The Urinary System Ch15 Test Bank Answers

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e, (Johnson)

Chapter 15 The Urinary System

15.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1)

Using the figure above, answer this question. All of the following directly excrete wastes out of the body EXCEPT which one?

A) digestive tract

B) circulatory system

C) respiratory system

D) integumentary system

E) urinary system

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1a

GLO: G1

2) The primary sources of the nitrogenous wastes that are eliminated by the kidneys are

A) proteins.

B) carbohydrates.

C) vitamins.

D) triglycerides.

E) nucleic acids.

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1b

GLO: G1

3) The kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

A) regulating blood volume

B) controlling salt balance in body fluids

C) exchanging blood gases

D) regulating blood pressure

E) regulating vitamin D

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1a

GLO: G1

4) The nitrogenous waste ammonia is usually converted to a less toxic substance known as

A) amino acids.

B) urea.

C) fatty acids.

D) sodium chloride crystals.

E) uric acid.

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1b

GLO: G1

5) When urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the

A) urethra.

B) liver.

C) ureter.

D) urinary bladder.

E) nephron.

Topic: Sec. 15.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.2

GLO: G1

6)

Using the figure above, identify in which one of the following locations a nephron would be found.

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) B and C

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3a

GLO: G1

7) The capillaries that serve as the major blood supply to the kidneys are called the

A) Bowman's capsule.

B) cortex.

C) proximal tubules.

D) hepatic portal system.

E) glomerulus.

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3b

GLO: G1

8) The efferent arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus to the

A) renal artery.

B) peritubular capillaries.

C) renal vein.

D) collecting duct.

E) afferent arteriole.

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3b

GLO: G1

9) As urine moves through a nephron, it is modified by ions, water, and other materials either being secreted into the fluid or by efflux of substances out of the urine. However, such modifications do not occur in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

A) loop of Henle

B) collecting duct

C) Bowman's capsule

D) proximal tubule

E) distal tubule

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3a

GLO: G1

10) Consider a red blood cell traveling in the renal artery. It passes through several different functional vessels before entering the renal vein. Consider the vessels listed below. Which one of the following answers lists the CORRECT order in which the red blood cell passes through these vessels?

1. peritubular capillaries

2. efferent arteriole

3. afferent arteriole

4. glomerulus

5. renal vein

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

B) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5

C) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5

D) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5

E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 15.3b

GLO: G2

11) Urine formation initiates with glomerular filtration, a process that relies on filtering large quantities of protein-free plasma into the Bowman's capsule by

A) passive diffusion through porous capillaries.

B) active transport from interstitial fluid.

C) active transport from paratubular capillaries.

D) osmotic transport from lymph fluid.

E) micelle transport.

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4b

GLO: G1

12) An individual has been diagnosed with persistent proteinuria. This condition is due to damage in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

A) loop of Henle

B) proximal tubule

C) glomerular capsule

D) distal tubule

E) collecting duct

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4b

GLO: G1

13) Water and nutrients that have been filtered from the glomerular filtrate are returned to circulation as they enter the

A) renal artery.

B) vasa recta.

C) efferent arteriole.

D) peritubular capillaries.

E) vasa recta and peritubular capillaries.

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c

GLO: G1

14) Over 99% of the water filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed. At which one of the following locations does most of this water reabsorption occur?

A) loop of Henle

B) distal tubule

C) collecting duct

D) proximal tubule

E) renal pelvis

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c

GLO: G1

15) Which one of the following is typically removed from the blood by the tubular secretion process?

A) drugs such as marijuana and cocaine

B) urea

C) protein

D) red blood cells

E) water

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4d

GLO: G1

16) Movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on which one of the following?

A) tubular secretion

B) glomerular filtration

C) tubular reabsorption

D) active transport

E) bulk flow

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c

GLO: G1

17) The hairpin design of the loop of Henle allows events on one side of the loop to influence the events on the other side, by a process referred to as

A) paratubular movement.

B) countercurrent exchange.

C) bulk flow.

D) glomerular filtration.

E) tubular reabsorption.

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5a, 15.5b

GLO: G1

18) The hormone ADH

A) causes the kidneys to produce dilute urine.

B) is secreted by the kidneys.

C) causes the cells of the collecting duct to be more permeable to water.

D) causes the kidneys to produce a high volume of urine.

E) is usually secreted when the body is completely hydrated.

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5a

GLO: G1

19) Urination depends on

A) blood proteins.

B) water movement into the proximal tubule.

C) the neural micturition reflex.

D) the concentration of urea in the distal tubule.

E) countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta.

Topic: Sec. 15.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.6

GLO: G1

20) Renin is secreted by which one of the following structures?

A) distal tubule

B) juxtaglomerular apparatus

C) renal medulla

D) glomerulus

E) Bowman's capsule

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7c

GLO: G1

21) Which of the following groupings of organs is responsible for the maintenance of water balance in the body?

