Biology of the Cell Chapter 4 Test Bank Answers

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 4 Biology of the Cell

1) What unit of measurement is often used to measure cell size?

A) Millimeter

B) Micrometer

C) Nanometer

D) Centimeter

2) The microscope of choice for a detailed three-dimensional study of the surface of a specimen is the

A) scanning electron microscope.

B) transmission electron microscope.

C) light microscope.

D) telescope.

3) An image produced by passing visible light through a specimen is obtained using the

A) transmission electron microscope.

B) light microscope.

C) scanning electron microscope.

D) dissecting scope.

E) ocular examination method.

4) Some of the largest spherical cells in the human body (for example, oocytes) have a diameter of approximately

A) 1 nm.

B) 1 cm.

C) 1 μm.

D) 100 nm.

E) 100 μm.

5) The diameter of a red blood cell is a little less than 1 μm.

6) Most cells in the human body are between 1 μm and 100 μm in diameter.

7) The shape of skeletal muscle cells is described as

A) columnar.

B) biconcave.

C) cylindrical.

D) spherical.

E) irregular.

8) Cartilage cells and intestinal lining cells are described as being cube-shaped.

9) The fluid contained in the nucleus is the ________.

10) Another name for the intracellular fluid is

A) cytosol.

B) interstitial fluid.

C) intercellular matrix.

D) cytoplasm.

E) cisternae.

11) Which is not considered part of the cytoplasm?

A) Cytosol

B) Nucleus

C) Organelles

D) Inclusions

12) The ________ is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell.

A) peroxisome

B) ribosome

C) mitochondrion

D) plasma membrane

E) centrosome

13) The largest internal cellular structure is known as the ________ and is the cell's control center.

A) Golgi apparatus

B) nucleus

C) lysosome

D) cytosol

E) smooth ER

14) Which is a non-membrane-bound organelle?

A) Microtubule

B) Lysosome

C) Golgi apparatus

D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

E) Mitochondrion

15) Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles.

16) One example of a membrane-bound organelle is a ribosome.

17) The pigment melanin is a(n)

A) membrane-bound organelle.

B) non-membrane-bound organelle.

C) inclusion.

D) nutrient.

E) triglyceride.

18) The centrosome is considered to be an inclusion.

19) If the nutrient glycogen is found stored inside a cell, it is considered a(n)

A) inclusion.

B) membrane-bound organelle.

C) non-membrane-bound organelle.

D) pigment.

20) One of the general functions that all cells must maintain throughout their life is the ability to divide and give rise to new cells.

21) Which of the following choices describes three general functions cells must perform?

A) Maintain shape, obtain nutrients, and dispose of wastes

B) Respond to all hormones, maintain a waterproof barrier, give rise to gametes

C) Grow until dividing, store complex carbohydrates, generate antibodies

D) Take up oxygen, prevent water entry, undergo mitosis frequently

22) All cells must obtain nutrients, form new chemical structures, and dispose of waste molecules.

23) The lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer is

A) the polar head.

B) the nonpolar tails.

C) cholesterol.

D) glycolipid.

E) glycocalyx.

24) The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. This type of lipid is

A) a phospholipid.

B) cholesterol.

C) glycolipid.

D) glycoprotein.

E) a steroid.

25) Glycolipids are found on the

A) outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface.

B) middle layer of the cell membrane, and they function to transmit solutes through the membrane.

C) inner layer of the cell membrane, and they provide scaffold support to the cell membrane.

D) inside of the cell, where they are a source of high-energy nutrition to power mitochondria.

26) Proteins that are embedded within, and extend across, the phospholipid bilayer are called ________ proteins.

A) catalytic

B) integral

C) cytoskeleton

D) peripheral

27) Some membrane proteins are not embedded within the lipid bilayer but are instead anchored loosely to either the inner or the outer surface. Such proteins are called ________ proteins. 

28) Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called ________ proteins.

A) catalytic

B) cytoskeleton

C) transport

D) identification

E) intercellular attachment

29) Which type of protein is used by cells of the immune system to distinguish normal cells from foreign or infected cells?

A) Anchoring proteins

B) Ligands

C) Cell adhesion proteins

D) Identity markers

E) Transport proteins

30) Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as

A) equilibrium.

B) active transport.

C) diffusion.

D) facilitation.

E) selective transport.

31) Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is

A) steepest and temperature is highest.

