Chapter 7 Exam Questions Skeletal System Bone Structure and

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 7 Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function

1) Which is an alternate term for compact bone?

A) Cancellous bone

B) Trabecular bone

C) Spongy bone

D) Diploe

E) Cortical bone

2) What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

A) Site of bone elongation and growth

B) Provides passageway for blood vessels

C) Forms articular surface

D) Supports soft tissues

E) Provides flexibility for bending

3) Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

A) Hyaline cartilage

B) Fibrocartilage

C) Reticular cartilage

D) Articular cartilage

E) Elastic cartilage

4) Which is not a function of bone?

A) Protection

B) Mineral storage

C) Body movement

D) Hormone synthesis

E) Hemopoiesis

5) Where does hemopoiesis occur?

A) Epiphyseal line

B) Endosteum

C) Red bone marrow

D) Yellow bone marrow

E) Nutrient foramina

6) Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for

A) calcium, phosphate, and lipids.

B) steroids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates.

C) glycogen, nitrogenous bases, and calcium.

D) phosphate, glycogen, and nonpolar amino acids.

E) calcium, complex carbohydrates, and polar amino acids.

7) The bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges) are categorized as _____ bones.

A) long

B) irregular

C) short

D) flat

E) sesamoid

8) The bones of the wrist are classified as ________ bones.

A) long

B) regular

C) short

D) irregular

E) flat

9) Which is a sesamoid bone?

A) Patella

B) Cuboid

C) Talus

D) Sphenoid

E) Scaphoid

10) An example of a flat bone would be the

A) femur (of thigh).

B) radius (of forearm).

C) trapezoid (of wrist).

D) sternum (breast bone).

E) calcaneus (heel).

11) Flat bones

A) protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved.

B) have elaborate shapes, and sometimes resemble sesame seeds.

C) include the bones of the wrist that glide across each other.

D) are, by definition, not at all curved.

E) have a diaphysis and an epiphysis.

12) Consider the classifications of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?

A) Short bones

B) Long bones

C) Flat bones

D) Irregular bones

E) Regular bones

13) Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate?

A) Distal epiphysis

B) Proximal epiphysis

C) Metaphysis

D) Diaphysis

E) Periphysis

14) The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the

A) distal diaphysis.

B) proximal epiphysis.

C) distal epiphysis.

D) superior diaphysis

15) The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.

16) Blood vessels enter the diaphysis of a long bone through an opening called the ________ foramen.

17) What is the incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity?

A) Diaphysis

B) Epiphysis

C) Endosteum

D) Periosteum

E) Trabecula

18) Which is false regarding the periosteum?

A) It includes two layers: outer fibrous and inner cellular.

B) It is composed of dense regular connective tissue.

C) It provides stem cells for bone growth and repair.

D) It is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers.

E) It covers the entire bone surface, with the exception of articular areas.

19) The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called ________ fibers.

A) transverse

B) perforating

C) penetrating

D) connecting

E) cementing

20) Neither short nor flat bones contain a medullary cavity.

21) The spongy bone found within a flat bone is called ________.

22) Bone is ________ and contains mainly ________ nerves.

A) avascular; sensory

B) avascular; motor

C) highly vascularized; sensory

D) highly vascularized; motor

23) In adults, the medullary cavities of most long bones contain red marrow.

24) Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of

A) yellow marrow to red marrow.

B) red marrow to yellow marrow.

C) spongy bone to compact bone.

D) bone marrow to spongy bone.

25) If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled?

A) Distal head of femur

B) Os coxa

C) Phalanges

D) Distal humerus

26) Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?

A) Osteocytes

B) Osteoclasts

C) Osteoblasts

D) Osteoprogenitor cells

E) Bone-lining cells

27) Bone cells called ________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix.

A) osteoprogenitor cells

B) osteoid cells

C) osteocytes

D) osteoclasts

E) osteoblasts

28) An osteoclast has a ruffled border and multiple nuclei.

29) During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the

A) chondrocytes.

B) osteocytes.

C) fibroblasts.

D) chondroblasts.

E) osteoblasts.

30) Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage.

a: New matrix is produced and secreted.

b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna.

c: Stem cells undergo mitosis.

d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts.

A) c. - d. - a. - b.

B) d. - c. - b. - a.

C) c. - d. - b. - a.

D) a. - c. - b. - d.

E) a. - c. - d. - b.

31) Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its ________ and occurs in the ________ region of the cartilage.

A) length; internal

B) length; peripheral

C) width; internal

D) width; peripheral

32) Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

A) Gravity

B) Mechanical stress

C) Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels

D) Blood calcium level

E) All of the choices are correct.

