Ch6 Test Bank Docx + Creating A More Perfect Union,

Chapter 6: Creating a “More Perfect Union,” 1783–1800

CORE OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

TRUE/FALSE

1. The Articles of Confederation required unanimous approval for amendment.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

TOP: A Loose Alliance of States

2. Due to its strong regulation of trade and its power of taxation, the Confederation was able to reduce the national debt.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

TOP: A Loose Alliance of States

3. George Washington’s attitude was typical of the wealthy elite regarding rebellious activity such as Shays’ Rebellion.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

TOP: Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1786)

4. Alexander Hamilton presided over the Constitutional Convention.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

TOP: The Constitutional Convention (1787)

5. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention sharply debated whether to establish a monarchy or a republic.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

TOP: The Constitutional Convention (1787)

6. The New Jersey Plan proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

TOP: The Constitutional Convention (1787)

7. The Constitution mentioned the word “slave” (or “slavery”) eighteen times.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

TOP: The Structure of the Federal Government

8. Under the Constitution, each slave would count as one person for purposes of representation but as only half a person for taxation.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

TOP: “We the People”

9. During the Constitutional Convention, Northerners argued that it did not make sense to count slaves for purposes of political representation when slaves were treated as property instead of as people.

OBJ: 3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

TOP: Dealing with Slavery

10. Federalists favored a decentralized system of national government.

OBJ: 3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

TOP: A Fiery Debate

11. The Bill of Rights consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

OBJ: 3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

TOP: The Bill of Rights

12. Thomas Jefferson’s supporters were called “Democratic Republicans.”

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

TOP: The Federalist Era

13. George Washington was appointed president without any kind of election process.

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

TOP: A New Government

14. Alexander Hamilton believed the U.S. economy should remain predominantly agricultural.

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

TOP: Encouraging Manufactures

15. Although the French Revolution was, in part, inspired by the American Revolution, the U.S. government remained neutral in the conflict.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

TOP: Foreign and Domestic Crises

16. The controversy over the concessions favoring Great Britain in Jay’s Treaty resulted in the most serious crisis of George Washington’s presidency.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

TOP: Jay’s Treaty

17. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 proved to be the greatest mistake of John Adams’ presidency.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

TOP: The War at Home

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following was true of the Articles of Confederation?

a. They were important in supporting the political concept of “republicanism.”

b. They were successful in that they had the power to regulate trade between states.

c. They called for a government consisting of two parts: the congress and the executive branch.

d. One of their greatest strengths was that they were easy to amend.

e. They were instrumental in paying off the country’s large Revolutionary War debts, though little money was left over.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: An Important Foundation

MSC: Evaluating

2. One successful achievement that can be attributed to Congress under the Articles of Confederation is

a. Jay’s Treaty.

b. the Judiciary Act of 1789.

c. the Land Ordinance of 1785.

d. the Louisiana Purchase.

e. the Trade Embargo of 1806.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Land Policy

MSC: Understanding

3. Which of the following was part of the Northwest Territory?

a. Pennsylvania

b. Michigan

c. Connecticut

d. Missouri

e. Washington

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Land Policy

MSC: Remembering

4. Which of the following statements about the three land ordinances is accurate?

a. They focused on the distribution of land in the eastern United States after the Revolutionary War.

b. They specified who would own land in the United States but nothing about the procedures the landowners would follow.

c. They preceded the Treaty of Paris and gave Great Britain control of much of the land in the West.

d. They were policies that outlined processes for orderly western expansion, such as land surveys and the conditions for statehood.

e. They established new colonies in the Caribbean and led to an increase in the number of enslaved Africans.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Land Policy

MSC: Analyzing

5. Under what policy could a territory apply for statehood once its population reached 60,000?

a. Northwest Ordinance

b. Territory Agreement

c. Treaty of 1783

d. Land Ordinance of 1785

e. Missouri Compromise

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Northwest Ordinance (1787)

MSC: Understanding

6. Which of the following was a major foreign policy issue that the United States faced after the Revolution?

a. France refused to surrender Quebec.

b. England tried to declare the Treaty of Paris void.

c. Holland demanded payment for use of their fleet.

d. Spain closed the port of New Orleans.

e. Mexico refused to recognize the Mississippi River as a legitimate border.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Foreign Tensions

MSC: Understanding

7. For several years after the American Revolution, what happened to the economy of the United States?

a. It surged to new heights and expanded to new markets.

b. It was devastated because of the loss of British markets.

c. It slowly returned to the prewar levels.

d. It declined but was soon back to where it was during the war.

e. It was boosted by new French markets.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Trade and the Economy

MSC: Understanding

8. When several states engaged in a trade war with Great Britain after the Revolution, which of the following occurred?

a. Great Britain declared war on the United States.

b. Great Britain simply sent their ships to states with lower tariffs.

c. It was revealed Congress didn’t have the power to make them change.

d. Great Britain placed an embargo on American shipping.

e. The United States declared war on Great Britain.