B) steepest and temperature is at body temperature.

C) slightest and temperature is highest.

D) slightest and temperature is at body temperature.

E) slightest and temperature is lowest.

32) Over time, diffusion results in the even distribution of a substance throughout an area.

33) Which is a passive transport process?

A) Phagocytosis

B) Pinocytosis

C) Receptor-mediated endocytosis

D) Osmosis

E) Ion pump

34) Channel-mediated diffusion is a subtype of

A) simple diffusion.

B) carrier-mediated diffusion.

C) active transport.

D) facilitated diffusion.

E) endocytosis.

35) The movement of glucose across a plasma membrane is achieved by

A) ion pumps.

B) receptor-mediated exocytosis.

C) osmosis.

D) facilitated diffusion.

E) phagocytosis.

36) When a small, polar solute binds to a membrane protein that then changes shape and transports the solute across the membrane, the process is known as

A) simple diffusion.

B) channel-mediated diffusion.

C) carrier-mediated diffusion.

D) active transport.

E) endocytosis.

37) During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the ________ solute concentration. 

A) greater

B) lesser

38) Osmosis is the diffusion of

A) water within the inside of a cell.

B) water across a membrane.

C) solutes within the inside of a cell.

D) solutes across a membrane.

39) Water can cross cell membranes only by way of channel-mediated diffusion.

40) The pressure that must be exerted onto a solution in order to prevent water from diffusing into that solution through a semipermeable membrane is called ________ pressure.

41) Consider a cell with a total internal solute concentration of 0.9%.  Placing the cell in which bath solution would result in creation of the greatest osmotic pressure in the cell?

A) 0.5% NaCl

B) 0.9% NaCl

C) 1.2% NaCl

42) Placing a red blood cell in an extremely hypertonic solution leads to hemolysis.

43) When a cell is placed in a solution with a very low solute concentration, water diffuses into the cell. Such a solution is called a(n) ________ solution.

A) hypertonic

B) hypotonic

C) isotonic

D) endergonic

44) Cell shrinking, also known as crenation, occurs when a cell is placed into a(n) ________ solution.

A) isotonic

B) hypertonic

C) hypotonic

D) exergonic

45) Physiological saline contains the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell, and it is therefore a(n) ________ solution.

46) The sodium-potassium ATPase functions by performing

A) primary active transport.

B) secondary active transport.

C) exocytosis.

D) both exocytosis and endocytosis.

E) receptor-mediated endocytosis.

47) The sodium-potassium pump moves

A) sodium and potassium into the cell.

B) sodium and potassium out of the cell.

C) sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell.

D) sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

48) The sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradients and helps maintain an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane.

49) If a transport protein moves two solutes across a membrane in opposite directions, the protein is called a countertransporter or ________.

50) Symport active transporters move two substances across the membrane in the same direction.

51) Coupled transport that involves the moving of one substance against its concentration gradient by using energy from a second substance moving down its concentration gradient is known as

A) primary active transport.

B) receptor-mediated endocytosis.

C) bulk transport.

D) sympathetic exocytosis.

E) secondary active transport.

52) Exocytosis is a form of secondary active transport.

53) The type of vesicular transport by which large molecules or large amounts of substances are secreted from a cell is ________.

54) The release of neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of

A) endocytosis and is a form of passive transport.

B) receptor-mediated endocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP.

C) exocytosis and is a form of passive transport.

D) exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP.

E) pinocytosis and it is a form of primary active transport.

55) The uptake of cholesterol into cells is an example of

A) phagocytosis.

B) pinocytosis.

C) receptor-mediated endocytosis.

D) receptor-mediated exocytosis.

E) simple diffusion.

56) When a cell surrounds a large particle with pseudopodia and then engulfs it, the process is called

A) exocytosis.

B) phagocytosis.

C) pinocytosis.

D) secondary active transport.

E) receptor-mediated endopinocytosis.

57) Pinocytosis is the process in which the cell

A) internalizes ("drinks") a droplet of interstitial fluid.

B) internalizes ("eats") a large solid particle.

C) splits ("pinches") off a small part of itself to secrete into the extracellular space.

D) pumps small solutes against their concentration gradient and out of the cell.

58) Most cells perform pinocytosis.

59) Body cells communicate with immune system cells through direct contact involving the sugary coatings on the cells' surfaces.

60) When a skin wound is healing, cell contact on all sides is a strong stimulus for cell division.

