Test Bank

Chapter 11: White-Collar Crime: Occupational and Corporate

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following criminologists is credited with first drawing attention to white-collar crime within the social sciences?

a. Karl Marx

b. Sarbanes Oxley

c. Richard Quinney

d. Edwin Sutherland

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: White-Collar Crime—The Classic Statement

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. A retail employee overcharges a customer for an item and then pockets the difference. This practice is best identified as a(an) ______ crime.

a. corporate

b. occupational

c. organizational

d. professional

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. A company knowingly allows an unsafe product to be sold because it is anticipated to result in a greater profit than pulling the product from the market. This would qualify as ______ crime.

a. corporate

b. cyber

c. occupational

d. professional

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Those who prospered by flagitious [shameful] practices that may not yet come under the ban of public opinion were referred to as ______ by Lombroso and Ross.

a. criminals

b. criminaloids

c. criminalists

d. crime enthusiasts

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. According to C. Wright Mill’s theory, which of the following groups run the United States?

a. power elite

b. criminaloids

c. lower masses

d. celebrities

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. _______ was used by C. Wright Mills to describe the moral insensibility of the power elite.

a. Power morality

b. Higher immorality

c. Power immorality

d. Higher morality

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Crime that is committed during the course of a legitimate occupation for the benefit of the employee is referred to as ______ crime.

a.occupational

b. corporate

c. organizational

d. individual

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which of the following is an example of a crime committed by a person operating on an individual ad hoc basis?

a. embezzlement

b. antitrust violations

c. credit card fraud

d. phony contests

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe the history of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: History of Corporate, Organizational, and Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which of the following is an example of a crime committed in the course of their occupation and in violation of their duty of loyalty and fidelity to employers or clients?

a. payroll padding

b. income tax violations

c. commercial birbery

d. advance fee swindles

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe the history of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: History of Corporate, Organizational, and Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following is an example of a crime that is considered incidential to, and in furtherance of business operations, but not central to the purpose of the business?

a. medical and health fraud

b. bankruptcy fraud

c. antitrust violations

d. payroll padding

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe the history of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: History of Corporate, Organizational, and Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which of the following is considered a slang term used to refer to various criminal techniques?

a. con

b. scam

c. scheme

d. bunko

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe the history of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cons and Scams

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which of the following is considered the first step in a big con?

a. having the victim invest further

b. getting the victim out of the way

c. putting up the mark

d. playing the con

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.4: Provide examples of various types of cons and scams.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Big Cons

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of the following is considered the last step in a big con?

a. cooling out the mark

b. roping the mark

c. sending the victim after more money

d. putting in the fix

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.4: Provide examples of various types of cons and scams.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Big Cons

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. ______ pay off early investors with money obtained from later investors in a doomed enterprise.

a. Pyramid schemes

b. Religious cons

c. A badger game

d. Ponzi schemes

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.4: Provide examples of various types of cons and scams.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ponzi Schemes

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which of the following resembles the familiar chain letter that asks you to send a dollar to the first name on the list, add your name to the bottom, duplicate four copies of the new list, and recruit four new members to continue the chain?

a. ponzi schemes

b. pyramid schemes

c. religious cons

d. badger games

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.4: Provide examples of various types of cons and scams.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pyramid Scheme

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Occupational crime can be controlled by all of the following except ______.

a. professional associations

b. administrative law

c. individuals

d. traditional criminal law

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Occupations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. ______ calls for taking always licenses, seizing illegal goods, and charging fines.

a. Adminsitrative law

b. Traditional criminal law

c. Self-regulation

d. Civil law

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. A(n) ______ is a legal entity that permits a business to make use of capital provided by stockholders.

a. commission

b. corporation

c. independent broker

d. organization

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. If the government appears to have a solid case, which of the following are corporations permitted to plead?

a. guilty by association

b. mala prohibita

c. nolo contendere

d. pilferage

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Which of the following forbids the formation of monopolies?

a. Clayton Act

b. Federal Trade Act

c. Sarbanes–Oxley Act

d. Sherman Anti-trust Act

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which of the following is true regarding regulatory agencies in the United States?

a. They often use criminal penalties and large fines to regulate corporate crime.

b. They often lack sufficient investigative staff.

c. They do well at avoiding conflicts of interest.

