The Digestive System and Nutrition Ch.14 Full Test Bank

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e, (Johnson)

Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition

14.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Which one of the following is considered an accessory digestive organ?

A) pancreas

B) stomach

C) small intestine

D) esophagus

E) large intestine

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1b

GLO: G1

2) The layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall that is responsible for motility is the

A) muscularis.

B) mucosa.

C) serosa.

D) submucosa.

E) glandular.

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1a

GLO: G1

3) The process by which undigested material is removed from the gastrointestinal tract is

A) secretion.

B) urination.

C) mechanical processing.

D) elimination.

E) absorption.

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1b

GLO: G1

4) The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is

A) elimination.

B) secretion.

C) chemical digestion.

D) peristalsis.

E) absorption.

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1b

GLO: G1

5) Muscular movements that mix food in the lumen of the small intestine are referred to as

A) elimination.

B) secretion.

C) absorption.

D) muscularis.

E) segmentation.

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1b

GLO: G1

6) Which major digestive process involves nutrient molecules passing across the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph?

A) elimination

B) absorption

C) digestion

D) secretion

E) mechanical processing and movement

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1b

GLO: G1

Use the figure above to answer the following question(s).

7) Which one of the following labeled parts of the tooth is made up of a nonliving compound of phosphate and calcium?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

8) The ________ is the region of a tooth that lies below the gum line, and the entire tooth sits in a socket in the jawbone, lined with ________, indicated by label ________.

A) bone; periodontal membrane; C

B) pulp cavity; root canal; D

C) root; periodontal membrane; E

D) crown; gingiva; D

E) pulp cavity; root canal; A

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

9) The salivary glands include

A) the parotid and pancreatic glands.

B) sublingual, submandibular, and pancreatic glands.

C) parotid, submandibular, and subesophageal glands.

D) sublingual, parotid, and submandibular glands.

E) subesophageal, pancreatic, and sublingual glands.

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

10) Mucin in saliva functions to

A) remove food particles from teeth.

B) lower the pH of the saliva.

C) raise the pH of the saliva.

D) aid in food particles sticking together.

E) partially digest carbohydrates in the mouth.

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

11) During swallowing,

A) the epiglottis bends to close the trachea.

B) smooth muscle in the esophagus contracts slightly.

C) the tongue flattens to the bottom of the mouth.

D) salivary secretions stop.

E) the hard palate rises to close the nasal passages.

Topic: Sec. 14.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.3

GLO: G1

12) Once a bolus of food has been formed in the mouth, it is passed by the tongue and jaws to the

A) esophagus.

B) stomach.

C) pharynx.

D) nasal passageway.

E) small intestine.

Topic: Sec. 14.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.3

GLO: G1

13) Which one of the following components of saliva has antibacterial properties?

A) sodium bicarbonate

B) amylase

C) mucin

D) HCl

E) lysozyme

Topic: Sec. 14.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.3

GLO: G1

14) Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of

A) HCL, fluids secreted from gastric glands, pepsinogen.

B) chyme, HCL, mucus.

C) HCL, secretin, saliva.

D) pepsinogen, secretin, serosa.

E) fluids from gastric glands only.

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

15) Which one of the following might result if the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions?

A) gastric ulcer

B) duodenal ulcer

C) gluten intolerance

D) acid reflux

E) stomach cancer

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4b

GLO: G1

16) "Gurgling of the stomach" is due to

A) peristaltic contractions.

B) the secretion of acids.

C) the action of gastrin on the cells of the stomach.

D) the production of chyme.

E) the closing of the pyloric sphincter.

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4b

GLO: G1

17) The watery mixture of partially digested food produced in the stomach is called

A) bolus.

B) chyme.

C) segmentation.

D) dentin.

E) mucin.

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

18) Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that specifically targets

A) fatty acids.

B) steroids.

C) starch.

D) glycogen.

E) protein.

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

19) The digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is completed in the

A) stomach.