61) When fertilization occurs, the sperm recognizes the egg by

A) the chemical messages the egg secretes into the interstitial space.

B) the unique glycocalyx on the egg's surface.

C) the much larger relative size of the egg.

D) the strong acidity of the egg's environment.

62) When ligands bind to them, ________ receptors directly phosphorylate enzymes within the cell.

A) enzymatic

B) channel-linked

C) G protein-coupled

D) phosphatase

63) Channel-linked receptors are also known as ________ gated channels.

64) Which choice describes the activation steps of a G protein-coupled receptor properly (and in correct order)?

A) Ligand binds to receptor, G protein activated, effector protein activated, second messenger made available

B) Ligand binds to receptor, second messenger activated, G protein turned on, protein kinase activated

C) Protein kinase activated, ion channel opened, ions enter and activate second messenger, G protein turned on

D) Ion channel opened, G protein activated, second messenger synthesized, phosphatase ends signal

65) The ________ are responsible for synthesizing most of a human body cell's ATP.

A) lysosomes

B) microfilaments

C) nucleoli

D) ribosomes

E) mitochondria

66) Identify the organelle that provides enzymes for autolysis.

A) Peroxisomes

B) Mitochondria

C) Smooth ER

D) Golgi apparatus

E) Lysosomes

67) Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles.

68) Which of the following structures function in holding organelles in place, maintaining cell shape and rigidity, and directing organelle movement?

A) Centrioles

B) Flagella

C) Golgi apparatus

D) Microtubules

E) Cilia

69) Which is an active transport process?

A) Simple diffusion

B) Bulk filtration

C) Osmosis

D) Facilitated diffusion

E) Ion pump

70) Which of the following factors influence cell membrane permeability?

A) Phospholipid composition of the membrane

B) Ionic charge along the membrane

C) Presence or absence of transport proteins

D) Molecule size

E) All of the choices are correct.

71) Exocytosis occurs as a result of

A) hydrostatic pressure.

B) the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP.

C) molecular movement with carrier assistance.

D) concentration gradients.

E) ion pumps.

72) In order to process digested nutrients and detoxify chemical agents such as drugs and alcohol, the ________ contains abundant amounts of smooth ER.

A) liver

B) kidney

C) small intestine

D) pancreas

E) stomach

73) Which is not a membrane-bound organelle?

A) Endoplasmic reticulum

B) Lysosome

C) Golgi apparatus

D) Peroxisome

E) All of the choices are membrane-bound organelles.

74) Removal of old organelles is via a process called

A) pinocytosis.

B) autophagy.

C) autolysis.

D) filtration.

E) vascularization.

75) Catalase-containing peroxisomes are most abundant in ________ cells.

A) liver

B) kidney

C) pancreas

D) thymus

E) pituitary

76) The folds of the internal membrane of a mitochondrion are called

A) matrix.

B) vesicles.

C) vacuoles.

D) cristae.

E) cisternae.

77) The organelles responsible for organizing microtubules that are part of the mitotic spindle are called

A) centrioles.

B) nucleoli.

C) microvilli.

D) cilia.

E) vesicles.

78) In humans, the only cell that bears a flagellum is the ________ cell.

A) kidney

B) oocyte

C) red blood

D) brain

E) sperm

79) Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?

A) Flagella

B) Microvilli

C) Cilia

D) Cilia and flagella

E) Cilia and microvilli

80) Because they produce ribosome subunits, one would expect to find large numbers of nucleoli in cells that synthesize

A) energy sources.

B) pigments.

C) solubility-enhancing substances.

D) steroid hormones.

E) proteins.

81) Which are the smallest components of the cytoskeleton?

A) Microtubules

B) Microfilaments

C) Intermediate filaments

D) Centrosomes

E) Centrioles

82) Tight junctions provide direct passageways for substances to travel between neighboring cells.

83) These junctions hold adjacent cells together and provide resistance to mechanical stress.

A) Gap junctions

B) Desmosomes

C) Tight junctions

D) Synapses

84) Mucus is moved along the lining of the trachea by extensions from cell membranes known as

A) cilia.

B) flagella.

C) microvilli.

D) stereovilli.

85) The building blocks that form the DNA double helix are called

A) nucleoli.

B) nucleotides.

C) steroid bases.

D) nitrogenous acids.

E) nuclear pores.

86) Which is not one of the bases found in DNA nucleotides?

