

129) Distinguish between positively and negatively framed health messages. Illustrate with hypothetical health messages as examples. When is each type of message most appropriate?

130) Describe some of the typical characteristics of happy people.

131) What is the long-term impact of money and physical injuries on happiness? Discuss the set point for happiness.