33) As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,

A) osteoblasts become osteocytes.

B) osteogenic progenitors become osteoclasts.

C) osteoblasts become osteoclasts.

D) osteoclasts become osteocytes.

34) What gives bone its flexibility?

A) Inorganic salts

B) Yellow bone marrow

C) Collagen fibers

D) Trabeculae

E) Elastic fibers

35) Osteoid is the

A) organic part of the bone matrix that gives it rigidity.

B) organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.

C) inorganic part of the bone matrix that gives it rigidity.

D) inorganic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.

36) What helps bone resist compression?

A) Yellow bone marrow

B) Reticular fibers

C) Inorganic salts

D) Red bone marrow

E) Endosteum

37) If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?

A) The bone will dissolve completely.

B) The compact bone will dissolve, leaving only the inner spongy bone.

C) The bone will become extremely brittle.

D) The bone will become soft and bendable.

E) The spongy bone will dissolve, leaving only the outer compact bone.

38) What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

A) There would be no effect, because the body is able to synthesize calcium.

B) The matrix would be softer.

C) The bone would be less flexible.

D) The epiphyseal plates would ossify earlier in development.

E) There would be increased formation of spongy bone.

39) Describe the stimulus for bone resorption and how resorption is carried out at the cellular and chemical levels.

40) What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon?

A) Canaliculi

B) Concentric lamellae

C) Circumferential lamellae

D) Perforating canals

E) Interstitial lamellae

41) In compact bone, ________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

A) osteonic canals

B) blood vessels

C) lamellae

D) canaliculi

E) perforating canals

42) Compact bone

A) is located deep to spongy bone in the diaphysis.

B) is composed of tubular units called osteons.

C) has a brace-like arrangement of trabeculae.

D) is avascular.

E) All of the choices are correct.

43) Which is not correct about spongy bone?

A) Its spaces hold red bone marrow.

B) It is located deep to compact bone.

C) It forms diploe in the cranial bones.

D) It is composed of tubular units called osteons.

E) It is located in the epiphyses of long bones.

44) Spongy bone

A) contains no osteocytes.

B) has spaces filled with yellow marrow.

C) is composed of tubular units called osteons.

D) forms diploe in the cranial bones.

E) All of the choices are correct.

45) Mature cartilage is avascular.

46) Which is characteristic of cartilage connective tissue?

A) Gel-like ground substance

B) Matrix of protein fibers

C) Cells called chondrocytes

D) Avascular

E) All of the choices are correct.

47) Hyaline cartilage contains a ________ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called ________.

A) low; lacunae

B) low; canaliculi

C) high; lacunae

D) high; canaliculi

48) Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthodontist use to assess this?

A) Osteon

B) Periosteum

C) Spongy bone

D) Epiphyseal plate

E) Compact bone

49) The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed

A) mesenchymal ossification.

B) intramembranous ossification.

C) bone remodeling.

D) orthodontia.

E) endochondral ossification.

50) When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within

A) hyaline cartilage.

B) compact bone.

C) mesenchyme.

D) elastic cartilage.

E) spongy bone.

51) Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification?

A) Zygomatic

B) Radius

C) Axis

D) Hamate

E) First metatarsal

52) Which choice places the steps of intramembranous ossification in correct chronological order?

a: Formation of lamellar bone

b: Osteoid undergoes calcification

c: Ossification centers form

d: Formation of woven bone and its periosteum

A) b - a - c - d

B) c - b - d - a

C) c - b - a - d

D) a - c - d - b

E) b - c - d - a

53) Most of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are formed by intramembranous ossification.

54) Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) ________ model.

A) mesenchyme

B) dense connective tissue

C) hyaline cartilage

D) membranous

E) osteoid

55) When during human development does the process of ossification begin?

A) 12 weeks after birth

B) 12th-13th week of embryonic development

C) 8th-9th month of fetal development

D) 3-4 months of age

E) 10-25 years of age

56) The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are

a: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis.

b: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms.

c: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses.

d: Bone replaces cartilage.

e: Epiphyseal plates ossify.

f: Cartilage model develops.

The correct chronological order for these steps is

A) f. - b. - c. - d. - a. - e.

B) b. - c. - f. - a. - e. - d.

C) a. - c. - b. - d. - e. - f.

D) f. - b. - a. - c. - d. - e.

E) a. - e. - c. - d. - b. - f.

57) During the process of endochondral ossification, chondrocytes in the cartilage model die. Why does this occur?