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Trade and the Economy

MSC: Remembering

9. What was the most divisive issue in politics in 1785 in the United States?

a. The capture of Hessian soldiers

b. New lands surrendered by England after the war

c. New governments in the area east of the Mississippi

d. The printing of paper currency

e. Reform to the Articles of Confederation

OBJ: 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how they prompted the creation of a new U.S. Constitution in 1787.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Scarce Money

MSC: Understanding

10. When the Confederation Congress called for a new convention in 1787, they did so with the stated purpose of

a. revising the Articles of Confederation.

b. printing paper money to ease inflation.

c. replacing the Articles with the Constitution.

d. forcing Rhode Island to ratify the Constitution.

e. authorizing the federal government to use force to put down Shays’ Rebellion.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Constitutional Convention (1787)

MSC: Remembering

11. What does the textbook state as the most important political innovation of the Constitution?

a. The creation of the executive branch

b. The idea that all power flows from the people

c. The recognition of God in the document

d. The emphasis on the power of state governments over the national government

e. The placement of limits on the president’s term

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Constitutional Convention (1787)

MSC: Evaluating

12. Which of the following was a reason that some called for strengthening the Federal government in the 1780s?

a. It would prevent states from making treaties with other nations.

b. It would allow the states to print their own paper currency.

c. It would introduce the ability of the states to levy taxes on imported goods.

d. It would restrain three southern states that were threatening to secede.

e. It would enable the government to derive sovereignty from the states rather than “the people.”

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Constitutional Convention (1787)

MSC: Analyzing

13. The concept of dividing the authority of a government between two sets of powers that was unique to the United States is called

a. unitarianism.

b. totalitarianism.

c. federalism.

d. democracy.

e. republicanism.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Comparisons and Connections

TOP: The Constitutional Convention (1787)

MSC: Understanding

14. The new Constitution created __________ co-equal branches of government.

a. three

b. four

c. five

d. six

e. seven

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Structure of the Federal Government

MSC: Remembering

15. Which of the following suggested a unicameral legislature be adopted in the United States?

a. Virginia Plan

b. Connecticut Compromise

c. New Jersey Plan

d. Kentucky Resolution

e. Suffolk Resolves

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

MSC: Remembering

16. If a chief executive committed treason, bribery, or “other high crimes and misdemeanors,” the House of Representatives could

a. remove him from office.

b. declare him unable to run for another term.

c. impeach him.

d. veto his actions to prevent further harm.

e. abolish the office of the presidency.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Structure of the Federal Government

MSC: Understanding

17. A significant compromise between those wanting Congress to choose presidents and those preferring a popular election was the creation of the

a. House of Commons.

b. Electoral College.

c. Twelfth Amendment.

d. judicial branch.

e. state primary system.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Structure of the Federal Government

MSC: Understanding

18. Which of the following issues that arose during the Constitutional Convention was the most explosive, causing divisiveness between the North and the South?

a. The political rights of women

b. The federal government's role in business

c. The size of the military

d. The future of slavery and its political implications

e. How to add new territories to the union

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Dealing with Slavery

MSC: Evaluating

19. Which of the following was a compromise regarding the issue of slavery at the Constitutional Convention?

a. Slaves were to count as three-fifths of a person for congressional apportionment.

b. Slavery was to be abolished by 1808.

c. Slavery was abolished in the North and retained in the South.

d. Slaves were to be counted the same as whites for congressional apportionment.

e. Southern slave owners were to be limited to no more than 500 slaves.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: “We the People”

MSC: Understanding

20. In the new Constitution, women were

a. given the right to own slaves.

b. given the right to vote.

c. not included at all.

d. given the same rights as men.

e. well represented in the delegates of the Constitutional Convention.

OBJ: 2. Describe the political innovations that the 1787 Constitutional Convention developed for the new nation.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Absence of Women in the Constitution

MSC: Analyzing

21. During the debate over ratification of the Constitution, the __________ insisted that the new document would eventually lead to corruption and tyranny.

a. Federalists

b. Whigs

c. Democrat Republicans

d. anti-Federalists

e. American Party

OBJ: 3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: A Fiery Debate

MSC: Understanding

22. Which of the following statements correctly describes Mercy Otis Warren?

a. She was the most prominent woman in America to write regular political commentary.

b. She was the most prominent female physician in the 1790s.

c. She was the discoverer and first producer of a smallpox vaccine.

d. She was arrested for protesting the lack of specific rights for women in the Constitution.

e. She was the only woman decorated by the U.S. Army for brave service during the Revolution.

