Test Questions & Answers Ch.5 Bodily Changes And Emotions

Chapter 5:

Bodily Changes and Emotions

1. The sympathetic autonomic nervous system:

a. increases heart rate and cardiac output.

b. shuts down digestive processes.

c. reduces the activity of natural killer cells, which are involved in immune responses.

d. all of the above.

Source: Page 122.

2. Cannon criticized James’s autonomic specificity on the following grounds:

a. Physiological states are more vivid than emotional experiences; therefore the autonomic thesis overestimates the intensity of emotions.

b. Emotional and non-emotional states are marked by distinctly different physiological patterns; therefore the autonomic thesis fails to explain transitions between neutral and emotional moods.

c. Autonomic responses are too nonspecific to account for the many distinctions people make in

their emotional experience

d. People are very sensitive to changes within their bodies which leads them to misconstrue bodily for genuine emotional experiences.

Source: Page 121

3. Levenson and colleagues employed a directed facial action task to study how autonomic activity corresponds with various facial expressions. Their results challenged:

a. William James’s autonomic specificity thesis.

b. Cannon’s critique of autonomic specificity.

c. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory.

d. Damasio’s somatic marker hypothesis.

Source: Page 124-125

4. Results from studies employing Levenson and colleagues’s directed facial action task reveal:

a. Large increases in heart rate occur for fear and anger but not for sadness.

b. Sweat activity is greater for fear and anger than for disgust and sadness.

c. Finger temperature was greater for anger than fear.

d. Emotion-specific autonomic patterns seem to be different between cultures and when comparing elderly participants’ responses to those of middle-aged adults.

Source: Page 125

5. Based on comparison of the autonomic nervous systems of different species, Steven Porges (1995, 1998) has made a case for three stages in the evolution of the autonomic nervous system. A first stage produced the _________ which is present in _________.

a. sympathetic nervous system; mammals only.

b. dorsal vagal complex; reptiles, fish, and mammals

c. ventral vagal complex; mammals only.

d. parasympathetic nervous system; reptiles, fish, and mammals

Source: Page 126

6. Based on comparison of the autonomic nervous systems of different species, Steven Porges (1995, 1998) has made a case for three stages in the evolution of the autonomic nervous system. According to Porges, the last portion to evolve was the _____________ and it is this system that allows the actions necessary for _____________.

a. dorsal vagal complex; fight and flight behavior

b. ventral vagal complex; fight and flight behavior

c. dorsal vagal complex; caregiving

d. ventral vagal complex; caregiving

Source: Page 126

7. Kok and Fredrickson (2010) assessed people’s vagal tone at the beginning and end of a nine-week study, and in between these two assessments they had participants report on their daily experience of positive emotions and the strength of their social connections. The key finding from this study was that:

a. People with elevated vagal tone at the beginning of the study show greater increases over time in social connectedness and positive emotion.

b. Increases in social connections over the nine weeks led to rises in vagal tone at the end of the study.

c. Increases in positive emotion over the nine weeks led to rises in vagal tone at the end of the study.

d. All of the above.

Source: Page 126, Figure 5.3.

8. Mark Leary and colleagues (1992) carefully analyzed situations that produce the blush. They discerned specific elicitors of the blush and proposed a specific cause:

a. overexcitement.

b. social attention.

c. desirable social attention.

d. undesirable social attention.

Source: Page 127

9. One branch of the neuroendocrine system particularly relevant to emotion is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whose activation results in the release of the stress-related hormone ________ into the bloodstream.

a. cortisol

b. vasopressin

c. cytokinin

d. ABTH

Source: Page 130

10. Maruskin and colleagues had participants report on their experiences of the chills each day for two weeks and found that ________ most strongly correlated with surprise, awe, and intense positive affect, whereas ________ correlated with reports of fear and disgust.

1. Goosetingles; cold shivers
2. Cold shivers; goosetingles
3. Goosebumps; blush
4. Blush; goosebumps

Source: Page 129

11. In a review of relevant studies, Sally Dickerson and Margaret Kemeny (2004) made the important point that the Trier Social Stress Task is most likely to trigger ________ release when participants appraise their ________.

a. cytokine; positive social identity as being threatened

b. cortisol; social identity as being praised

c. cortisol; positive social identity as being threatened

d. both a & b.

Source: Page 130

12. Craig Anderson and his colleagues studied teenagers’ and veterans’ emotional reactions to whitewater rafting on a river in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains in California and found that:

1. Individuals who showed cortisol rises over the course of the day reported greater fear during the trip and emitted more vocal bursts of fear
2. Individuals who showed cortisol decreases over the course of the day reported greater fear during the trip and emitted more vocal bursts of fear
3. Individuals who showed greater inflammation responses over the course of the day reported less fear during the trip and emitted less vocal bursts of fear
4. Individuals who showed cortisol rises over the course of the day reported greater fear and pride during the trip and emitted more vocal bursts of fear and pride

Source: Page 132

13. The inflammation response is related to which of the following feelings?

a. dejection

b. lower rank

c. shame

d. all of the above

Source: Page 134

14. In a study by Jan Evers, Iris Mauss and colleagues (2014), participants’ more implicit anger—captured in how fast participants could identify anger-related words—was correlated with the rise in blood pressure produced by interacting with an aggressive researcher. Participants’ explicit, direct reports of anger were not. These findings demonstrate that:

a. Participants are unaware of their feelings

b. Blood pressure is not associated with anger

c. Implicit measures of emotional experience may better track bodily changes of emotion than directly reporting on emotional experience

d. All of the above

Source: Page 135

15. Interoception is:

1. Our awareness of how others feel
2. Our awareness of the body’s internal responses
3. the idea that higher order thought processes are influenced by bodily processes
4. the idea that bodily changes give rise to emotional experiences

Source: Page 137

16. Paula Niedenthal (2007) offered an important line of theorizing on what is called embodiment and conducted studies in which participants were asked to match words (e.g., vomit, sun, fight) with emotion categories (e.g., “disgust” “anger” “joy”). Categorizing words related to anger led to activation of the ________ muscle(s):

a. corrugator

b. orbicularis

c. zygomaticus

d. both a & b

Source: Page 139, Figure 5.8

17. Paula Niedenthal (2007) offered an important line of theorizing on what is called embodiment and conducted studies in which participants were asked to match words (e.g., vomit, sun, fight) with emotion categories (e.g., “disgust” “anger” “joy”). Categorizing words related to joy led to activation of the ________ muscle(s):

a. zygomaticus

b. orbicularis

c. levator

d. both a & b.

Source: Page 139, Figure 5.8

18. Damasio (1994) proposed the somatic marker hypothesis, a thesis that is supported by which of the following reported findings related to patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

a. These patients show extremely pronounced responses to emotional stimuli.

b. These patients are emotionally volatile but their judgment is unaffected.

c. These patients possess an emotional deficit such that they are relatively unresponsive to emotional stimuli.

d. These patients are likely to make risky choices during the Iowa Gambling Task and show a heightened sympathetic system response when making such risky choices.

Source: Page 140

19. We are more likely to mimic the expressive behavior of:

1. People we feel close to or who are part of our group
2. Adversaries or strangers
3. People from different cultures
4. All of the above

Source: Page 141

20. Studies on botox and emotion (Davis et al., 2010; Neal & Chartrand, 2011) find that botox:

1. Tends to diminish the individual’s own experience of emotion
2. Prevents people from mimicking the emotional expressions of others and
3. Renders people less able to judge the emotions of others
4. All of the above

Source: Page 141