A) Blood supply to the cartilage is cut off by the developing periosteum.

B) Canaliculi connecting adjacent chondrocyte lacunae fuse.

C) Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.

D) The developing bone collar secretes enzymes that destroy the chondrocytes.

E) Phagocytic osteoclasts in the new bone engulf and destroy the chondrocytes.

58) The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are

a: Calcified cartilage

b: Hypertrophic cartilage

c: Ossification

d: Resting cartilage

e: Proliferating cartilage

The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is

A) c - a - b - e - d

B) d - b - e - a - c

C) e - d - a - c - b

D) c - d - e - a - b

E) d - e - b - a - c

59) Within which zone of the epiphyseal plate do cartilage cells undergo mitosis?

A) The zone closest to the medullary cavity

B) The zone closest to the epiphysis

C) The second closest bone to the medullary cavity

D) The second closest zone to the epiphysis

60) Which is an accurate description of appositional bone growth?

A) Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity.

B) Osteoclasts build bone at the concentric lamellae while osteoblasts build bone at the interstitial lamellae.

C) Osteoblasts build bone at the concentric lamellae while osteoclasts build bone at the epiphyses.

D) Osteocytes build bone at the interstitial lamellae while osteoclasts expand the length of the medullary cavity.

E) Osteocytes and osteoclasts expand the bone at its epiphyses; chondrocytes construct cartilage.

61) Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called

A) interstitial growth.

B) epiphyseal growth.

C) appositional growth.

D) endosteal growth.

E) cancellous bone growth.

62) Which is false regarding bone remodeling?

A) It occurs throughout life.

B) It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.

C) It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.

D) It occurs only at articular surfaces.

E) It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

63) The type of bone tissue that is replaced more frequently is ________ bone; the part of the femur that is replaced more frequently is the ________.

A) compact; distal epiphysis

B) compact; diaphysis

C) spongy; distal epiphysis

D) spongy; diaphysis

64) Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by

A) osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.

B) osteoclasts, which then communicate to osteocytes to increase the size of lacunae.

C) chondrocytes, which then trigger osteoblasts to increase bone in a lengthwise fashion.

D) osteoblasts, which then communicate to osteocytes and osteoclasts to deposit more hydroxyapatite.

65) The epiphyseal plates in the ________ are the last ones in the body to ossify.

A) femur

B) humerus

C) clavicle

D) radius

E) tibia

66) Which hormone inhibits bone growth?

A) Calcitonin

B) Estrogen and testosterone

C) Thyroid hormone

D) Parathyroid hormone

E) Growth hormone

67) Glucocorticoids increase bone ________; high levels of serotonin lead to ________ bone density.

A) formation; high

B) formation; low

C) loss; high

D) loss; low

68) Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?

A) Vitamin D

B) Vitamin B

C) Vitamin A

D) Vitamin C

E) Vitamin K

69) To trigger bone growth, growth hormone stimulates the

A) liver to produce somatomedin.

B) liver to produce calcitonin.

C) brain to produce serotonin.

D) parathyroid to produce parathyroid hormone.

E) thyroid to produce calcitriol.

70) What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

A) Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.

B) Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.

C) Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.

D) Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

E) Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

71) Rickets, a disease characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid tissue, is caused by a lack of sufficient

A) Vitamin D.

B) Calcitonin.

C) Thyroid hormone.

D) Vitamin A.

E) Vitamin C.

72) Calcitriol stimulates absorption of calcium in the small intestine.

73) For most individuals a common source of vitamin D is dietary intake of milk.

74) Calcidiol circulates in the blood and is converted to calcitriol in the

A) kidney.

B) skin.

C) liver.

D) bone.

75) In the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to ________ production of calcitriol and to ________ excretion of calcium in urine.

A) increase; increase

B) increase; decrease

C) decrease; decrease

D) decrease; increase

76) Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

A) stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.

B) stimulate osteoblasts to deposit bone by producing calcified matrix.

C) stimulate osteoblasts to resorb bone and lower blood calcium levels.

D) stimulate osteoclasts to move calcium from the blood and into the bone.

77) Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by ________ levels of calcium in the blood.

A) high

B) low

78) Parathyroid hormone is released by the thyroid gland and causes the small intestine to increase calcium absorption.

79) High blood calcium and exercise cause calcitonin release to

A) increase.

B) decrease.

80) Calcitonin ________ osteoclast activity, which will ________ blood calcium levels.

A) stimulates; increase

B) stimulates; decrease

C) inhibits; increase

D) inhibits; decrease

81) Which hormone normally has a more significant effect on blood calcium levels in adults?