A) liver, kidneys, hypothalamus

B) heart, liver, posterior pituitary

C) posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys

D) kidneys, hypothalamus, liver

E) posterior pituitary, bone marrow, kidneys

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7b

GLO: G1

22) Alcohol has diuretic effects, increasing urine output. By which one of the following is this mediated?

A) Alcohol increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed.

B) Alcohol decreases the amount of sodium reabsorbed.

C) Alcohol makes the renal tubules more permeable to water.

D) Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.

E) Drinks with alcohol also contain a lot of water, and the kidneys excrete this.

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7b

GLO: G1

23) Which of the following regulates salt balance?

A) ADH

B) aldosterone

C) atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

D) renin

E) both aldosterone and ANH

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7e

GLO: G1

24) Aldosterone is secreted in response to changes in

A) blood pressure.

B) blood calcium levels.

C) body temperature.

D) blood potassium levels.

E) blood glucose levels.

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7c

GLO: G1

25) Given the following events involved in the regulation of blood volume, which one of the following answers best represents the order in which these events occurs?

1. sodium reabsorbed from distal tubules and collecting ducts

3. secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus

2. secretion of aldosterone

4. decrease in blood volume

5. production of angiotensin II

A) 4, 2, 5, 3, 1

B) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3

C) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

D) 4, 2, 5, 1, 3

E) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 15.7c

GLO: G1

26) Choose the correct order of steps for the synthesis of Vitamin D.

a. Inactive vitamin D is transported to the liver where it is modified.

b. Inactive, chemically altered vitamin D is transported to the kidneys.

c. UV light strikes the skin and converts a steroid molecule into an inactive form of vitamin D.

d. Vitamin D is activated under the influence of PTH.

A) a, b, c, d

B) c, b, a, d

C) c, a, b, d

D) a, c, b, d

E) d, a, c, b

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7e

GLO: G1

27) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding erythropoietin?

A) It is secreted by the liver in response to rising blood pH.

B) It causes the bladder to store increased amounts of urine.

C) It is part of a positive feedback loop used to control the amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the kidneys.

D) It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

E) It is secreted in response to rising blood oxygen levels.

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7e

GLO: G1

28) Minerals that crystallize in the renal pelvis are referred to as

A) kidney stones.

B) pelvic crystals.

C) otoliths.

D) osteocytes.

E) renal deposits.

Topic: Sec. 15.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.8

GLO: G1

15.2 True/False Questions

1) The major nitrogenous waste product in urine is the ammonium ion.

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1b

GLO: G1

2) Blood containing metabolic waste is transported to the kidneys by the renal vein; the renal artery removes blood from the kidneys once the waste has been removed.

Topic: Sec. 15.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.2

GLO: G1

3) The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Topic: Sec. 15.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.2

GLO: G1

4) Osmotic concentration in the descending limb of the loop of Henle increases as water moves out.

Topic: Sec. 15.4, 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c, 15.5b

GLO: G1

5) Impairments of the kidney that are considered short term and possibly can be overcome by medication or other treatments are called chronic renal failure.

Topic: Sec. 15.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.8

GLO: G1

6) During times of stress, the autonomic nervous system causes the afferent and efferent arterioles to constrict, resulting in an increase in the amount of urine produced.

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4d

GLO: G1

7) Chloride ions passively follow sodium that has been actively transported out of tubular cells, due to the attraction of negatively charged ions to positively charged ions.

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c

GLO: G1

8) Renin stimulates the secretion of aldosterone.

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7c

GLO: G1

9) The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle, and the external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle; together, they control the process of urination.

Topic: Sec. 15.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.6

GLO: G1

10) Not only are the kidneys considered organs of excretion, but they have an endocrine function as well as an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis through the regulation of blood pH.

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7c, 15.7d

GLO: G1

11) Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis involves the circulation of a patient's blood through an artificial kidney machine in order to remove metabolic waste and excess ions; this procedure can now be done in the home.

Topic: Sec. 15.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.8

GLO: G1

12) The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water so no passive diffusion occurs.

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5b

GLO: G1

13) The function of the kidneys to concentrate urine is under the control of a negative feedback loop.

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7a, 15.7b

GLO: G1

15.3 Matching Questions

Many different ions are taken into the body with each meal or produced during cellular metabolism. The kidneys are important in regulating homeostasis of these ions in the body. Match each ion to its function.

A) maintains electrical charges across cell membranes

B) important in muscle and nerve activity

C) maintains acid-base balance

D) determines the volume of extracellular fluid, including blood which can affect blood pressure

1) sodium and chloride

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1b

GLO: G1

2) potassium

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1b

GLO: G1

3) calcium

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1b

GLO: G1

4) hydrogen

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1b

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) C

Using the letter choices on the figure above, identify the organs of the urinary system.

