Test Bank Chapter 17 Cell Reproduction and Differentiation

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e, (Johnson)

Chapter 17 Cell Reproduction and Differentiation

17.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) During which one of the following phases of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

A) G2 phase

B) telophase

C) metaphase

D) S phase

E) G1 of interphase

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

2) During which one of the following phases of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide?

A) G2 phase

B) interphase

C) S phase

D) late into G0

E) mitotic phase

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

3) DNA is organized and arranged in the nucleus as

A) mitotic spindles.

B) chromosomes.

C) histones.

D) the nucleolus.

E) ribosomes.

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

4) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?

A) The mitotic phase is longer than interphase.

B) During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides and four daughter cells result.

C) During mitosis, DNA is divided into two sets and distributed equally to the daughter cells.

D) DNA of the cell is replicated during this phase.

E) Most of the growth of the cell occurs during this phase.

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

5) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

A) G0 is an abnormal state, and cells in this stage have been damaged.

B) Neurons and osteocytes remain in G0 after adolescence.

C) Most cancer cells have entered the G0 phase.

D) Once in G0, a cell remains there.

E) Stems cells in the bone marrow are typically in the G0 phase.

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

6) During which one of the following stages of the cell cycle do the chromosomes exist in the form of chromatin not really visible under the microscope?

A) metaphase

B) anaphase

C) interphase

D) early part of telophase

E) all stages of mitosis

Topic: Sec. 17.2, 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2a

GLO: G1

7) The process by which the DNA code is converted from a single gene into a complementary single strand of mRNA is called

A) replication.

B) reproduction.

C) translation.

D) metabolism.

E) transcription.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2d

GLO: G1

8) Once an RNA molecule has been made from DNA, it enters the cytoplasm of the cell where it is used by the cell to produce a

A) fat.

B) cell membrane.

C) carbohydrate.

D) nucleus.

E) protein.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

9) Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes how DNA is replicated?

A) Each strand of the original DNA is first completely separated from the other.

B) Replication of DNA occurs at multiple locations on the two original strands as the DNA is unzipped.

C) Replication of DNA can begin anywhere along the length of the strands.

D) The two original strands are first broken down to release nucleotides for the synthesis of new DNA.

E) One of the original strands of DNA serves as a template for new DNA; the other strand is broken down to release nucleotides for the synthesis of new DNA.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2b

GLO: G1

10) During DNA replication, complementary nucleotides are added to the separated strands of the original DNA by enzymes. Which one of the following bases would a nucleotide contain if it were paired to a nucleotide containing thymine?

A) adenine

B) uracil

C) another thymine

D) cytosine

E) guanine

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2b

GLO: G1

11) Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY compares the effects of a mutation in a gamete to the effects of a mutation in a somatic cell?

A) Somatic cell mutations always cause cancer, whereas gamete mutations do not.

B) Gamete mutations are passed to the next generation, whereas somatic cell mutations are not.

C) Gamete mutations are typically deadly, whereas somatic cell mutations are not.

D) Somatic cell mutations are typically deadly, whereas gamete mutations are not.

E) Mutations in both types of cells usually result in cancer.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 17.2c

GLO: G2

12) Mutations in human DNA rarely impair normal cell function because

A) repair of DNA prevents all mutations from ever causing damage to a cell.

B) damaged cells commit "suicide" to prevent damage to the body.

C) cells have one major repair enzyme that corrects the mutations quickly.

D) multiple DNA repair enzymes usually quickly correct the mutations before any damage can occur.

E) the cells attack dysfunctional gene products, averting damage to the cell.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2c

GLO: G1

13) Which one of the following statements describes the process through which a primary RNA transcript becomes a functional mRNA?

A) Sections of the primary transcript called exons are removed, and the sections that remain are spliced together.

B) Sections of RNA called exons are added to the primary transcript.

C) A primary transcript needs no editing and is immediately ready to function as mRNA.

D) Noncoding sections of the primary transcript, called introns, are removed, and the remaining coding sections, called exons, are spliced together.

