Test Bank Answers Ch.3 Cultural Understandings Of Emotions

Chapter 3:

Cultural Understanding of Emotions

1. Culture is:

a. a system of ideas that are held in common in a particular society.

b. a set of practices that are held in common in a particular society.

c. a group of people who live in a particular place at a particular time.

d. both a & b.

Source: Page 58

2. The textbook’s authors characterize the implicit theory of emotions in the culture of the West in which one of the following ways?

a. Westerners distrust emotions.

b. Westerners think emotions are the very guarantee of authenticity, their best guide to their true selves.

c. both a & b.

d. neither a nor b.

Source: Page 70

3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Romantic scholar who felt that emotions:

a. are valuable.

b. are obsolete.

c. are immoral.

d. are a threat to social stability.

Source: Page 73

4. A cultural approach to emotions:

a. assumes that emotions derive from human meanings.

b. focuses on the “practice” rather than the “potential” for emotions.

c. emphasizes specificity as opposed to universality.

d. all of the above are consistent with a cultural approach to emotions.

Source: Page 63

5. Which of the following statements is true about cultural differences in the valuing of emotions?

1. European Americans prefer more exciting recreational activities than Taiwanese Chinese.
2. Christian self-help texts place a greater emphasis on emotions such as calmness than Buddhist texts.
3. High arousal positive emotions are universally valued to a similar degree.
4. None of the above.

Source: Page 69, Figure 3.5

6. Compared to individuals with interdependent self-construals, individuals with independent self-construals:

a. experience more intense felt emotions.

b. more often define themselves based on their personal preferences.

c. assume that internal factors (e.g., their disposition) vary across time and context.

d. all of the above are true of individuals with independent self-construals.

Source: Page 64

7. Compared to individuals with independent self-construals, individuals with interdependent self-construals:

a. experience more intense felt emotions.

b. more often define themselves based on their personal preferences.

c. assume that internal factors (e.g., their disposition) vary across time and context.

d. all of the above are true of individuals with interdependent self-construals.

Source: Page 64

8. The emotion amae is:

a. an emotion associated with autonomy and independence.

b. easily translated to English as sincerity.

c. a familial emotion as well as an emotion that might be felt by the partners in a romantic relationship.

d. an affiliation emotion.

Source: Page 65

9. Kitayama, Mesquita, & Karasawa (2006) asked Japanese and American college students to report in a diary, over 14 days, their most intense emotional episode each day, and to say what emotions they felt during that episode. The results of this study showed that:

a. Japanese students reported a greater number of positive emotions than did the American students.

b. Japanese students reported more intense experiences of positive, socially engaging emotions whereas American students reported more intense experiences of negative socially engaging emotions.

c. Japanese students reported more intense experiences of positive, socially engaging emotions whereas American students reported more intense experiences of positive, socially disengaging emotions.

d. Japanese students reported a greater number of negative emotions than did the American students.

Source: Page 64

10. According to Tomasello (2014, 2016), the main principle that integrates evolutionary and cultural approaches is:

a. the fact that humans are an emotional species.

b. the fact that humans cooperate with each other.

c. the fact that emotions enable survival.

d. the fact that emotions enable social life in particular societies.

Source: Page 79

11. Which one of the following is not a cultural approach to studying emotions?

a. self-construal approach

b. values approach

c. identity approach

d. historical approach

Source: Page 62, 64, and 67

12. A dog barks, causing a child to cry out in fear. An upbeat song plays on the radio, causing a listener to smile and feel happiness. In these cases the dog and the upbeat song are:

a. elicitors

b. implicit stimuli

c. random factors

d. mundane events

Source: Page 67

13. How do evolutionary and cultural approaches to studying emotions differ?

a. the definition of emotions

b. the belief that emotions are universal

c. the origin of emotions

d. All of the above.

Source: Page 79, Table 3.2

14. Mauss and colleagues (2010) had Asian American and European American college students do a highly stressful task. While they carried out this frustrating task, a rude experimenter interrupted the participant several times, and commented on the participant’s mistakes and disappointing progress—no doubt a frustration to the participant. The results from Mauss and colleagues’ study support the argument that:

a. Emotional control is valued equally between cultures.

b. Spontaneous emotional expression is valued equally between cultures.

c. Despite comparable physiological responses to a frustrating event, felt anger and expressed anger can differ between cultures.

d. Both a & b.

Source: Page 67

15. East Asians are guided in their knowledge and thought by all but which one of the following principles?

a. comparison

b. change

c. covariation

d. context

Source: Page 65

16. Experience sampling studies have found that:

a. Students who completed laboratory experiments were more likely to be biased by an experimenter’s tone of voice when they identified with highly empathetic cultures.

b. When beeped electronically and asked to report on their current emotions, students from Eastern cultures report more complex emotional experiences than Western students.

c. fMRI data reveal greater levels of activation in the brains of Eastern students who are viewing landscape paintings than in the brains of Western students viewing a comparable set of stimuli.

d. Students who received a painful injection as part of a fear induction were equally unsettled and anxious, regardless of culture.

Source: Page 66

17. A study by Masuda and colleagues (2008) that used cartoon figures as its stimuli showed that the central, target face, (which was always surrounded by smaller, less salient faces), was perceived in which one of the following ways?

a. A happy central face will be perceived as less happy when it is surrounded by sad faces in the background, regardless of culture.

b. A happy central face will be perceived as substantially happier when it is surrounded by happy faces in the background, regardless of culture.

c. For Japanese participants, a happy central face will be perceived as less happy when it is surrounded by sad faces in the background. This effect was not found with American participants.

d. Both b & c.

Source: Page 66

18. According to Jeanne Tsai’s affect valuation theory:

a. Emotions are the source of cultural values.

b. Cultural values are the source of emotions.

c. People value emotions that promote cultural values.

d. The ways that people evaluate emotions influence well-being.

Source: Page 68

19. An ethnographic study of emotions:

a. relies on experimental designs and operates in a controlled laboratory setting.

b. examines the words that people use to label their emotions as opposed to investigating more complex acts of communication.

c. focuses on the study of discourse.

d. looks at how different cultures use technology.

Source: Page 61

20. According to Steven Pinker in “The Better Angels of Our Nature,” what has happened to rates of violence since medieval times?

1. Rates of people killing each other in individual homicides and wars have increased.
2. Rates of people killing each other in individual homicides and wars have decreased.
3. Individual homicides have decreased, but deaths in wars have increased.
4. Individual homicides have increased, but deaths in and wars have decreased.

Source: Page 71