Chapter 4 Communication Of Emotions Verified Test Bank

Chapter 4:

Communication of Emotions

1. An emblem is:

a. a nonverbal gesture that accompanies our speech, to make it vivid, visual, or emphatic.

b. a verbal behavior that expresses emotion.

c. a nonverbal gesture that directly translates into words.

d. a behavior that we use to coordinate conversation.

Source: Page 88

2. The act of raising one’s eyebrows when articulating the most important point in a phrase is an example of a(n):

a. self-adaptor

b. emblem

c. illustrator

d. regulator

Source: Page 88

3. A self-adaptor is:

a. emotional, in that it conveys emotion to others.

b. conscious, in that people are always aware of this type of behavior.

c. a behavior that lacks seeming intentions, and which may occur merely to release nervous energy.

d. all of the above are true of self-adaptors.

Source: Page 89

4. The following characteristic differentiates emotional expressions from other non-emotional, nonverbal behaviors:

a. Emotional expressions tend to be long-lasting, enduring for minutes at a time.

b. Facial expressions of emotion are exceptionally brief, lasting a quarter of a second.

c. Facial expressions of emotion involve involuntary muscle actions that people cannot suppress.

d. Emotional expressions of emotion tend to be more subtle than feigned expressions of emotion.

Source: Pages 89-91

5. The principle that expressive behaviors that helped individuals respond adaptively to threats and opportunities in the evolutionary past will reoccur in the future is called:

1. The principle of serviceable habits
2. The principle of nervous discharge
3. The principle of homophily
4. The principle of antithesis

Source: Page 91

6. According to Charles Darwin emotional expressions can be explained by way of three principles, including the principle of antithesis which holds that:

a. expressive behaviors that helped individuals survive in the past will be more likely to reoccur in the future as compared to expressive behaviors that threatened an individual’s well-being in past situations.

b. opposing emotional states will be associated with opposing emotional expressions.

c. the more stressed an individual, the more likely they are to release undirected energy through random expressions.

d. the size of the familial group determines the level of competition between individuals as well as the intensity of the emotional expressions that develop in the offspring within that group.

Source: Page 91

7. The decoding hypothesis implies that:

a. feeling happiness inspires smiling in every culture.

b. receiving a gift inspires happiness in every culture.

c. facial expressions of emotion are culturally specific.

d. people of different cultures will interpret a smile in the same way.

Source: Page 93

8. The encoding hypothesis implies that:

a. feeling happiness inspires smiling in every culture.

b. receiving a gift inspires happiness in every culture.

c. facial expressions of emotion are culturally specific.

d. people of different cultures will interpret a smile in the same way.

Source: Page 93

9. In a study of the Fore, Ekman and Friesen (1971) devised emotionally themed stories and asked participants to match each story to one of three facial expressions of emotion. The results from this study:

a. provided evidence to suggest that there are 6 universal emotions.

b. were critiqued because the Fore had seen U.S. television and films and might thereby have learned about American emotions.

c. showed that adults but not children of the Fore were able to identify 6 universal emotions, suggesting that the ability to judge emotions from facial expressions occurs late in development.

d. all of the above are true.

Source: Pages 93-94

10. The fact that most of the research on recognition of facial expressions has used static pictures is at the core of the ______________ critique of studies of universal facial expressions.

a. reliability

b. free response

c. construct validity

d. ecological validity

Source: Page 96

11. In a series of studies, Nancy Eisenberg and her colleagues carefully coded the facial actions of people witnessing someone suffer (Eisenberg et al., 1989). They found that the experience of sympathy is correlated with:

a. gaze aversion

b. increased helping behavior

c. heart rate acceleration

d. all of the above

Source: Page 97

12. Human embarrassment displays resemble the appeasement displays of other species in which of the following ways?

a. Gaze aversion occurs.

b. Head movements that reduce the size of one’s body relative to another individual are common.

c. Face touching is a characteristic behavior.

d. All of the above are common appeasement expressions in humans and non-human species.