E) Random sections of the primary transcript called exons are replaced with sections called introns.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2d

GLO: G1

14) How many codons are in the following sequence of nucleotides: AAAUGCUCGUAA?

A) 1

B) 3

C) 4

D) 6

E) 12

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

15) The processes of initiation, elongation, and termination that occur in the production of a protein are all associated with

A) DNA replication.

B) processing of a fat in the endoplasmic reticulum.

C) correction of a mutation.

D) formation of an intact ribosome.

E) translation.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

16) A codon is

A) a type of DNA repair enzyme.

B) a promoter that prevents the attachment of RNA polymerase.

C) a sequence of three nitrogenous bases on mRNA that corresponds to an amino acid.

D) the part of the ribosome to which mRNA attaches.

E) a sequence of three nitrogenous bases on tRNA that corresponds to an amino acid.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

17) At which one of the following stages of the cell cycle does a chromosome develop into two sister chromatids?

A) mitotic phase

B) S phase

C) G1 phase

D) G2 phase

E) G0 phase

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2b

GLO: G1

18) It is evident that translation occurs at ribosomes because they contain binding sites for

A) primary transcripts of mRNA.

B) DNA repair enzymes.

C) rRNA.

D) tRNA and mRNA.

E) mitotic spindles.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

19)

Which one of the following stages of mitosis is shown in the figure above, and which stage comes next?

A) anaphase, telophase

B) telophase, anaphase

C) prophase, anaphase

D) metaphase, anaphase

E) metaphase, telophase

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

20) Chromosomes first become visible as two sister chromatids held together at the centromere during which one of the following phases?

A) G1

B) metaphase

C) S

D) prophase

E) anaphase

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

21) Mitosis differs from meiosis in that only mitosis

A) is preceded by interphase.

B) involves two successive cell divisions.

C) results in the production of haploid cells.

D) involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.

E) results in cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

22) Which one of the following statements best describes the chromosomes in the cells at the end of meiosis I?

A) DNA replication in the S phase has led to a doubling in chromosome number.

B) The cells contain the haploid number of chromosomes.

C) Chromosome number and structure are identical to the beginning of the S phase.

D) The cells contain the diploid number of chromosomes.

E) The chromosome number is the same as that before meiosis began, but the DNA content is half the original cell.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

23) A drug that interferes with the development and function of microtubules would interfere with

A) G0 phase of the cell cycle.

B) metaphase and anaphase of mitosis.

C) S phase of the cell cycle.

D) DNA replication.

E) G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G2

24) Which one of the following cell types typically divide throughout one's life?

A) osteocytes

B) stem cells in the bone marrow

C) neurons

D) muscle cells

E) liver cells

Topic: Sec. 17.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.4

GLO: G1

25) At which one of the following checkpoints might the cell cycle be halted if all of the DNA has not yet been replicated?

A) G1

B) G2

C) M

D) T

E) S

Topic: Sec. 17.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.4

GLO: G1

26) Cell differentiation of a pre-embryo begins

A) immediately upon the first division of the fertilized egg.

B) after the 32-cell stage.

C) after the 4-cell stage.

D) after the 8-cell stage.

E) after the 2-cell stage.

Topic: Sec. 17.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.5

GLO: G1

27) The process by which cells become specialized from one another is called

A) differentiation.

B) mitosis.

C) pluripotency.

D) meiotic specialization.

E) cleavage.

Topic: Sec. 17.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.5

GLO: G1

28) Embryo splitting is a type of cloning in which an egg is fertilized in vitro and

A) then the genomic DNA is replaced with that from a desired donor.

B) allowed to reach the fetus stage before implanted into the designated mother.

C) then following mitosis, the intact nuclei are transferred to somatic cells for embryo development.

D) the cells are split after the eight-cell stage to be implanted into a surrogate mother.

E) subjected to nuclear transfer.

Topic: Sec. 17.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.6

GLO: G1

29) Cloning of human cells for the purpose of treating a patient is referred to as

A) embryo splitting.