OBJ: 3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: A Fiery Debate

MSC: Remembering

23. Supporters of the Constitution who defended it in published articles in papers across the nation were known as the

a. Federalists.

b. Whigs.

c. Democrat Republicans.

d. anti-Federalists.

e. American Party.

OBJ: 3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: A Fiery Debate

MSC: Understanding

24. How many state legislatures were needed to ratify the Constitution before it became the “law of the land”?

a. Seven

b. Nine

c. Ten

d. Eleven

e. All thirteen

OBJ: 3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: A Fiery Debate

MSC: Remembering

25. In what way was the United States “virtually alone” among other western nations in the late eighteenth century?

a. Its Constitution established a social class system.

b. Its Constitution created a pure democracy.

c. Its Constitution did not establish a national church.

d. Its Constitution formed a tricameral legislature.

e. Its Constitution made its indigenous peoples citizens.

OBJ: 3. Summarize the major debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and explain how they were resolved.

NAT: Comparisons and Connections

TOP: The Bill of Rights

MSC: Understanding

26. Once the Constitution was ratified, leaders such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison desired that the United States remain mostly a nation of

a. businessmen and industrialists.

b. servants and slaves.

c. elites and middle class.

d. small, independent farmers.

e. educated entrepreneurs.

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: The Federalist Era

MSC: Understanding

27. __________ wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which provided the first full description of modern capitalism.

a. Thomas Jefferson

b. Thomas Paine

c. Andrew Carnegie

d. Adam Smith

e. John Maynard Keynes

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Rise of American Capitalism

MSC: Remembering

28. Why was James Madison opposed to Alexander Hamilton’s plans in his first “Report on Public Credit” regarding the national debt incurred during the Revolutionary War?

a. Madison thought that the war-related debt should not be repaid.

b. Madison was concerned that more of the debt was owed to northerners than southerners.

c. Madison thought that creating a national bank alone would be sufficient for paying the debt.

d. Madison was offended by the compromise offered and wanted the national capital to remain in New York.

e. Madison argued that Great Britain must be held accountable for paying all debts incurred.

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Paying Debts

MSC: Analyzing

29. How was Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton able to raise federal revenue?

a. Arguing against the idea of “implied powers” in the Constitution

b. Creating the first federal taxes, such as those on imported goods

c. Prohibiting any federal aid from going to the development of manufacturing

d. Eliminating taxes on whiskey and other alcoholic beverages

e. Putting the southern states in charge of initiatives for industrial growth

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

NAT: Historical Interpretations

TOP: A National Bank

MSC: Evaluating

30. Why was the creation of a national bank controversial?

a. A national bank would not have any power to regulate the role of state-chartered banks in issuing paper currency.

b. Madison, Jefferson, and their supporters argued that the Constitution did not say anything about creating one.

c. A national bank would not have any power to transfer monies to other nations.

d. A national bank would set the precedent that future lawmakers must follow the original language of the Constitution word for word.

e. Business loans would no longer be possible under a national bank, leading to economic distress.

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: A National Bank

MSC: Understanding

31. Alexander Hamilton’s “Report on Manufactures” most favored

a. increased shipping.

b. increased industrialization.

c. increased agricultural production.

d. increased economic diversification.

e. a balanced flow of supplies to Europe with a slight increase of demand.

OBJ: 4. Compare the Federalists’ vision for the United States with that of their Republican opponents during the 1790s.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Encouraging Manufactures

MSC: Evaluating

32. At the beginning of the French Revolution, __________ supported it, whereas __________ wanted no part of it.

a. Jefferson; Washington

b. Genet; Jefferson

c. Bonaparte; Adams

d. Knox; Randolph

e. Pinckney; Jay

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Foreign and Domestic Crises

MSC: Evaluating

33. Who was the controversial French ambassador to the United States who openly recruited American volunteers to commit acts of war against England and Spain?

a. Edmond-Charles-Édouard Genet

b. Jean-Luc Picard

c. Charles Boyer

d. Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard

e. Charles De Gaulle

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: Citizen Genet

MSC: Understanding

34. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson resigned in late 1793 because of the Washington administration’s

a. liberal politics.

b. conservative politics.

c. support for the French Revolution.

d. lack of support for the French and support for Hamilton’s economic policies.

e. taxation policies and aggressive foreign policy.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Americans Take Sides

MSC: Understanding

35. The Battle of Fallen Timbers saw the increase of large tracts of land secured from Native Americans in the future state of

a. Pennsylvania.

b. Missouri.

c. Ohio.

d. Texas.

e. Tennessee.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Comparisons and Connections

TOP: Frontier Tensions

MSC: Understanding

36. The Whiskey Rebellion was the result of

a. western resistance to a tax on whiskey.

b. Washington’s refusal to accept alcohol as a form of trade.

c. Adams’s decision to abolish the whiskey tax.

d. Jefferson’s refusal to negotiate with Edmund Genet during the French Revolution.

e. Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Whiskey Rebellion

MSC: Remembering

37. The treaty with Spain that provided United States access to New Orleans was negotiated by

a. William Marbury.

b. Thomas Jefferson.

c. Thomas Pinckney.

d. William Henderson.

e. Alexander Hamilton.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Comparisons and Connections

TOP: Pinckney’s Treaty

MSC: Understanding

38. __________ led thousands of American settlers west through the Appalachian Mountains to settle new territory in what would become Kentucky and Tennessee.

a. Davey Crockett

b. Daniel Boone

c. Lewis and Clark

d. Zebulon Pike

e. Johnny Appleseed

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Change and Continuity

TOP: Settlement of New Lands and the Wilderness Road

MSC: Remembering

39. One of the things Washington warned against in his farewell address was

a. industrialization.

b. love of God and country.

c. foreign entanglements.

d. a large public debt.

e. free health care.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: Washington’s Farewell

MSC: Remembering

40. The first partisan presidential election in the United States (with candidates aligned with political parties) was in

a. 1800.

b. 1798.

c. 1796.

d. 1792.

e. 1788.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The Election of 1796

MSC: Understanding

41. What was the XYZ affair?

a. An attempt to bring the United States into the French Revolution on the side of the British

b. An attempt by the French government to extort a bribe from the United States

c. An attempt by Jefferson to win the 1800 election through bribery

d. The result of the British attempt to break the Treaty of Alliance of 1778

e. The process by which the United States began to secure peace with France

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Historical Period

TOP: The Quasi-War with France

MSC: Understanding

42. Which of the following did the adoption of the Alien and Sedition Acts cause?

a. It mended the political divide between Federalists and Democratic Republicans.

b. It allowed immigrants to become citizens within a year after moving to the United States.

c. It led to the theory of nullification introduced in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

d. It was the most popular policy of Adams’s administration and allowed for his reelection.

e. It overturned the 1800 election between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

OBJ: 5. Assess how attitudes toward Great Britain and France shaped American politics in the late eighteenth century.

NAT: Events and Processes

TOP: The War at Home

MSC: Analyzing

ESSAY

1. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and assess why American political leadership by 1787 had determined that the Articles needed to be revised and/or replaced.

Answers will vary.

2. What major compromises were made at the Constitutional Convention? What issues were settled? What issues remained unsettled?

Answers will vary.

3. Compare and contrast the views of the Federalists and the anti-Federalists during the ratification process of the Constitution. Which groups had the stronger arguments? Why?

Answers will vary.

4. Describe the political concept of “federalism.” How did advocates of the Constitution propose to establish and maintain federalism with the new structure of government?

Answers will vary.

5. In what way were the Federalists (during the Constitution ratification process; not the political party of the 1790s) “nationalists”? Evaluate whether the anti-Federalists were more federalist than the Federalists.

Answers will vary.

MATCHING

Match each person with one of the following descriptions.

a. Negotiated an agreement with Great Britain that settled disputes about issues such as trade, prewar debts, and British-occupied forts in America

b. Wrote the Virginia Plan and argued for a Congress composed of two houses

c. Wrote essays that described prejudices and discrimination toward women and argued for equality for women

d. Became the first vice president but was serving abroad while the Constitution was written

e. Was a destitute and disgruntled Massachusetts farmer who sought debt relief from the state legislature

f. Was an ambassador who violated American neutrality laws and needed to be replaced

g. Tied Jefferson in the presidential election of 1800 and was a prominent political figure in New York

h. Was a philosopher whose understanding of a diverse capitalist economy helped inspire Alexander Hamilton's reforms

i. Aided American prisoners of war during the Revolutionary War and demanded freedoms for women

j. Served as presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention but expressed uncertainty over how long the Constitution would last

1. John Adams

2. James Madison

3. Judith Sargent Murray

4. Citizen Genet

5. Daniel Shays

6. Aaron Burr

7. Adam Smith

8. Eliza Yonge Wilkinson

9. John Jay

10. George Washington