d. They have few sanctions available to them for enforcing regulations.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which of the following refers to the agreement of a corporation to stop violating the regulation for which it has been charged?

a. collusion

b. consent decree

c. espionage

d. recall

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Political corruption by public servants or office holders (public employees) is an example of crimes by ______.

a. employees against individuals

b. employees against employees

c. individuals

d. employees against organizations

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Individuals (the Public)

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. All of the following, except ______, are examples of crimes incidental to and in furtherance of business operations but not the central purpose of the business.

a. tax violations

b. false weights and measure by retailers

c. padding of payrolls

d. deceptive advertising

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Individuals (the Public)

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. According to the 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index, which of the following countries ranked number one with a score of 89?

a. Denmark

b. New Zealand

c. Norway

d. Canada

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Individuals (the Public)

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Which of the following is used to describe a practice in which auto dealer franchises are required to force accessories and unnecessary sales onto customers to keep their franchise?

a. sweethear contracts

b. coerced crime

c. corporate dumping

d. pyramid schemes

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Individuals (the Public)

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. When labor officials and negotiators secretly make a deal with management to the disadvantage of workers, it is known as ______.

a. ambulance-chasing

b. a sweetheart contract

c. embezzlement

d. labor fraud

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. ______ is the most highly publicized form of workplace violence.

a. Rapes

b. Suicides

c. Murder

d. Assaults

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Embezzlement classifies as which of the following?

a. professional crime

b. organizational crime

c. occupational crime

d. corporate crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Embezzlement

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. A person in a position of financial trust transfers money from the corporation into a personal account. This is known as ______.

a. corporate crime

b. embezzlement

c. pilferage

d. “pump and dump”

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Embezzlement

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which of the following is a characteristic of embezzelers?

a. most are the elderly

b. most are women

c. most are upper class

d. most lack a criminal history

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Embezzlement

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. The term quack is usually associated with crime in which profession?

a. medicine

b. insider trading

c. education

d. finance

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crimes by Individuals (or Members of Occupations)

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. ______ entails directing patients to a particular pharmacy.

a. Fee splitting

b. Pink-ponging

c. Steering

d. Gang visits

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Medicine

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which of the following involves billing for unnecessary multiple services?

a. gang visits

b. fee splitting

c. steering

d. pink-ponging

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Medicine

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. ______ takes place when billing is provided for more expensive unprovided services.

a. Falsifying records

b. Upcoding

c. Pink-ponging

d. Phantom treatments

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Medicine

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which of the following occurs when agents, brokers, or company officials who are aware of pending developments make use of this privileged information to buy or sell stocks before the public learns of these events?

a. bribery

b. embezzelement

c. insider trading

d. ponzi schemes

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Insider Trading

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. One study found that approximately two thirds of Americans tolerate some sort of fraud against ______ and roughly 40% wanted little or no punishment for the accused.

a. bank violations

b. computers

c. insurance companies

d. tax violations

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Stockholders that collect high commissions by running up sales with unnecessary buy-and-sell orders are guilty of ______.

a. “churning”

b. industrial espionage

c. “kiting”

d. whistle-blowing

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Short-weighting customers and overcharging for products is known as ______.

a. “churning”

b. “bait and switch”

c. “kiting”

d. “greasy thumb on the scale”

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Carl is a small merchant who advertised a product that is not available. Yet, he proceeds to push a more expensive product on the customer. The technique he is using is an example of ______.

a. “churning”

b. “bait and switch”

c. “kiting”

d. “greasy thumb on the scale”

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. ______ crime is a type of organizational crime committed in free enterprise economies and thus involves criminal activity on behalf of and for the benefit of a private business.

a. Organizational

b. Occupational

c. Corporate

d. Property

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Corporate Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Production of unsafe products is an example of a crime committed by an ______ against an ______.

a. employee; organization

b. individual (public); employee

c. organization; individual(public)

d. organization; organization

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crimes by Organizations/Corporations Against Individuals (the Public)

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. The National Consumer Product Safety Commission estimates that 20 million serious injuries and 30,000 deaths a year are caused by ______.

a. “churning”

b. environmental contaminants

c. securities fraud

d. unsafe consumer products

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corporate Fraud

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Which of the following incidents involved the sale of an unsafe product?

