The Emergence Of A Market Economy, 1815 1850 Exam Prep Ch.8

Chapter 8: The Emergence of a Market Economy, 1815–1850

CORE OBJECTIVES

1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

TRUE/FALSE

1. Before 1845, steamboats were used more for transportation on the ocean than on internal waterways.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

TOP: Water Transportation

2. Between 1830 and 1850 more than 30,000 miles of railroad track were laid across America.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

TOP: Railroads

3. The most important advance in communications in the United States by the mid-1800s was the telephone.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

TOP: Communications

4. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin on a plantation in Georgia.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

TOP: American Technology

5. As late as 1860, three-fourths of the American people lived within twenty-five miles of the Atlantic Ocean.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

TOP: Farming the Midwest

6. Using the new McCormick reaper, wheat farmers could harvest more than 20 times as much wheat per day as by hand.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

TOP: Farming the Midwest

7. Church attendance, curfews, and limited contact with men were some of the enforced rules for early women factory workers.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

TOP: The Lowell System

8. The first U.S. city to surpass 1 million inhabitants was Boston.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

TOP: Industrialization, Cities, and the Environment

9. The greatest proportional influx of immigrants in the history of the United States came in the 1820s.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

TOP: Immigration

10. Because they too had suffered discrimination, Irish immigrants tended to be sympathetic to blacks.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

TOP: The Irish

11. Much of the growth of the Catholic Church in America in the mid–nineteenth century can be attributed to immigration from Ireland.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

TOP: The Irish

12. The American party was based on nativism.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

TOP: Nativism

13. While the first labor unions formed on a national scale, by the 1830s more local trade unions existed.

OBJ: 4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

TOP: Early Unions

14. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, becoming an attorney or a physician required little formal training.

OBJ: 4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

TOP: The Rise of the Professions

15. The only professions readily available to women in the early nineteenth century were teaching and nursing.

OBJ: 4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

TOP: Women in the Professional Workforce

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following does the textbook state was the first stage of a “market economy”?

a. Large-scale commercial agriculture

b. Construction of large factories

c. The adoption of “capitalism”

d. National economic independence

e. A balanced federal budget

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Market Revolution

MSC: Evaluating

2. Which of the following statements correctly describes steamboats?

a. They were commercially profitable by the 1790s.

b. They generally had at least twelve-foot drafts.

c. They enabled faster and cheaper two-way travel along major rivers.

d. They were usually built of steel.

e. They soon made railroads obsolete.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Water Transportation

MSC: Understanding

3. The Erie Canal was built primarily by which immigrant groups?

a. German and Irish

b. Irish and Czech

c. Czech and Italian

d. Italian and Polish

e. Polish and Chinese

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Water Transportation

MSC: Remembering

4. Which of the following was an effect of opening the Erie Canal?

a. It connected Albany to the Gulf of Mexico.

b. It dramatically reduced freight rates.

c. It led to less canal construction in other parts of the country.

d. It decreased shipping through the port of New York.

e. It helped cause New York to go bankrupt due to its cost.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Water Transportation

MSC: Evaluating

5. What was the major advantage of railroads over water transportation?

a. They offered year-round operation.

b. They were easier to build.

c. They could go uphill.

d. They were subsidized by the government.

e. They could cross international borders.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Railroads

MSC: Understanding

6. Railroads stimulated the economy not only by improving transportation but also by creating

a. connections to Canada and Mexico.

b. a huge demand for iron, wood, and other equipment.

c. access to markets on the West Coast.

d. access to markets in western Canada.

e. a transcontinental rail route by 1850.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Railroads

MSC: Analyzing

7. The first clipper ship was named the

a. Liberty.

b. Agamemnon.

c. Enterprise.

d. Rainbow.

e. Tecumseh.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Ocean Transportation

MSC: Remembering

8. The __________ revolutionized transportation at sea during the 1840s.

a. steamboat

b. sail ship

c. submarine

d. clipper ship

e. screw-propelled ship

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Ocean Transportation

MSC: Evaluating

9. The advantage clipper ships had over traditional merchant vessels was their

a. greater cargo space.

b. speed.

c. ability to carry more passengers.

d. ability to sail upriver.

e. durability.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Ocean Transportation

MSC: Understanding

10. “Internal improvements” became a controversial issue because

a. too many might bankrupt the economy.

b. some questioned the constitutionality of using federal funds to finance roads, canals, etc.

c. they required a lot of foreign investment.

d. most Americans wanted to avoid urbanization.

e. immigrant labor was taking jobs from American citizens.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Role of Government

MSC: Understanding

11. One way that the federal government assisted in the construction of railroads and canals was by

a. awarding land grants to support transportation projects.

b. tax abatements.

c. tax refunds.

d. awarding construction contracts directly.

e. purchasing stock in transportation companies.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Role of Government

MSC: Understanding

12. The most important advance in communications by the mid–nineteenth century was the invention of the

a. telephone.

b. wireless radio signal.

c. telegraph.

d. short-wave radio frequency.

e. megaphone.