5) location of nephrons, which filter blood to remove wastes and retain essential solutes

Topic: Sec. 15.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.2

GLO: G1

6) muscular tube that passes urine out of the body

Topic: Sec. 15.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.2

GLO: G1

7) stores urine until it is excreted out of the body

Topic: Sec. 15.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.2

GLO: G1

8) delivers urine to the bladder

Topic: Sec. 15.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.2

GLO: G1

Using the letters on the figure above, identify the sections of the nephron.

9) active salt reabsorption without the reabsorption of water prior to collecting duct

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3a

GLO: G1

10) filters plasma from glomerulus

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3b

GLO: G1

11) passes urine to ureter

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3a

GLO: G1

12) relies on countercurrent exchange to move ions and water

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3a

GLO: G1

13) most major nutrients, like glucose, are reabsorbed

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3a

GLO: G1

Match each region of the nephron to its description.

A) glomerular capsule

B) proximal tubule

C) collecting duct

D) loop of Henle

E) distal tubule

14) region where 65-70% of the water in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c

GLO: G1

15) region composed of a descending limb that is permeable to water and an ascending limb that is impermeable to water

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5b

GLO: G1

16) region where blood plasma fluid is filtered from the blood into the nephron

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4b

GLO: G1

17) ADH increases the permeability of the cells of this region to water

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5a

GLO: G1

18) region where fluids are transported to the collecting duct; active reabsorption of salt occurs

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5a

GLO: G1

Answers: 14) B 15) D 16) A 17) C 18) E

Match each of the following disorders associated with the urinary system to its description.

A) chronic renal failure

B) acute renal failure

C) kidney stones

D) proteinuria

19) condition that results from short-term damage to the kidneys and is usually correctable; can be caused by low blood pressure, infections, or severe injuries

Topic: Sec. 15.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.8

GLO: G1

20) condition that results from crystallization of minerals in urine; can block the flow of urine out of the body

Topic: Sec. 15.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.8

GLO: G1

21) condition caused by damage to the glomerulus; results in the presence of protein in the urine

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4b

GLO: G1

22) condition also known as end-stage renal disease; kidneys no longer function properly due to long-term, irreversible damage

Topic: Sec. 15.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.8

GLO: G1

Answers: 19) B 20) C 21) D 22) A

15.4 Short Answer Questions

1) The process of reabsorbing water is regulated by ________ hormone.

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5b

GLO: G1

2) Nitrogenous wastes are produced during normal metabolism of ________.

Topic: Sec. 15.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.1b

GLO: G1

3) Countercurrent exchange is used primarily in the hairpin arrangement of the ________ portion of the nephron.

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5a, 15.5b

GLO: G1

4) The outer portion of the kidneys is the ________, whereas the inner portion is the ________.

Topic: Sec. 15.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.2

GLO: G1

5) Each kidney is made up of a million ________, the functional units of a kidney.

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3a

GLO: G1

6) The glomerulus of each nephron is enclosed by a portion of the nephron known as a glomerular ________.

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3a

GLO: G1

7) Nutrients, water, and ions reabsorbed by the proximal and distal tubules enter the ________ capillaries.

Topic: Sec. 15.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.3b

GLO: G1

8) Sodium is moved out of the proximal tubule by ________.

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c

GLO: G1

9) Tubular reabsorption occurs when most of the fluid and solutes move back into the ________.

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c

GLO: G1

10) ADH ________ the permeability of the cells of the collecting duct to water.

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5a

GLO: G1

11) ________ not only stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands but also causes constriction of small blood vessels (vasoconstriction).

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7c

GLO: G1

12) The steroid hormone ________ regulates the reabsorption of sodium across the collecting duct and distal tubule.

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7b

GLO: G1

13) Three organs in the human body are involved in the production of vitamin D; they are the ________, ________, and ________.

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.7e

GLO: G1

14) Chloride ions move by ________, following the transport of sodium out of the proximal tubule.

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.4c

GLO: G1

15.5 Essay Questions

1) Energy drinks contain several components, including caffeine, that are advertised to boost your energy levels. If you drink several of these caffeine-containing energy drinks in a short period of time, you feel the sensation to urinate. Why?

Topic: Sec. 15.7

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 15.7b

GLO: G1

2) The loop of Henle relies on a countercurrent exchange mechanism to promote movement of water and solutes. Explain the significance of this mechanism to the composition of urine.

Topic: Sec. 15.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 15.5a

GLO: G1

3) If the Bowman's capsule could be surgically removed so that the end (closed) of the proximal tubule was in contact with the glomerulus, what would be the impact on glomerular filtration?

Topic: Sec. 15.4

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 15.4a, 15.4b

GLO: G5