A) Adenine

B) Cytosine

C) Guanine

D) Thymine

E) Diamine

87) The function of the nucleolus is to make

A) DNA molecules.

B) the subunits of ribosomes.

C) the secretions that will be packaged by the Golgi apparatus.

D) histones.

E) the deoxyribose sugar.

88) The nuclear envelope consists primarily of

A) a double helix of DNA.

B) ribosomal subunits.

C) two phospholipid bilayers.

D) messenger RNA.

89) A little over 50% of the total amount of DNA in a human cell consists of genes.

90) Which statement is accurate?

A) DNA is made up entirely of genes; a chromosome is the unwoven form of chromatin.

B) A sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin.

C) Human cells contain 46 genes; another name for a gene is a nucleosome.

D) Each nucleotide in a gene is bound by hydrogen to the next nucleotide in the sequence; chromatin is a nitrogenous base.

91) During transcription

A) an RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read.

B) a protein is formed as a DNA sequence is read.

C) a DNA sequence is formed as a RNA sequence is read.

D) an amino acid is transferred to a ribosome as a DNA sequence is read.

E) a protein is formed as a RNA sequence is read.

92) Which of the following is considered a required enzyme for the process of transcription?

A) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

B) DNA polymerase

C) RNA polymerase

D) Amine transferase

93) If the sequence of DNA nucleotides being read is TTACTG, then transcription results in the formation of the sequence

A) AAUGAC.

B) TTUGUC.

C) GTCATT.

D) TTACTG.

E) AAAGGG.

94) The coding regions of DNA that are both transcribed and translated are the ________.

95) The process of reading an mRNA molecule and synthesizing a protein is known as ________.

96) A start codon consists of the three-base sequence AUG.

97) The term "codon" refers to

A) a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

B) an amino acid that is coded for by three bases of DNA.

C) a three-base sequence of mRNA.

D) the part of a rRNA molecule where a new amino acid is added.

E) the part of tRNA that is a triplet of bases that forms hydrogen bonds with complementary sequences.

98) Describe the process of transcription. What does it produce? Where in the cell does it occur? What molecules are involved? Explain what happens in each of the following stages: initiation, elongation, termination, and splicing.

99) The E site of a ribosome is where

A) new amino acids enter the ribosome.

B) the polypeptide elongates.

C) the tRNA exits the ribosome.

100) A single mRNA molecule can be read by more than one ribosome simultaneously.

101) DNA directs the synthesis of proteins, including enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of several important molecules.

102) Chromosomes are loose, and chromatin is tightly packed genetic material.

103) When a cell is dividing, the genetic material is in the compact form of ________.

104) Which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis?

A) Prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase

B) Metaphase - prophase - anaphase - telophase

C) Telophase - metaphase - prophase - anaphase

D) Metaphase - telophase - anaphase - prophase

E) Prophase - anaphase - metaphase - telophase

105) The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is

A) metaphase.

B) anaphase.

C) telophase.

D) prophase.

E) interphase.

106) The phase of mitosis that begins with the arrival of a group of single-stranded chromosomes at each pole of the cell is

A) metaphase.

B) anaphase.

C) telophase.

D) prophase.

E) S phase.

107) Which does not occur during the G2 phase?

A) Centriole replication is completed.

B) Organelle production continues.

C) Enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized.

D) Each DNA molecule replicates.

E) No exceptions; all of these occur during the G2 phase.

108) The last part of interphase is called

A) the first "gap" phase.

B) the second "gap" phase.

C) telophase.

D) the S phase.

E) anaphase.

109) The replication of a DNA molecule during interphase occurs during the

A) first "gap" phase.

B) S phase.

C) second "gap" phase.

D) generation "gap" phase.

E) metaphase.

110) Cytokinesis usually begins before ________ ends.

A) prophase

B) interphase

C) metaphase

D) anaphase

E) telophase

111) Which is not characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis?

A) Chromatin degradation

B) Shrinkage in volume

C) Abnormal development in organelle structure

D) Abnormal development in plasma membrane structure

E) No exceptions; all of these are characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis.

112) The term "flagellum" is appropriate for the structure it represents because it means

A) an eyelid.

B) the center.

C) a nut or kernel.

D) a whip.

E) a bench.

113) The process of programmed cell death ("cell suicide") is known as ________.

114) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) uses an electron beam to create an image for viewing.