OBJ: 1. Describe how changes in transportation and communications altered the economic landscape during the first half of the nineteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Communications

MSC: Remembering

13. During the nineteenth century, Americans became known worldwide for their

a. relatively high levels of education.

b. lack of knowledge of the global community.

c. “practical” inventiveness.

d. lack of sophistication.

e. literary output.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: American Technology

MSC: Remembering

14. What revolutionized cotton production in the South before the Civil War?

a. Slavery

b. The cotton gin

c. Tenant farming

d. Sharecropping

e. The plantation system

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: American Technology

MSC: Understanding

15. By 1860, what percentage of the U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians?

a. 10 percent

b. 15 percent

c. 25 percent

d. 35 percent

e. 50 percent

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Farming the Midwest

MSC: Remembering

16. What did Cyrus McCormick invent that revolutionized wheat production?

a. The iron plow

b. The tractor

c. The mechanical reaper

d. The cotton gin

e. The railroad

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Farming the Midwest

MSC: Remembering

17. __________ invented the steel plow, which is credited for transforming the Midwest and Great Plains into farmland.

a. Eli Whitney

b. Ross Perot

c. John Deere

d. Samuel Clemens

e. Earl Wood

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Farming the Midwest

MSC: Understanding

18. Some of the earliest American factories produced

a. shoes.

b. cotton textiles.

c. tobacco.

d. muskets.

e. cannons.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Early Textile Manufactures

MSC: Remembering

19. __________ stimulated the need for producing cloth domestically in the United States.

a. The War of 1812

b. Jefferson’s embargo of 1807

c. The Quasi-War

d. The Trail of Tears

e. The American Revolution

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Early Textile Manufactures

MSC: Understanding

20. The __________, used at an industrial community along the Merrimack River, became the model for mill towns throughout New England.

a. machine tool system

b. English textile system

c. capitalist system

d. Lowell system

e. factory town system

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Lowell System

MSC: Understanding

21. The Tariff Bill of 1816 was passed to

a. protect American industry from foreign competition.

b. make global trade easier for U.S. industrialists.

c. lower the cost of American manufactured goods.

d. increase revenue for state governments.

e. retaliate against Latin American suppliers of cheap products.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Early Textile Manufactures

MSC: Analyzing

22. Why did New England shipping companies oppose tariffs?

a. It would force them to make more trips across the Atlantic Ocean.

b. It would reduce the quantity of goods shipped from Britain and the rest of Europe.

c. It would mean increased competition from shippers from other nations.

d. They would no longer have their monopoly on government imports.

e. They could not afford to send more ships over to get the supplies needed.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Early Textile Manufactures

MSC: Evaluating

23. By the early 1800s, the five largest American cities were all major

a. military centers.

b. seaports.

c. iron-producing areas.

d. cotton exporters.

e. state capitals.

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Industrialization, Cities, and the Environment

MSC: Remembering

24. American employers aggressively recruited immigrants after a worldwide economic slump in the 1830s because

a. the U.S. population was declining.

b. the most successful industrial employers were immigrants themselves.

c. French and German workers were known for their high productivity.

d. immigrants generally worked for less pay.

e. most Americans wanted to farm, not work in a factory.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Immigration

MSC: Understanding

25. The largest city in the United States by 1860, with a population greater than 1 million, was

a. New York City

b. Boston

c. Philadelphia

d. Washington, D.C.

e. New Orleans

OBJ: 2. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the way people worked and lived.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Industrialization, Cities, and the Environment

MSC: Remembering

26. By far the largest number of immigrants to arrive in the United States between 1840 and 1860 came from

a. Ireland and Germany

b. Germany and Scotland

c. Scotland and France

d. France and Russia

e. Russia and Mexico

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Immigration

MSC: Remembering

27. By 1860 Catholicism had become the largest denomination in the United States because of the large number of __________ immigrants.

a. German

b. Scots

c. Canadian

d. Russian

e. Irish

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Irish

MSC: Understanding

28. Most nineteenth-century Irish immigrants tended to

a. stick together and form Irish neighborhoods.

b. be able to avoid the prejudice endured by other groups.

c. treat other persecuted groups humanely.

d. leave the Catholic faith once in America.

e. live in rural areas and farm.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Irish

MSC: Understanding

29. Which of the following is true of German immigrants of the mid–nineteenth century?

a. Most of them were Catholic.