B) small intestine.

C) liver.

D) pancreas.

E) large intestine.

Topic: Sec. 14.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.5

GLO: G1

20) The end products of the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are absorbed in the

A) stomach.

B) small intestine.

C) liver.

D) pancreas.

E) large intestine.

Topic: Sec. 14.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.5

GLO: G1

21) Bile is produced by the ________ and stored in the ________.

A) liver; gall bladder

B) small intestine; liver

C) stomach; small intestine

D) gall bladder; liver

E) small intestine; gall bladder

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6b

GLO: G1

22) The pancreatic ducts connect to the small intestine at the

A) pyloric valve.

B) cecum.

C) duodenum.

D) ileum.

E) jejunum.

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6a

GLO: G1

23) The pancreas aids in the chemical digestion of food by

A) producing mucin that lubricates the small intestine.

B) releasing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum.

C) producing chylomicrons.

D) producing and releasing gastrin into the stomach.

E) mechanically digesting the chyme as it leaves the stomach.

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6a

GLO: G1

24) Nutrient-rich blood moves from the small intestine to the liver via

A) the pancreatic duct.

B) lacteal vessels.

C) the pulmonary circuit.

D) the hepatic portal system.

E) arterial flow from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6a

GLO: G1

25) Elimination of undigested food material from the large intestine is controlled by

A) secretin.

B) CCK.

C) the defecation reflex.

D) trypsin.

E) the appendix.

Topic: Sec. 14.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.7

GLO: G1

26) Bile assists in the chemical digestion of triglycerides by

A) hydrolyzing them to glycerol and fatty acids.

B) breaking peptide bonds and hydrolyzing them to amino acids.

C) forming chylomicrons.

D) emulsifying large fat droplets into tiny ones, providing more surface area for enzymes.

E) assisting with the active transport of triglycerides into the blood.

Topic: Sec. 14.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.8

GLO: G1

27) In the small intestine, amino acids and monosaccharaides are moved into the mucosal cells by the process of

A) diffusion.

B) facilitated diffusion.

C) active transport.

D) endocytosis.

E) exocytosis.

Topic: Sec. 14.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.8

GLO: G1

28) As chyme leaves the stomach, the acidic nature of the partially digested food stimulates the duodenum to release the hormone

A) gastrin.

B) secretin.

C) mucin.

D) CCK.

E) ADH.

Topic: Sec. 14.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.9

GLO: G1

29) All of the following are involved in the digestion of proteins EXCEPT which one?

A) pepsin

B) amylase

C) carboxypeptidase

D) chymotrypsin

E) trypsin

Topic: Sec. 14.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.9

GLO: G1

30) Which of the following meals or snacks is likely to cause the secretion of gastrin and cholecystokinin?

A) orange juice and toast with black coffee

B) bacon cheeseburger and fries

C) vegetable stir fry with rice

D) crackers with strawberry jam

E) pretzels and chips

Topic: Sec. 14.9

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 14.9

GLO: G1

31) Which one of the following types of diets is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A) diet that includes complex carbohydrates

B) high-protein diet

C) diet low in refined sugars

D) diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol

E) diet that includes unsaturated fats

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10c

GLO: G1

32) Which food group occupies the largest portion on the USDA "MyPlate"?

A) fruits

B) vegetables

C) grains

D) proteins

E) dairy

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10a

GLO: G1

33) Essential amino acids are

A) used only for the production of hormones.

B) required in the diet because the human body cannot make them.

C) not found in a complete protein.

D) not used for the production of proteins.

E) required for the production of steroids.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10b

GLO: G1

34) Saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats in that saturated fats

A) store energy.

B) are found only in plant products.

C) are liquid at room temperature.

D) are made up of glycerol and fatty acids.

E) have two hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom in their fatty acid tails.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10a

GLO: G1

35) Which one of the following vitamins can be produced by the human body?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10c

GLO: G1

36) Water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins in that water-soluble vitamins are

A) less readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

B) stored in fat tissue.