B) pluripotency.

C) somatic cell nuclear transfer.

D) medicinal cloning.

E) therapeutic cloning.

Topic: Sec. 17.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.7

GLO: G1

30) Therapeutic cloning differs from reproductive cloning in that therapeutic cloning

A) is the cloning of human stem cells to treat human diseases.

B) involves the extraction of a patient's bone marrow.

C) results in an individual genetically identical to the DNA donor.

D) is not a controversial topic.

E) involves transfer of genomic DNA into a recipient somatic cell.

Topic: Sec. 17.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.7

GLO: G1

17.2 True/False Questions

1) Initiation of translation begins with a tRNA binding its anticodon to the start codon of mRNA at a ribosome.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

2) Human cells, with the exception of the gametes, reproduce by mitosis.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3b

GLO: G1

3) During the cell cycle, DNA replicates during the late G1 phase.

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

4) Mitosis in mammals usually takes less than an hour.

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

5) In order to increase the speed of replication, the DNA molecule is opened at several locations creating multiple replication bubbles where complementary strands are formed.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2b

GLO: G1

6) Mutations in DNA are usually repaired in healthy cells by DNA repair enzymes.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2c

GLO: G1

7) A short segment of DNA that contains the code or blueprint for one or more proteins is called a gene.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

8) Although a specific codon specifies only one amino acid, several different codons can specify the same amino acid.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

9) The process through which DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA is called translation.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2d

GLO: G1

10) Most nonlethal mutations in somatic cells are passed along to the next generation.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2c

GLO: G1

11) The result of mitosis is the production of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other but not to the parent cell.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3b

GLO: G1

12) During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis I.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

13) Meiosis results in four nonidentical daughter cells.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

14) A cell cycle of a cell in which DNA replication was faulty, failing to complete replication of all of the DNA, would likely be halted at the M checkpoint.

Topic: Sec. 17.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.4

GLO: G1

15) Differentiation of embryonic cells begins immediately upon the first division of the fertilized egg.

Topic: Sec. 17.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.5

GLO: G1

16) Differentiation is the process of sister chromatids separating from each other during meiosis II.

Topic: Sec. 17.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.5

GLO: G1

17) Embryo splitting as a means of reproductive cloning is typically done at the 32- or 64-cell stage.

Topic: Sec. 17.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.6

GLO: G1

18) Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a means of reproductive cloning.

Topic: Sec. 17.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.6

GLO: G1

19) The development of induced pluripotent stem cells would make possible therapeutic cloning without the use of embryos.

Topic: Sec. 17.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.7

GLO: G1

17.3 Matching Questions

Match the following stages of interphase to their description.

A) G1

B) S

C) G2

1) phase during which the cell's DNA is duplicated

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

2) phase during which the cell prepares for cell division

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

3) phase during which most of the growth of a cell occurs

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) B 2) C 3) A

Match the following types of RNA to their description. Answers may be used more than once.

A) mRNA

B) rRNA

C) tRNA

4) interacts with ribosomes with its anticodon end

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

5) contains a start codon sequence to mark the beginning protein synthesis

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

6) component of the ribosomal subunit that assists in protein synthesis

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

7) the resulting transcript produced after transcription and post-transcriptional modification is completed

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2d

GLO: G1

8) transports amino acids to the ribosome

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

Answers: 4) C 5) A 6) B 7) A 8) C

Match each stage of mitosis (lettered A-D) to the appropriate diagram in the figure above.

9) step where duplicate DNA molecules are being pulled in opposite directions by equal forces, but centromeres are attached preventing separation

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

10) occurs just before cytokinesis

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

11) daughter chromosomes involved in anaphase

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

12) prophase

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

Determine whether each of the following events is characteristic of mitosis, meiosis, or both. Answers may be used more than once.