b. Most were unskilled.

c. A majority settled in the southern states.

d. Central Texas was to be their final destination.

e. They were religiously diverse.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Germans

MSC: Understanding

30. Which immigrant group tended to settle more in rural than in urban areas?

a. Germans

b. Scots

c. Canadians

d. Russians

e. Irish

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Germans

MSC: Understanding

31. Many of the immigrants who came to the United States in the mid-1800s were

a. murderers and rapists.

b. politicians and laborers.

c. skilled craftsmen and professionals.

d. atheists and agnostics.

e. never able to make a living in the United States.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Germans

MSC: Understanding

32. Because of increasing immigration during the nineteenth century, a growing number of American __________ organized efforts and formed political factions to stop the arrivals.

a. Republicans

b. Democrats

c. nativists

d. multiculturalists

e. birthers

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Nativism

MSC: Understanding

33. Which of the following was an informal name given to a nativist political party in the mid–nineteenth century?

a. Whigs

b. National-Republicans

c. Know-Nothings

d. Democratic Republicans

e. Federalists

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Nativism

MSC: Understanding

34. Which of the following was a demand of the Know-Nothing party regarding immigration?

a. That the waiting period for citizenship be significantly increased

b. That all illegals be deported as soon as possible

c. That all illegals be identified and placed in internment camps

d. That those who had been in the United States at least 10 years be granted amnesty

e. That only skilled craftsmen be allowed to immigrate to the United States

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Nativism

MSC: Understanding

35. Most of the overt nationalist sentiment of the mid–nineteenth century seemed to be concentrated in the

a. South.

b. Northeast.

c. Midwest.

d. Appalachian region.

e. rural areas.

OBJ: 3. Analyze how immigration altered the nation’s population and shaped its politics.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Nativism

MSC: Evaluating

36. When craftsmen found it hard to compete with low-priced goods produced in factories, they became more involved in

a. community affairs.

b. politics and unions.

c. church programs.

d. charitable organizations.

e. illegal smuggling.

OBJ: 4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Early Unions

MSC: Understanding

37. One of the fastest growing vocations in the first half of the nineteenth century was

a. bookkeeping.

b. law.

c. teaching.

d. iron work.

e. medicine.

OBJ: 4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Rise of the Professions

MSC: Remembering

38. Physicians in the early 1800s

a. were required to go to medical school.

b. were closely regulated by the government.

c. often had very little training.

d. were experts in modern medical science.

e. provided roughly the same services as nurses.

OBJ: 4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Rise of the Professions

MSC: Understanding

39. The Industrial Revolution spurred the need for __________, which eventually became the largest professional occupation for men in the United States.

a. teachers

b. lawyers

c. engineers

d. doctors

e. salesmen

OBJ: 4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Rise of the Professions

MSC: Remembering

40. During the period of industrial expansion in the mid–nineteenth century, most women

a. were able to get a better education and enter male-dominated professions.

b. protested their inability to become engineers, physicians, and lawyers.

c. continued to work primarily in the home or on the farm.

d. were treated no better than slaves within the family.

e. became industrial laborers.

OBJ: 4. Evaluate the impact of the expanding capitalist “market economy” on workers, professionals, and women.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Women in the Professional Workforce

MSC: Analyzing

ESSAY

1. Describe the general immigration trends of the mid–nineteenth century. What forms did the nativist response to this immigration take?

Answers will vary.

2. Explain how the cotton gin in the South and textile mills in the North expanded the role of slavery in the United States.

Answers will vary.

3. Describe the changes in transportation that took place in the early nineteenth century that made the emergence of a market economy possible.

Answers will vary.

4. Describe the changes in the way Americans worked and lived that were a result of increasing industrialism and factory production.

Answers will vary

5. Was immigration necessary for industrialization and a market economy to thrive? Explain why or why not. Whatever your answer, include an analysis of the effect that immigration had on the development of industry and subsequent urbanization.

Answers will vary

MATCHING

Match each person or group with one of the following descriptions.

a. Invented the telegraph

b. Patented the design of a sewing machine

c. Helped pioneer the factory system

d. Invented the mechanical reaper

e. Patented the process for vulcanizing rubber

f. Helped pioneer steamboat transportation

g. Became a nativist national political party

h. Built cabins and farmed land without purchasing it

i. Invented the steel plow

j. Emigrated from Ireland and developed a process for curing refrigerated meats

1. Charles Goodyear

2. Robert Fulton

3. Elias Howe

4. Francis Cabot Lowell

5. Samuel F. B. Morse

6. Cyrus McCormick

7. Know-Nothings

8. Squatters

9. John Deere

10. Michael Cudahy