C) stored for a brief period of time.

D) rarely required as daily supplements to the diet.

E) not excreted in urine.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10c

GLO: G1

37) Which one of the following results in a higher basal metabolic rate?

A) fasting

B) increasing age

C) hypothyroidism

D) stress

E) crash diet

Topic: Sec. 14.12

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.12a

GLO: G1

38) An eating disorder in which someone diets excessively or deliberately stops eating altogether is called

A) anorexia.

B) bulimia.

C) hepatitis C.

D) gastric nervosa.

E) diverticulosis.

Topic: Sec. 14.13

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.13

GLO: G1

39) An eating disorder in which the individual eats and then takes steps to minimize the calories just ingested by inappropriate means like misusing medications is called

A) diverticulosis.

B) bulimia nervosa.

C) anorexia nervosa.

D) overnutrition.

E) lactose intolerance.

Topic: Sec. 14.13

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.13

GLO: G1

40) Which one of the following would likely develop in a person with celiac disease who continues to consume gluten?

A) acid reflux

B) malabsorption

C) colon polyps

D) gastric ulcer

E) duodenal ulcer

Topic: Sec. 14.14

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 14.14

GLO: G1

14.2 True/False Questions

1) The appendix is considered one of the lesser accessory organs of the digestive tract.

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1b

GLO: G1

2) Segmentation is the primary means of mechanical breakdown of food in the digestive tract.

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1b

GLO: G1

3) Gingivitis occurs when tooth decay causes inflammation of the enamel and pulp of the tooth.

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

4) Mucin is a major component of saliva, which lubricates the teeth and causes food to stick together during swallowing.

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

5) The condition known as acid reflux occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions.

Topic: Sec. 14.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.3

GLO: G1

6) Stomach acid does not break down the wall of the stomach because gastric juice contains a powerful base that neutralizes the acid before it can cause damage.

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

7) The hepatic portal vein carries blood rich in nutrients from the liver to the small intestine; there, the nutrients undergo further processing before they are released into general circulation.

Topic: Sec. 14.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.5

GLO: G1

8) Bile is an important enzyme that digests lipids.

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6b

GLO: G1

9) Secretin is released by the liver to stimulate the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine.

Topic: Sec. 14.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.9

GLO: G1

10) "MyPlate" provides a personalized approach to assist an individual in developing a successful nutrition and exercise plan.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10a

GLO: G1

11) Diets that include complex carbohydrates instead of simple carbohydrates are recommended because sugar is released more slowly into the body.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10a

GLO: G1

14.3 Matching Questions

Match each layer of the gastrointestinal wall to its description.

A) mucosa

B) muscularis

C) serosa

D) submucosa

1) attaches organs to the body wall; this thin layer of connective tissue is located on the surface of the organs

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

2) food molecules that are absorbed by mucosa enter the blood vessels of this tissue layer

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

3) all nutrients must cross this layer

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

4) responsible for motility in the gastrointestinal tract

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) C 2) D 3) A 4) B

The figure above shows the organs of the digestive system (labeled A-F). Match each organ to its function.

5) relies on peristalsis to move food to the stomach

Topic: Sec. 14.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.3

GLO: G1

6) produces bile

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6b

GLO: G1

7) mechanical and chemical digestion begins here

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

8) hydrochloric acid is released to promote digestion of proteins

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

9) releases bile into the duodenum

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6b

GLO: G1

10) secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into the small intestine

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6a

GLO: G1

Match each of the following enzymes to its description.

A) amylase

B) chymotrypsin

C) lipase

D) pepsin

11) secreted in an inactive form by gastric glands

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G1

12) breaks down lipids

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6b

GLO: G1

13) secreted by salivary glands to begin breakdown of starch

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

14) breaks down proteins in the small intestine

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6a

GLO: G1

Answers: 11) D 12) C 13) A 14) B

Match each of the following disorders associated with the digestive system to its description.