A) mitosis

B) mitosis and meiosis

C) meiosis

13) preceded by replication of chromosomes during interphase

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

14) results in production of four genetically different daughter cells

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

15) yields haploid daughter cells

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

16) involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing-over

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3c

GLO: G1

17) involves chromosome movement and distribution to daughter cells

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

18) results in the production of gametes

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

19) involves two successive nuclear and cell divisions

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

20) results in the production of two genetically identical daughter cells

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

Answers: 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) C 17) B 18) C 19) C 20) A

Match each stage of the mitotic phase to its description.

A) prophase

B) metaphase

C) telophase

D) cytokinesis

E) anaphase

21) chromatids of a chromosome separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

22) cytoplasm divides

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

23) chromosomes become visible; centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell; mitotic spindle forms

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

24) nuclear membranes form around chromosomes; mitotic spindle breaks apart

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

25) chromosomes are lined up along the "equator" in the center of the cell

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

Answers: 21) E 22) D 23) A 24) C 25) B

17.4 Short Answer Questions

1) The replication of DNA occurs during the ________ phase of interphase.

Topic: Sec. 17.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.1

GLO: G1

2) Initiation of translation begins with a tRNA binding to a start ________ on mRNA.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

3) ________ is the process by which the DNA code of a single gene is converted into a complimentary strand of mRNA.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2d

GLO: G1

4) Following replication of chromosomes, sister chromatids are held together by a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

5) Proteins called ________ surround/associate with DNA to help organize it. These proteins can be modified to alter gene expression.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2b

GLO: G1

6) Progression through the various phases of the cell cycle depends on fluctuating concentrations of specific proteins called ________.

Topic: Sec. 17.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.4

GLO: G1

7) The specialization of stem cells into various cellular types is called ________.

Topic: Sec. 17.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.4

GLO: G1

8) The beginning of each gene in DNA is marked by the presence of a base sequence that RNA polymerase can attach to. This is called the ________.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2d

GLO: G1

9) Cloning for the specific purpose of treating human disease is referred to as ________ cloning.

Topic: Sec. 17.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.7

GLO: G1

10) The primary transcript that results from transcription must be modified in eukaryotes before it can be translated into a functional protein. The nucleotide sequence pieces that ultimately form the resulting mRNA and contain the genetic information are called ________.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

11) During translation, attachment of a "start" codon to the small ribosomal subunit constitutes the beginning of the ________ stage.

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2e

GLO: G1

12) Fertilization of an egg in vitro, leading to separation of individual cells from the 8-cell stage for implantation into a surrogate mother is called ________.

Topic: Sec. 17.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.6

GLO: G1

13) Meiosis in females is not complete until ________ occurs.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

14) The most important checkpoint in the regulation of cell reproduction is during the ________ phase of interphase.

Topic: Sec. 17.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.4

GLO: G1

15) All cells that make up the body other than germ cells are referred to as ________.

Topic: Sec. 17.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.7

GLO: G1

16) A(n) ________ forms during cytokinesis as contractile filaments in the cell tighten.

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.3a

GLO: G1

17) The study of how gene expression is altered by factors in the cell's environment rather than the DNA sequence of the gene itself is called ________.

Topic: Sec. 17.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.5

GLO: G1

17.5 Essay Questions

1) Explain the importance of checkpoints to the cell cycle.

Topic: Sec. 17.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.4

GLO: G8

2) Mitochondria have their own DNA, which encodes some of the proteins that function within the mitochondria. Explain why the inheritance of mitochondrial DNA is described as "maternal inheritance."

Topic: Sec. 17.3

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 17.3b

GLO: G8

3) During transcription, a portion of a cell's DNA is converted to a complimentary strand of mRNA. The mRNA is eventually used as the blueprint for making one or more proteins, but not immediately. A short lag time is necessary between transcription and the initiation of translation. Why?

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 17.2d

GLO: G8

4) Alterations in DNA, whether they occur by mistake during replication, or as a result of some type of damage, can lead to mutations. Mutations, however, are rare in terms of leading to actual damage to a cell. Why?

Topic: Sec. 17.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 17.2c

GLO: G8