Source: Page 98-99

13. Tracy and Matsumoto (2008) analyzed the emotional expressions of sighted and blind Olympic athletes from 20 different countries just after they had either won or lost a judo competition. Their results showed that:

a. after victory, sighted athletes were more likely to express pride by throwing their arms in the air than were blind athletes.

b. after loss, both groups of athletes dropped their heads and slumped their shoulders in similar displays of shame.

c. positive emotions are more socially constructed than are negative emotions.

d. all of the above are consistent with Tracy and Matsumoto’s (2008) study of Olympic athletes.

Source: Page 99

14. According to Alan Fridlund’s behavioral ecology theory of emotional expression, emotional expressions:

1. Are unnecessary to communicate feelings
2. Are designed to signal intentions, not necessarily feelings
3. Prompt responses in others
4. Both B & C

Source: Page 99

15. How might emotional states alter vocalization patterns? Klaus Scherer has argued that emotion-related physiological changes alter:

a. the variability in pitch of one’s speech.

b. the tempo or speed with which one speaks.

c. how softly or loudly one speaks.

d. all of the above.

Source: Page 104

16. In a review of 60 studies assessing the recognition of voiced emotions cross-culturally, Juslin and Laukka (2003) concluded that hearers can judge five different emotions in the voice, including _________________ with accuracy rates approaching 70%, and that judgments are ________________.

a. anger, fear, happiness, sadness and tenderness; best when hearers listen to members of their own culture.

b. anger, fear, happiness, sadness and disgust; no different when hearers listen to members of their own culture compared to members of a different culture.

c. anger, fear, disappointment, sadness, and tenderness; no different when hearers listen to members of their own culture compared to members of a different culture.

d. fear, happiness, disappointment, surprise, and tenderness; best when hearers listen to members of their own culture.

Source: Page 104

17. A vocal burst is a(n) ________ and it is ________ to communicate emotions:

a. brief, non-word utterance that arises between speech incidents; not sufficient.

c. acceleration of tempo or amplification of the volume of multiple word utterances; not sufficient.

b. brief, non-word utterance that arises between speech incidents; sufficient.

d. acceleration of tempo or amplification of the volume of multiple word utterances; sufficient.

Source: Page 104

18. Vervet monkeys have three main predators – the eagle, the snake and the leopard. If a vervet monkey sees a predator, he or she emits:

a. a specific alarm call that signals to other vervet monkeys the type of predator that has been spotted.

b. a general alarm call that does not distinguish the type of predator, but rather that a threat has been identified.

c. no alarm call, and instead takes cover in undergrowth in an effort to go undetected.

d. no alarm call, and instead approaches the predator in an effort to distract attention away from other members of its colony.

Source: Page 106

19. Studies of nonhuman primate grooming and human touch reveal that a key function of tactile contact includes all but which one of the following?

a. soothe.

b. control subordinates.

c. signal safety.

d. increase cooperation.

Source: Pages 107-108

20. Emotional expressions serve an incentive function that facilitates the coordination of social interactions by:

a. providing information about the sender’s current emotions.

b. triggering particular emotional responses in perceivers.

c. rewarding desirable social behaviors.

d. signalling the sender’s relationship with the target.

Source: Page 110

21. Researchers have identified the following ways that members of different cultures vary in their emotional expression:

1. The intensity of their emotional expression
2. The way they regulate their expression
3. The unique dialects in which they express emotions
4. All of the above

Source: Pages 111-112

22. Csikszentmihalyi (1996) and his students investigated the relationship between emotions and creativity in exceptionally creative people. They found that:

1. Artists were preoccupied by positive emotions
2. Creative expression arises out of emotional experience
3. Creativity often preceded emotional experiences
4. Artists are good at accurately perceiving others’ emotional expressions

Source: Page 114