a. Chernobyl

b. The Ford Pinto Case

c. The “Great Electrical Conspiracy”

d. Watergate

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sale of Unsafe Products

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Which of the following refers to a practice in which corporations sell products overseas that have been deemed unsafe in this country?

a. corporate dumping

b. cracking

c. “greasy thumb on the scale”

d. “pump and dump”

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Toxic Criminals

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. According to the authors, which of the following is considered the ultimate and most insidious of crimes?

a. property crime

b. violent crime

c. toxic crime

d. corporate crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Toxic Criminals

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Employees who are willing to step forward, usually at great personal sacrifice, to reveal wrongdoing of the part of their employers are guilty of ______.

a. “churning”

b. industrial espionage

c. “kiting”

d. whistle-blowing

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crimes by Organizations Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. Which of the following health conditions was caused by cotton mill exposure?

a. black lung

b. brown lung

c. white lung

d. yellow lung

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crimes by Organizations Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Cheating on government contracts is an example of ______.

a. crimes by organizations against employees

b. crimes by organizations/corporations against individuals (the public)

c. crimes by employees against individuals (the public)

d. crimes by organizations (corporations) against corporations

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crimes by Organizations (Corporations) Against Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. All of the following were identified as parallels between the behavior of corporate criminals and that of professional and organized criminals except for ______.

a. they are recidivists

b. violations are not typically widespread

c. offenders do not lose status among their peers or associates

d. businesspeople revel contempt for government regulators, officials, and laws

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Criminal Careers of Occupational and Organizational Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. What is the “big dirty secret” regarding white-collar/corporate crime?

a. The criminal justice system is soft on white-collar crime.

b. Most employees steal from their employers.

c. Chase Manhattan Bank did business with the Nazis during the war.

d. IBM claims to have lost $1 billion because of French and Japanese espionage.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Societal Reaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Convicted white-collar offenders who often do not pay penalties are referred to as ______.

a. “swindlers”

b. “losers”

c. “cheats”

d. “deadbeats”

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Societal Reaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. The belief that government should not interfere in business is referred to as ______.

a. antitrust violations

b. commercial bribery

c. laissez faire

d. truth-in-lending

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.9: Evaluate the reasons for the leniency in punishing white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why the Leniency in Punishment?

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Which of the following theories argues that profit at all cost has come to dominate all institutions in modern society?

a. anomie

b. social disorganization

c. routine activities

d. social bonds

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theory and Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

True / False

1. White-collar crime is crime committed by those within legitimate occupations or organizations.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: White-Collar Crime—The Classic Statement

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Corporate crime refers to personal violations that take place for self-benefit during the course of a legitimate occupation.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. C. Wright Mills argues that the power elite run the United States.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The cost of traditional crimes far exceeds the cost of white-collar crimes as recorded in official police statistics.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.2: Identify issues with the measurement and cost of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Measurement and Cost of Occupational and Corporate Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Political corruption, bribery, kickbacks, and influence peddling among federal, state, and local political officeholders have been problematic since the very beginnings of the republic.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe the history of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: History of Corporate, Organizational, and Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Many white-collar crimes are considered semiprofessional.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.4: Provide examples of various types of cons and scams.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cons and Scams

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. In the badger game, swindlers pretend to be government investigators seeking the cooperation of the victim to catch a dishonest bank teller.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.4: Provide examples of various types of cons and scams.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cons and Scams

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Affinity group fraud involves individuals claiming to be fellow members of the victim’s religion, ethnic group, or professional group and claiming to want to help one of their fellow members.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.4: Provide examples of various types of cons and scams.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Religious Cons

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The FBI originally was involved in ivestigating and enforcing white-collar crimes such as false purchases, security sales violations, bankruptcy fraud, and antitrust violations.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Actions by professional ethics boards can include suspensions, censure, temporary or permanent removal of license and membership.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Occupations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first of many regulatory laws passed to control corporate behavior.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. A plea of no contest to charges is referred to as nolo contendere.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.5: Discuss the legal regulations in place for occupations and organizations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizations and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Commercial bribery and kickbacks (in which the individual personally benefits) can take place in a variety of ways.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Private Corruption

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. A sweetheart contract is an open deal between labor negotiators and management to the disadvantage of the workers.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Occupational crimes can only be controlled by certain designated regulatory agencies.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Occupational Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. “Sweetheart contract” refers to a situation in which a boss provides a promotion to an employee in exchange for sexual acts.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Theft from an employer by an employee who has reached a level of trust is referred to as bribery.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crimes by Employees Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Unnecessarily moving a patient from one provider to another when only one was treated is referred to as steering.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Medicine