A) Calcitonin

B) Parathyroid hormone

82) Which is the definition for a greenstick fracture?

A) The bone is twisted as it fractures.

B) The fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.

C) The bone is splintered into several fragments.

D) Only one side of the bone is broken; the other side is bent.

E) The fracture is at an oblique angle to the long axis of the bone.

83) A fracture parallel to the long axis of the bone is a(n) ________ fracture.

A) transverse

B) oblique

C) linear

D) comminuted

E) medial

84) The break of a bone that has been weakened by disease is a ________fracture; when a broken end of the bone pierces the skin, the fracture is ________.

A) stress; greenstick

B) epiphyseal; stress

C) greenstick; simple

D) pathologic; compound

E) pathologic, simple.

85) Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

A) Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to connect broken pieces of bone.

B) A fibrocartilaginous callus serves as a model for new bone growth.

C) Osteoclasts remove excess bone from the hard callus.

D) The fracture hematoma reorganizes to form a procallus.

E) No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair.

86) During bone repair, how long does the stage of the bony callus last?

A) 12–24 hours

B) 3–4 months

C) 1–2 years

D) 8–10 days

E) 1–2 weeks

87) The process of bone repair includes these steps:

a: Fracture hematoma forms

b: Bone is remodeled

c: Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

d: Bony callus forms

The correct chronological order for these steps is

A) a - c - d - b

B) a - b - d - c

C) c - d - b - a

D) d - a - b - c

E) b - a - c - d

88) Which sex tends to lose more bone mass with aging?

A) Women

B) Men

89) With aging comes insufficient ossification of bone, a condition known as ________.

90) Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?

A) Insufficient calcification

B) Demineralization

C) Reduction in the organic content of the matrix

D) Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness

E) All of the choices are correct.

91) This figure shows the anatomy of compact bone. Which number indicates an osteon?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

92) This figure shows the anatomy of compact bone. Which number is referring to a perforating (or Volkmann's) canal?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

93) This figure illustrates the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone. What bone feature does number 4 indicate?

A) Osteocyte in lacuna

B) Trabeculae

C) Osteon

D) Canaliculus

E) Perforating canal

94) This figure illustrates the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone. Which number indicates a central canal?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 4

D) 5

E) None of the choices is correct.

95) This figure illustrates the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone. Which is a mature bone cell?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) None of the choices is correct.

96) This figure illustrates the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone. What type of cell does number 3 indicate?

A) Osteocyte

B) Osteoblast

C) Osteoprogenitor cell

D) Bone-lining cell

E) Osteoclast

97) This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology. Which is the zone of proliferating cartilage?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

98) This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology. Which zones are considered to be bone tissue?

A) 3, 4, 5

B) 4, 5

C) 5

D) 1

E) 1, 2, 3

99) This figure illustrates epiphyseal plate morphology. In which zone are minerals deposited in the matrix?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 5

100) Since cartilage must be continuously replaced in the body, appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage continues throughout life.

101) In adults, an area of compact bone called the epiphyseal tract replaces the epiphyseal plate.

102) Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells; osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cells.

103) Osteons run perpendicular to the diaphysis of a long bone.

104) Endochondral ossification is a form of bone growth in which a cartilaginous model is replaced by bone.

105) The flat bones of the cranium form by intramembranous ossification.

106) Further lengthwise bone growth cannot occur once the epiphyseal lines have formed.

107) Once we reach adulthood and our bones are fully formed and hardened, they cannot be remodeled.

108) About 80% of the human skeleton is replaced yearly as a result of bone remodeling.

109) In general, the mechanical stresses on bones that result from exercise tend to weaken them and lead to more frequent fractures.

110) Chondrocytes occupy spaces in the matrix called ________.

111) The growth patterns of cartilage include interstitial growth (from within) and ________ growth (from without).

112) Found within both the periosteum and endosteum, ________ cells are derived from mesenchyme and serve as the stem cells of bone.

113) During bone formation, calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form crystals of ________, which serve to harden the matrix.

114) Osteons are also called ________ systems.

115) A fracture of the distal end of the radius is a ________ fracture.

116) Spongy bone makes up less than half of total bone mass, and is located internal to compact bone.

117) Bone is considered part of the skeletal system, but ligaments are not.

118) Select all that are components of the skeletal system.

A) Compact bone

B) Trabecular bone

C) Articular cartilage

D) Ligaments

119) Select all that develop through the process of intramembranous ossification.

A) Frontal bone of skull

B) Occipital bone of skull

C) Ulna of forearm

D) Femur of thigh