Ch13 Test Bank The Endocrine System

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e, (Johnson)

Chapter 13 The Endocrine System

13.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Which of the following tissues/organs is NOT a member of the endocrine system?

A) kidney

B) salivary gland

C) adrenal gland

D) thyroid gland

E) stomach

Topic: Sec. 13.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.1

GLO: G1

2) Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

A) they interact only with target cells at a synapse.

B) they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells.

C) target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone.

D) they can be released only following depolarization of the target cell.

E) the blood has access to all body tissues.

Topic: Sec. 13.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.1

GLO: G1

3) All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

A) Many hormones are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier.

B) Hormones are distributed via the circulatory system.

C) Hormones exert their effects on cells that have the specific hormone receptor.

D) Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.

E) The endocrine system and the nervous system frequently interact.

Topic: Sec. 13.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.1

GLO: G1

4) Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they

A) cause a change to occur in the target cell.

B) bind to an intracellular receptor.

C) are water insoluble.

D) cannot be stored.

E) bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1

5) The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur?

1. cellular response to the hormone

2. activation of a gene

3. formation of a hormone-receptor complex

4. diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane

5. production of a protein

A) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

B) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1

C) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2

D) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4

E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1

6) The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which then functions

A) as an internal receptor for steroid hormones.

B) as an enzyme in the generation of ATP.

C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations.

D) to stimulate the release of the original hormone from the cell surface receptor.

E) as a secondary hormone released into the bloodstream.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1

7) The pituitary gland is often called the "master of the endocrine system" because

A) it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

B) all other hormones must be activated by enzymes released by the pituitary gland.

C) it contains neuroendocrine cells that activate many of the other endocrine glands.

D) all blood vessels must pass through the pituitary so hormones can be regulated.

E) releasing and inhibiting factors for most other endocrine glands are released by the pituitary.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3a

GLO: G1

8) The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) ACTH

B) LH

C) PRL

D) TSH

E) ADH

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

9) Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons?

A) It stimulates the growth and development of gonads, but only in females.

B) It stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males.

C) It promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females.

D) It functions to complement the activity of TSH.

E) It triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c, 13.7

GLO: G1

10) When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the

A) kidneys.

B) breasts.

C) hypothalamus.

D) uterus.

E) breasts and uterus.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3b

GLO: G1

11) FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.

A) TSH

B) GnRH

C) ACTH

D) LH

E) PRL

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c, 13.7

GLO: G1

12) Hyposecretion of ADH results in

A) stimulation of protein synthesis.

B) reduced uptake of blood glucose.

C) diabetes insipidus.

D) an increase in the mass and length of bones.

E) overstimulation of cell division.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3b

GLO: G1

13) Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?

A) prolactin

B) LH

C) aldosterone

D) FSH

E) growth hormone

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c, 13.7

GLO: G1

14) Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

A) diabetes insipidus.

B) a drop in blood glucose levels.

C) acromegaly.

D) dwarfism.

E) gigantism.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

15) Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

A) ADH.

B) prolactin.

C) parathyroid hormone.

D) glucagon.

E) insulin.

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

16) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

A) stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones.

B) promoting the entry of glucose into cells.

C) stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

D) activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland.

E) promoting the breakdown of fat.

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

17) Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by

A) stimulating the synthesis of fatty acids.

B) promoting the conversion of amino acids into proteins in muscle tissues.

C) increasing the glucose-dependent inflammatory response.

D) promoting fat utilization.

E) inhibiting glucose utilization in muscle cells.

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5a

GLO: G1

18) During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

A) hypothalamus

B) pancreas

C) adrenal medulla

D) posterior pituitary

E) anterior pituitary

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5a

GLO: G1

19) Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?

A) Production of natural cortisol may decrease.

B) Production of estrogen by the ovaries may decrease.

C) Levels of thyroid hormone may be elevated.

D) Levels of aldosterone may be elevated.

E) Levels of parathyroid hormone may be decreased.

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 13.5a

GLO: G2

20) An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?

A) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

B) cortisol from the adrenal cortex

C) insulin from the pancreas

D) thyroxine from the thyroid

E) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 13.5b

GLO: G2

21) Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

A) ACTH from the anterior pituitary

B) AMTH form the anterior pituitary

C) releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

D) sympathetic nerves

E) parasympathetic nerves

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5b

GLO: G1

22) A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels

A) because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine.

B) because ADH levels rise controllably.

C) due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland.

D) as glucagon levels elevate.

E) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH.

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a

GLO: G1

23) Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of

A) ACTH.

B) TSH.

C) FSH.

D) LH.

E) GH.

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a

GLO: G1

24) Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

A) calcium

B) phosphorus

C) iodine

D) zinc

E) iron

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a

GLO: G1

25) Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

A) thyroid and ovaries

B) adrenal cortex and thyroid

C) anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex

D) thyroid and parathyroid

E) parathyroid and anterior pituitary

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a, 13.6b

GLO: G1

26) The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

A) estrogen and progesterone.

B) oxytocin.

C) growth hormone.

D) ADH.

E) prostaglandins.

Topic: Sec. 13.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.7

GLO: G1

27) All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

A) They are produced and secreted by the ovaries in response to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

B) They are released during a female's reproductive years.

C) They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.

D) They regulate the menstrual cycle.

E) They stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Topic: Sec. 13.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.7

GLO: G1

28) The thymus produces two peptides that function to

A) regulate iodine levels in the thyroid.

B) aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes.

C) regulate thyroxine release.

D) increase blood calcium levels.

E) promote the breakdown of bone.

Topic: Sec. 13.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.8a

GLO: G1

29) Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart?

A) decrease in blood pressure

B) decrease in blood calcium level

C) decrease in kidney function

D) increase of blood sugar level

E) increased production of fats and proteins

Topic: Sec. 13.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.8b

GLO: G1

30) Which one of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?

A) prostaglandins

B) nerve growth factor

C) tumor angiogenesis growth factor

D) histamine

E) epidermal growth factor

Topic: Sec. 13.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.9

GLO: G1

31) All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?

A) neural disorders

B) kidney failure

C) blindness

D) cardiovascular disorders

E) increased susceptibility to cancer

Topic: Current Issue

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.10

GLO: G1

32) Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?

A) estrogen, progesterone

B) epinephrine, norepinephrine

C) glucagon, insulin

D) oxytocin, prolactin

E) thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Topic: Sec. 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

13.2 True/False Questions

1) Every hormone in the human body needs to interact with an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane before it can cause a response.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.1

GLO: G1

2) Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1

3) Nonsteroid hormones cause the production of ATP from cAMP.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1

4) The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3b

GLO: G1

5) In females, LH promotes the monthly development of the egg and FSH causes release of the egg from the ovary.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

6) Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.1

GLO: G1

7) Somatostatin functions to inhibit both insulin and glucagon.

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

8) The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood.

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

9) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

10) The levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone.

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5b

GLO: G1

11) Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5b

GLO: G1

12) During prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5a

GLO: G1

13) When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a

GLO: G1

14) The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones.

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a

GLO: G1

15) Nitric oxide helps regulate blood flow in many tissues and is involved in the development and control of penile erection.

Topic: Sec. 13.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.9

GLO: G1

16) Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder in which a person's thyroid is stimulated to produce too much thyroxine.

Topic: Sec. 13.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.10

GLO: G1

17) Erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the liver, stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Topic: Sec. 13.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.8b

GLO: G1

18) Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on blood calcium levels.

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a, 13.6b

GLO: G1

13.3 Matching Questions

Match each of the following hormones to its target organ.

A) ovary, testis

B) breasts

C) adrenal cortex

D) anterior pituitary

E) stomach

F) thyroid

G) kidney

H) muscles and bones

1) ACTH

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

2) thyrotropin

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

3) GnRH

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

4) ADH

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3b

GLO: G1

5) growth hormone

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

6) LH

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

7) gastrin

Topic: Sec. 13.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.8b

GLO: G1

8) prolactin

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) C 2) F 3) D 4) G 5) H 6) A 7) E 8) B

Using the figure above, identify each endocrine gland (A-G).