A) lactose intolerance

B) polyp

C) gingivitis

D) hiatal hernia

E) celiac disease

F) hepatitis

15) inability to digest milk sugar due to lack of an enzyme; symptoms include bloating, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea

Topic: Sec. 14.14

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.14

GLO: G1

16) inflammation of the gum tissue, often due to tooth decay

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

17) inflammation of the liver; caused by toxic substances or viruses

Topic: Sec. 14.14

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.14

GLO: G1

18) consumption of wheat aggravates an autoimmune condition that damages the villi

Topic: Sec. 14.14

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.14

GLO: G1

19) noncancerous growth of the mucous membrane of an organ of the digestive tract; can be detected by a colonoscopy

Topic: Sec. 14.14

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.14

GLO: G1

20) condition that results in part of the stomach protruding through the opening in the diaphragm into the chest cavity

Topic: Sec. 14.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.3

GLO: G1

Answers: 15) A 16) C 17) F 18) E 19) B 20) D

14.4 Short Answer Questions

1) There are measurably more synthetic ________ in conventional foods when compared to organic foods.

Topic: Sec. 14.0

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.11

GLO: G1

2) Circular rings of smooth muscle that can contract to regulate the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract are called ________.

Topic: Sec. 14.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.1b

GLO: G1

3) Teeth are located in sockets in the jaws; these sockets are lined by a(n) ________ membrane.

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

4) Dental caries are caused by the production of ________ by bacteria in the mouth.

Topic: Sec. 14.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.2

GLO: G1

5) Mucosal cells of the stomach secrete ________, which binds to vitamin B12 so that it can be better absorbed in the small intestine.

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4b

GLO: G1

6) The region of the small intestine with the lowest pH is the ________.

Topic: Sec. 14.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.5

GLO: G1

7) "Brush border" refers to ________ found on the surface of the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

Topic: Sec. 14.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.5

GLO: G1

8) The digestion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates is completed in the ________.

Topic: Sec. 14.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.5

GLO: G1

9) Lipids are not soluble in water; therefore, they must be ________ before they can be digested.

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6b

GLO: G1

10) The small, fingerlike structure that extends from the cecum is the ________.

Topic: Sec. 14.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.7

GLO: G1

11) Bacteria residing in the large intestine release ________, which is absorbed by the human host and used for the process of blood clotting.

Topic: Sec. 14.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.7

GLO: G1

12) Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the ________.

Topic: Sec. 14.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.9

GLO: G1

13) Nutrition is the interaction between an organism and its ________.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10a

GLO: G1

14) Natural sugars such as those from fruit and honey are classified as ________ carbohydrates.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10

GLO: G1

15) Fats that are liquids at room temperature are considered ________ fats.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10

GLO: G1

16) Postmenopausal women are often advised to take the mineral ________ as a supplement to their diet in order to prevent bone loss due to osteoporosis.

Topic: Sec. 14.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.10c

GLO: G1

17) The amount of energy needed by the body to perform essential functions such as breathing is the ________.

Topic: Sec. 14.12

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.12b

GLO: G1

14.5 Essay Questions

1) As food is chemically digested by the stomach, the pH of the gut fluids becomes very acidic. However, when the chyme is further processed in the small intestine, the gut fluid pH cannot remain that acidic. Explain the physiological processes that occur to chyme as it enters the duodenum to ensure that the pH is not damaging to the small intestine.

Topic: Sec. 14.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.6a

GLO: G5, G8

2) Explain the meaning of this statement: Fats are easy to absorb but difficult to digest.

Topic: Sec. 14.8

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 14.8

GLO: G5, G8

3) Following the end of the school year, you celebrate a great semester by gorging on pizza. Assuming that your pizza has several meat toppings, discuss where in the digestive tract those meat toppings will be digested.

Topic: Sec. 14.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 14.4a

GLO: G5, G8