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) forbids the payment of bribes to obtain business contracts.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Multinational Bribery

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The Ford Pinto case is an example of an occupational crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sale of Unsafe Products

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The practice whereby corporations sell products overseas that have been deemed unsafe in the United States by the EPA, FDA, or other federal agencies is referred to as corporate dumping.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Toxic Criminals

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Employees who are willing to step forward, usually at great personal sacrifice, to reveal wrongdoing on the part of their employers are known as whistle-blowers.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crimes by Organizations Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Wartime trade violations has been a relatively neglected area of investigation by criminologists.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Wartime Trade Violations

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. In most cases, occupational and corporate offenders lose status among their peers as a result of their illegal behavior.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminal Careers of Occupational and Organizational Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Occupational and corporate offenders generally do not view their activities as criminal.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminal Careers of Occupational and Organizational Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Corporate crime occurs in a vaccum.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminal Careers of Occupational and Organizational Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Judges and government agencies are “soft” on corporate crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Societal Reaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. White-collar crime is one area where deterrence and rational choice theories are most applicable.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theory and Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The penalties for white-collar crime are often strong, enforced, and an effective deterrent.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theory and Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Define the term occupational crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Identify two problems faced by researchers in the study of occupational and/or corporate crime.

1) Higher professions are self-regulating, and very often codes of silence and protectionism rather than sanctions greet wrongdoers.

2) Many employers simply ask for resignations from errant workers to avoid scandal and recrimination.

3) Occupational crime statistics are not kept on a systematic basis by criminal justice agencies or by professional associations.

4) Probes of occupational wrongdoing by outsiders are usually greeted by secrecy or a professional version of “honor among thieves.”

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.2: Identify issues with the measurement and cost of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Measurement and Cost of Occupational and Corporate Crime

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Define embezzlement.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Embezzlement

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is the Robin Hood myth?

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Embezzlement

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Identify one to two common techniques of employee retail theft.

1) Cashiers who ring up a lower price on single-item purchases and pocket the difference or who ring up lower prices for “needy” friends going through the checkout

2) Clerks who do not tag some sale merchandise, then sell it at the original price and pocket the difference

3) Receiving clerks who duplicate keys to storage facilities and return to the store after-hours to help themselves

4) Truck drivers who make fictitious purchases of fuel and repairs and split the gains with truck stop employees

5) Employees who simply hide items in garbage pails, incinerators, or under trash heaps until they can be retrieved later

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.6: Explain occupational crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by employees.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Embezzlement

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Define the “revolving door” system.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Corporate Fraud

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What is corporate dumping?

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Toxic Criminals

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What is a whistleblower?

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crimes by Organizations Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Give two examples of violations of health and safety laws and what they are caused by.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crimes by Organizations Against Employees

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. What three things facilitate criminal careers of occupational and organizational offenders?

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminal Careers of Occupational and Organizational Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. What is the “big dirty secret”?

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Societal Reaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Identify some of the reforms that were put in place with theSarbanes–Oxley Act.

1) Accountants will no longer be considered independent and objective if they or their auditing partners receive non-audit (consultant) pay from publicly traded clients

2) Lawyers are required to become whistle-blowers and must report legal violations to company officers or the board of directors

3) Mutual fund managers must ensure that shareholder proxies are voted in the best interest of investors and not insiders

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.9: Evaluate the reasons for the leniency in punishing white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why the Leniency in Punishment?

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Compare and contrast occupational and organizational crimes. How are they similar to one another? What makes them distinct?

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Related Concepts

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss the impact of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962).

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.7: Explain corporate crime in terms of the types of crimes committed by organizations and corporations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Environmental Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Identify the factors that contribute to the ongoing problem of occupational, organizational, and corporate crimes. If you were tasked with reducing these types of crimes, what steps would you take and why?

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.8: Discuss the rationalizations and corporate environments that contribute to white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Societal Reaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Explain how institutional anomie theory can be used to explain white-collar crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theory and Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. How does rational choice theory relate to white-collar crime?

KEY: Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize Sutherland’s classic definition of white-collar crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theory and Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium