Test Questions & Answers Integumentary System Chapter 6

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 6 Integumentary System

1) Another name for the skin is the ________ membrane.

A) serous

B) parietal

C) mucous

D) cutaneous

E) visceral

2) Which is not a function of the integument?

A) Protection

B) Water loss prevention

C) Temperature regulation

D) Synthesis of cholecalciferol (vitamin D precursor)

E) No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

3) What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin?

A) Heat

B) Cold

C) Pressure

D) Vibration

E) All of the choices are correct.

4) What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

A) Keratinized stratified squamous

B) Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

C) Keratinized stratified cuboidal

D) Nonkeratinized stratitified cuboidal

E) Transitional

5) From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

A) Basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

B) Spinosum - granulosum - basale - lucidum - corneum

C) Corneum - lucidum - granulosum - spinosum - basale

D) Basale - granulosum - spinosum - lucidum - corneum

E) Corneum - granulosum - lucidum - spinosum - basale

6) The skin's immune responsiveness will be diminished by a decrease in the number of epidermal ________ cells.

7) The stratum ________ derives its name from the spiny appearance of the "bridges" that connect neighboring cells.

8) Keratinocytes are

A) the most abundant cell type in the epidermis.

B) found throughout all epidermal strata.

C) sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where they are found.

D) able to synthesize the protein keratin.

E) All of the choices are correct.

9) Tactile (Merkel) cells are sensitive to

A) sound.

B) light.

C) touch.

D) heat.

E) cold.

10) Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ________ response.

A) immune

B) sensory

C) tanning

D) heating

E) sweating

11) Which are applicable to the stratum corneum?

a: Most superficial stratum

b: Consists of about 3–5 cell layers

c: Cells are dead

d: Interlocking keratinized cells

e: Cells are anucleate

A) a, c, d

B) a, c, e

C) a, b, d

D) a, c, d, e

E) a, b, c, d, e

12) The process of keratinization begins in the stratum granulosum.

13) The stratum ________ is found only in thick skin, such as the skin covering the palms and soles.

14) Thick skin contains

A) seven epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands.

B) five epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands.

C) four epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

D) six epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands.

E) five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

15) Normally, skin color results from a combination of

a: melanin

b: hemoglobin

c: bilirubin

d: carotene

A) a, b, d

B) a, c, d

C) a, d

D) a, b, c

E) b, c, d

16) Generally, people have ________ number of melanocytes ________.

A) about the same; no matter where they live

B) a highly variable; irrespective of where they live

C) a lower; if they live in colder climates of the northern hemisphere

D) a higher; if they live in the warmer climates near the equator

E) a higher; if they live in the southern hemisphere

17) The function of melanin in the skin is to

A) reduce water loss.

B) prevent infections.

C) help regulate body temperature.

D) protect against UV light.

E) keep the epidermis soft and pliable.

18) Within the body, carotene is converted to

A) vitamin A, which is important for auditory function.

B) vitamin E, which is important for auditory function

C) vitamin E, which is important for visual function.

D) vitamin A, which is important for visual function.

19) Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?

A) Friction ridges

B) Capillary hemangiomas

C) Cavernous hemangiomas

D) Pili

E) Nevi

20) Freckles are the result of

A) melanocyte number and genetic inheritance.

B) melanocyte number and sun exposure.

C) melanocyte activity, genetic inheritance, and sun exposure.

D) melanocyte number, genetic inheritance, and diet.

E) melanocyte activity and diet.

21) Among the components of the dermis are

a: sweat glands

b: hair follicles

c: collagen fibers

d: sensory nerve endings

e: arrector pili muscles

A) a, b, d

B) a, c, d

C) a, b, d, e

D) a, b, c, e

E) a, b, c, d, e

22) Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the

A) dermal papillae.

B) epidermal ridges.

C) reticular connective tissue.

D) epidermis proper.

E) subcutaneous layer.

23) The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of

A) adipose tissue.

B) reticular connective tissue.

C) dense irregular connective tissue.

D) nervous tissue.

E) elastic connective tissue.

24) Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

A) Vasodilation has occurred

B) Vasoconstriction has occurred

C) Purely psychological

D) Dehydration of the stratum corneum

E) Constriction of the dermal collagen and elastic fibers

25) The deeper sublayer of the dermis is the ________ layer, and it is the ________ of the two.

A) reticular, thicker

B) reticular, thinner

C) papillary, thicker

D) papillary, thinner

26) To speed healing from surgery, incisions should be placed ________ to lines of cleavage.

A) parallel

B) perpendicular

27) Lines of cleavage are a result of

A) the alignment of dermal papillae.

B) the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis.

C) the alignment of epidermal ridges.

D) wounds to the epidermis such as hemangiomas.

28) What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer?

A) Adipose connective tissue

B) Areolar connective tissue

C) Dense irregular connective tissue

D) Areolar connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

E) Areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue

29) Areas where adult males tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat include the

A) hips and buttocks.

B) abdomen, forearms, and hips.

C) neck, abdomen, and buttocks.

D) breasts, upper back, and buttocks.

30) The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include

A) frequent regeneration, structural support, and defense against infection.

B) maintenance of boundaries and sensation of stimuli.

C) water regulation and vitamin synthesis.

D) organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation.

31) Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ________ of the epidermis.

A) granulosum

B) basale

C) lucidum

D) corneum

E) spinosum

32) Which is the actively growing part of the nail?

A) Free edge

B) Nail root

C) Nail bed

D) Nail folds

E) Nail matrix

33) Which of these comprise the nail plate?

a: Free edge

b: Nail folds

c: Eponychium

d: Nail root

e: Nail body

A) a, d, e

B) a, b, d, e

C) a, b, c, e

D) a, c, d, e

E) a, b, e

34) The white crescent at the proximal end of the nail plate is called the ________.

35) Another name for the cuticle is the

A) eponychium.

B) hyponychium.

C) nail bed.

D) nail matrix.

E) nail root.

36) Fingernails are helpful in protecting the distal tips of fingers and in grasping small objects.

37) Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males?

A) Terminal

B) Lanugo

C) Vellus

D) Nonpigmented

E) Pilus

38) Fine hair called ________, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs.

A) terminal

B) lanugo

C) vellus

D) cuticle

E) phalanx

39) The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the

A) shaft.

B) root.

C) bulb.

D) papilla.

E) alopecia.

40) While most of the cells in a hair are dead, the living epithelial cells are found in

A) the cuticle of the hair shaft.

B) the cortex of the hair shaft.

C) the hair bulb.

D) the hyponychium.

41) The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the

A) external root sheath.

B) internal root sheath.

C) epithelial root sheath.

D) arrector pili muscle.

E) papilla.

42) The epithelial tissue root sheath is the ________ layer of the concentric layers making up the hair follicle wall; it derives from the ________.

A) inner; epidermis

B) inner; dermis

C) outer; epidermis

D) outer; dermis

43) Where on the human body is the hair thick enough to retain heat?

A) Beard

B) Axillary region

C) Nose

D) Pubic region

E) Scalp

44) Which of these are functions of hair?

a: Sensory reception

b: Heat retention

c: Immune function

d: Protection

e: Formation of Vitamin D3

A) a, b, d

B) a, d, e

C) a, b, d, e

D) a, b, c, d, e

45) The growth rate for a scalp hair is about ________ per day for 1.5 to 7 years, and then the hair becomes dormant.

A) 1.3 mm

B) 1.3 cm

C) 1/30 mm

D) 1/3 mm

E) 3.1 mm

46) The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland. 

A) apocrine

B) merocrine

C) ceruminous

D) sebaceous

47) Apocrine sweat glands secrete sweat by having the apical portion of epithelial cells pinch off.

48) Sebum is a secretion that

A) cools the skin and eliminates certain drugs.

B) lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.

C) maintains water balance through waterproofing the skin.

D) acts as a pheremone once reproductive maturity is reached.

49) Cerumen is a secretion that

A) lubricates vellus hairs and waterproofs the skin of the limbs.

B) lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum.

C) cools the body through water evaporation.

D) tends to cause acne on the skin of the face.

E) acts as a pheremone.

50) What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer?

A) Exposure to UV light rays

B) Advanced age

C) Being a female

D) Low skin hydration levels

E) Using excessive sun block

51) Transpiration is another name for sweating.

52) One of the main dangers of burns is

A) dehydration, as water can escape from the body.

B) hyperthermia, as temperature regulation is very compromised.

C) hypocalcemia, as blood ion levels are dramatically altered.

D) respiratory infection, as body defenses are concentrated superficially.

53) Skin is an entirely waterproof barrier, preventing all gain or loss of fluid from the skin except sweat.

54) From what else, besides physical trauma, does the skin provide protection?

55) Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate.

A) Vitamin A

B) Vitamin B12

C) Vitamin C

D) Vitamin D

E) Vitamin E

56) When exposed to ultraviolet light, keratinocytes convert a steroid precursor into ________, a molecule that is crucial for regulation of calcium levels.

A) calcitriol

B) cholecalciferol

C) calcitonin

D) creatine

E) phosphorus

57) One of the components of sweat is the nitrogenous waste urea.

58) Drugs that are administered by skin patches tend to be ________ soluble molecules that are absorbed ________.

A) lipid; slowly

B) lipid; quickly

C) water; slowly

D) water; quickly

59) Cancer cells in the epidermis are attacked by

A) Merkel cells.

B) epidermal dendritic cells.

C) melanocytes.

D) keratinocytes.

60) Immune cells of the epidermis tend to be found in the stratum

A) granulosum.

B) lucidum.

C) spinosum.

D) basale.

E) corneum.

61) In order to retain heat, what occurs in the skin on a cold day?

A) Blood vessels of the dermis constrict.

B) Blood vessels of the dermis dilate.

C) Blood vessels of the epidermis constrict.

D) Blood vessels of the epidermis dilate.

62) Sensory receptors in the dermis detect touch, temperature, and light.

63) What types of stimuli are detected by the skin's sensory receptors?

64) Fingernails and toenails start to form in the ________ week of development.

A) 2nd

B) 3rd

C) 5th

D) 10th

E) 16th

65) Severe injuries and burns to the skin result in scars that are

A) produced by stratum basale keratinocytes, which effectively bind damaged skin parts together.

B) produced by chondrocytes and made mainly of desmosomes.

C) produced by fibroblasts and made mainly of collagen.

D) made by macrophages, which produce a dense granulation tissue.

E) fully functional regenerations.

66) The two types of leukocytes that clean up debris underneath the blood clot of a wound are

A) keratinocytes and macrophages.

B) Merkel cells and dendritic cells.

C) dendritic cells and keratinocytes.

D) macrophages and neutrophils.

E) fibroblasts and neutrophils.

67) Granulation tissue is

A) vascular connective tissue.

B) avascular connective tissue.

C) vascular epithelial tissue.

D) avascular epithelial tissue.

68) The epidermis derives from

A) mesoderm.

B) ectoderm.

C) mesenchyme.

D) granulation tissue.

69) Early in the development of skin, ectoderm becomes

A) periderm and mesoderm becomes mesenchyme.

B) mesenchyme and endoderm becomes periderm.

C) the vernix caseosa and mesoderm becomes the stratum basale.

D) perichondrium and mesoderm becomes the vernix caseosa.

70) Fingernails reach the tips of the fingers before toenails are fully formed.

71) Sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the

A) stratum corneum.

B) stratum basale of the epidermis.

C) hypodermis.

D) reticular layer.

E) papillary layer of the dermis.

72) Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin.

A) thicker

B) thinner

73) Compared to the young, elderly individuals have ________ epidermal dendritic skin cells.

A) fewer

B) more

74) Skin cancer is the ________ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the ________.

A) most common; head and neck

B) third most common; head and neck

C) most common; hands and ears

D) third most common; hands and ears

75) Describe the changes in the skin that occur with aging. Although skin cancers can occur at any age, why might skin cancers have a higher incidence in the elderly?

76) Which number indicates the reticular layer of the dermis?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

77) Which number indicates a dermal papilla?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

78) What does number 5 indicate?

A) Eccrine gland

B) Hair follicle

C) Hair matrix

D) Hair shaft

E) Epidermal ridge

79) Which number indicates the lunula?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

80) Which number indicates the eponychium?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

81) Which structure is indicated by number 1?

A) Eponychium

B) Hyponychium

C) Free edge

D) Cuticle

E) Nail fold

82) Which number indicates the hair papilla?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

83) Which number indicates the arrector pili muscle?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

84) The skin consists of different tissue types that perform specific activities and therefore is to be considered an organ.

85) When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region.

86) The epidermal dendritic cells are able to play an important immune response role by their phagocytic activity.

87) Melanocyte cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment granules into stratum basal keratinocytes; these pigment granules shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation.

88) The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals.

89) The thin epidermis, lacking the stratum lucidum, contains only four strata and covers most of the body.

90) The reason for the reddish tint seen in lightly pigmented skin is the molecule formed by the combination of oxygen and melanin.

91) Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables.

92) Deep cuts that occur perpendicular to cleavage lines tend to gape.

93) The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is one of the two parts of the integument.

94) Nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands are all derived from the epidermis.

95) Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries.

96) Sebum has bactericidal properties.

97) The ability of the components of the integumentary system to respond to stress or trauma is independent of nervous or endocrine system control.

98) During aging of the integumentary system, sweat production increases as a result of improved sweat gland activity.

99) During the fetal period, sebum from the sebaceous glands mixes with the cells of the sloughed off periderm to form the vernix caseosa.

100) Although sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the stratum basale of the epidermis, they eventually burrow and remain in the underlying dermis.

101) The stratum basale attaches to an underlying ________ membrane that separates the epidermis from the adjacent dermis.

102) After about 10 weeks of development, hair follicles begin to appear as pockets of cells, called hair ________.

103) A ________, also called a mole, is a harmless, localized overgrowth of melanin-forming cells.

104) A ________ is a congenital anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to blood vessels that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

105) The police science of fingerprinting takes advantage of the unique pattern of ________ ridges found on human fingers, toes, palms, and soles.

106) The epidermal ridges and dermal ________ increase the area of contact between the epidermis and dermis to help connect these layers.

107) Collagen fibers impart tensile strength to our skin while ________ fibers allow for some stretch and contraction in the dermis during movement.

108) When the body is too warm, dermal blood vessels will undergo ________ in order to increase heat loss.

109) ________ is a fine, unpigmented, downy hair that first appears on the fetus in the last trimester of development.

110) Hair production involves a specialized type of keratinization that occurs in the hair ________.

111) Thinning of the hair is called ________.

112) Sudoriferous glands and ________ glands are examples of exocrine glands in the skin.

113) Sweat gland secretion occurs in response to stimulation by the ________ division of the nervous system.

114) The cells that contract and squeeze sweat glands causing them to discharge their accumulated secretions are called ________ cells.

115) The secretion of ________ sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and rich in proteins and lipids.

116) Sebaceous glands discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ________.

117) ________ glands are modified sweat glands located only in the external ear canal.

118) The mammary glands of the breasts are modified ________ sweat glands.

119) In response to severe injuries or burns, the body may repair itself by producing scar tissue to fill the damaged area. This process is called ________.

120) Replacement of dead and damaged cells with the same types of cells is called ________.

121) The dermis is derived from the germ layer known as ________.

122) Skin is very tough but extremely sensitive. Explain how some structures in the skin allow it to withstand a vigorous pinch and tug, while other structures allow it to detect the presence of a mosquito on your arm.