115) Lysosome functions range from the digestion of materials ingested by the cell to the self-destruction of the cell.

116) Mitochondria engage in aerobic cellular respiration to complete the digestion of fuel molecules to allow for transfer of energy for the synthesis of ATP.

117) Among the functions of the plasma membrane are to form specialized intercellular connections, provide for selective permeability, and facilitate the recognition and response to molecular signals.

118) Materials tend to move less rapidly when their concentrations are significantly different between two compartments.

119) The amount of rough ER is greater in cells producing large amounts of protein for secretion.

120) Everything packaged by the Golgi apparatus for secretion leaves the cell within a vesicle.

121) Lysosomes contain enzymes that prepare the vesicles that will be used by the Golgi apparatus to package its secretory products.

122) Ribosomes that are attached to the RER are called "free ribosomes."

123) Explain interphase. Name the three subphases of interphase and describe what occurs in each.

124) Generally, the shape of a nucleus mirrors the shape of the cell within which it is found.

125) The subunits of ribosomes are exported outside the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where they are assembled into their finished product.

126) ________ is the general term for all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

127) ________ are short, membrane-attached projections containing microtubules that occur in large numbers on exposed membrane surfaces.

128) The term used to describe the fluid within a cell is ________, or intracellular fluid.

129) The ________ proteins are those that are not embedded in the membrane lipid bilayer but are attached loosely to its external and internal surfaces.

130) The fuzzy coat made of glycoproteins and glycolipids found on the external surface of the plasma membrane is called the ________.

131) A membrane that is able to regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell is described as being ________. (2 words)

132) In ________ transport, substances move across a plasma membrane without the expenditure of energy by the cell.

133) ________ transport is required to move a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient.

134) A cell-mediated process that transports large molecules across the plasma membrane and out of the cell is called ________.

135) The technical term for "cellular drinking" is ________.

136) The digestion of a cell by its own enzymes is called ________.

137) ________ are barrel-shaped, protein-digesting organelles in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

138) ________ ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of proteins that remain within the cell.

139) The cytoskeleton has three separate components: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and ________.

140) DNA is organized into discrete units called ________ that provide information for the production of specific proteins.

141) Nuclear ________ are open passageways that penetrate fused regions of the double membrane of the nuclear envelope.

142) The two identical cells that arise from mitosis are called ________ cells.

143) ________ is the division of the cytoplasm during cell division.

144) The duplicated chromosome that appears during prophase consists of two genetically identical structures called sister ________.

145) Neurons have a ________ membrane potential of –70 mV. In other words, this is their stable membrane potential under normal conditions.

146) The potential across a cell membrane has changed drastically, from –90 mV to +30 mV. In other words,

A) there is a positive charge on the inside of the cell, relative to the outside.

B) there is a negative charge on the inside of the cell, relative to the outside.

C) the resting membrane potential has been established.

D) there is no relative charge difference between the inside and the outside of the cell.

147) Under normal conditions and when a cell is at "rest," there is more potassium in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid.

148) To maintain a resting membrane potential, the sodium-potassium pump

A) actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

B) passively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

C) actively transports 3 potassium ions out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell.

D) passively transports 3 potassium ions out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell.

149) When a cell is at its resting membrane potential, more potassium diffuses out than sodium diffuses in.

150) As potassium diffuses down its concentration gradient, it moves out of the cell. However, this movement is resisted by the accumulating negative charge outside the cell.

151) The sodium-potassium pump is continually active while the cell is at a stable resting membrane potential.

152) The sodium-potassium pump moves both potassium and sodium down their concentration gradients, from higher to lower concentration.

153) The lysosome is an example of a membrane-bound organelle.

154) Which of the following serves to increase the surface area of a cell?

A) Microvilli

B) Microfilaments

C) Centrioles

D) The nucleolus

155) Select all that are required for translation to occur.

A) DNA

B) RNA Polymerase

C) mRNA

D) tRNA

156) DNA is the control center of the cell because it directs the synthesis of proteins, which are responsible for most cellular functions.

157) Two perpendicularly oriented ________ form the centrosome, which is responsible for organizing microtubules during cell division.

158) Apoptosis is best described as

A) a process where cells destroy themselves.

B) the process of an aging cell becoming cancerous.

C) the destruction of a cell through mechanical damage.

D) the process of immune cells recognizing an infected cell as "foreign."