9) adrenal gland

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5a, 13.5b

GLO: G1

10) thyroid gland

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a

GLO: G1

11) pancreas

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

12) pituitary

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3a

GLO: G1

13) ovaries

Topic: Sec. 13.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.7

GLO: G1

14) testes

Topic: Sec. 13.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.7

GLO: G1

15) thymus

Topic: Sec. 13.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.8a

GLO: G1

Match each of the following hormones to its function.

A) insulin

B) LH

C) oxytocin

D) calcitonin

E) ACTH

F) aldosterone

16) stimulates cell uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

17) promotes sodium uptake and potassium excretion

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5b

GLO: G1

18) lowers blood calcium levels

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6a

GLO: G1

19) causes ejection of milk into ducts during breast-feeding

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3b

GLO: G1

20) stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

21) causes release of the egg from the ovary

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

Answers: 16) A 17) F 18) D 19) C 20) E 21) B

Match each event labeled on the graph with the description of what is occurring in relation to blood glucose levels.

22) pancreas stops secretion of insulin

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1, G3

23) glucagon secretion is inhibited

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1, G3

24) adipose tissues use glucose to produce fats for storage

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1, G4

25) peak glucose levels in plasma

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1, G4

13.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Nonsteroid hormones require a(n) ________ on the cell surface to communicate with cells.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1

2) Steroid hormones depend on receptors inside the cell because these hormones are ________ soluble.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1

3) ________ cells have axons that can transmit nerve impulses in addition to being able to secrete hormones like endocrine cells.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3b, 13.5b

GLO: G1

4) Nonsteroid hormones are ________ acting than steroid hormones because they activate molecules that are already present in the target cell in an inactive form.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1

5) Hormones important in internal homeostatic control mechanisms are generally part of a(n) ________ feedback loop.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2b

GLO: G1

6) Neuroendocrine cells can be found in the ________.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3b, 13.5b

GLO: G1

7) Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary gland by the ________.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

8) Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are not secreted unless they are stimulated to be released by ________ from the hypothalamus.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

9) Gigantism is caused by hypersecretion of ________ hormone during childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

10) The endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in small groupings throughout the organ known as the ________.

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1

11) A student just finished a delicious breakfast of pancakes with syrup, orange juice, and Danish pastries. Because his blood sugar level has increased, the pancreas secretes ________.

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 13.4

GLO: G1, G2

12) ________ of growth hormone during childhood can result in pituitary dwarfism.

Topic: Sec. 13.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.3c

GLO: G1

13) Although most of the estrogen and testosterone produced in the human body is made by the ovaries and testes, respectively, small amounts of these hormones are also produced by the ________.

Topic: Sec. 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.5a

GLO: G1

14) The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ________ blood calcium levels.

Topic: Sec. 13.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.6b

GLO: G1

15) Thymosin and thymopoietin are secreted by the ________.

Topic: Sec. 13.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.8a

GLO: G1

16) The pineal gland secretes ________, also known as the "hormone of darkness."

Topic: Sec. 13.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.8b

GLO: G1

17) Diabetes type ________ occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin.

Topic: Sec. 13.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.10

GLO: G1

13.5 Essay Questions

1) The endocrine and nervous systems function to coordinate and regulate the activities of cells and tissues throughout the body. To achieve these types of control, both systems rely on chemical agents, but the chemicals function differently at the cellular level. Describe the functional differences between hormones and neurotransmitters.

Topic: Sec. 13.1, 13.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.1, 13.5

GLO: G1, G8

2) Following a very large meal that was loaded with carbohydrates, how does the human body to respond to the excess sugars being absorbed into the bloodstream?

Topic: Sec. 13.4

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 13.4

GLO: G2, G8

3) Nonsteroid hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane of cells, yet still have the ability to influence cell activity. Explain how this is possible.

Topic: Sec. 13.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 13.2a

GLO: G1, G8