Test Bank

Chapter 13: Organized Crime

Multiple Choice

1. The use of multiple methodoligies in the same study is referred to as ______.

a. grounded theory

b. ethnography

c. phenomenology

d. triangulation

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: List sources of information on organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sources of Information on Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The Ku Klux Klan is an example of which of the following groups?

a. in-group-oriented organized crime

b. mercenary (predatory) organized crime

c. political–social organized crimed.

d. syndicate crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The Hell’s Angels are an example of which of the following groups?

a. in-group-oriented organized crime

b. mercenary (predatory) organized crime

c. political–social organized crime

d. syndicate crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which of the following types of organized crime refers to crime by guerilla and terrorist groups and various militant social movements that use violence?

a. in-group-oriented organized crime

b. mercenary (predatory) organized crime

c. political–social organized crime

d. syndicate crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which of the following types of organized crime refers to crimes committed by groups for direct personal profit, crimes that prey on unwilling victims?

a. mercenary organized crime

b. political–social organized crime

c. syndicate crime

d. in-group-oriented organized crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which of the following types of organized crime is committed for psycholgoical gratification?

a. mercenary organized crime

b. political–social organized crime

c. syndicate crime

d. in-group-oriented organized crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. All of the following were identified as elements of organized crime except for ______.

a. politics

b. violence

c. illicit services

d. immunity

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Scholars have found that it is more useful to conceive of organized crima as a matter of degree.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organized Crime Continuum

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. According to Klein, which of the following is true regarding street gangs?

a. Los Angeles gangs do not franchise drug distribution to the rest of the country.

b. Street gangs are all violent.

c. Street gangs control drug distribution in our cities.

d. They are highly organized and cohesive, with centralized leadership.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. According to Hagedorn’s typology, which of the following types of gang members view illegal drug sales as their career?

a. dope fiends

b. homeboys

c. legits

c. new jacks

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. According to Hagedorn’s typology, which of the following do African American and Latino adult gang members tend to be?

a. dope fiends

b. homeboys

c. legits

d. new jacks

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Beginning in the 1970s and continuing into the 1990s, gang violence in the U.S. worsened. All of the following contributed to this violence except ______.

a. drugs

b. guns

c. sex trafficking

d. territory

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. It is estimated that ______ of every ten federal prisoners is in a gang.

a. one

b. three

c. five

d. seven

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. All of the following were identified by Sanders (1994) as levels of commitment in gang members except for ______.

a. fringe

b. associate

c. hardcore

d. affiliate

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which of the following types of gang members are those who mature out of the gang?

a. new jacks

b. homeboys

c. legits

d. dope fiends

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which of the following is a term primarily used to refer to Japanese organized crime syndicates?

a. La Costa Notra

b. Mafiya

c. Triad

c. Yakuza

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Yakuza

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which of the following is a characteristic of organized crime figures in Japan?

a. They have military haircuts.

b. They are missing the tips of their little fingers.

c. They often work as taxi drivers.

d. They drive expensive cars.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Yakuza

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. According to the text, the Yakuza are widely involved in ______.

a. political corruption

b. drugs

c. sexual slavery

d. organ trafficking

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Yakuza

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The Yakuza are most likely to be ______.

a. Chinese

b. lower-class

c. educated

d. business men

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Yakuza

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Secret Chinese organizations are referred to as ______.

a. Yakuza

b. mafia

c. triads

d. societies

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chinese Triad Societies

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which of the following numbers is considered to have significance in secret Chinese organizations?

a. one

b. three

c. five

d. six

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chinese Triad Societies

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Which of the following terms is used to describe Russian organized crime?

a. Yakuza

b. triad

c. gang

d. mafiya

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Russian Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. According to Ianni, which of the following phrases describes organized crime as a means of upward mobility where such mobility would otherwise not be possible?

a. legitimate means of attaining illegitimate success

b. mafiya model to success

c. queer ladder of mobility

d. Yakuza society

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. According to the United Nations’ identification of different types of organized crime organizations, which of the following refers to an association of groups with a single governing body?

a. devolved hierarchy

b. hierarchical conglomerate

c. organized crime network

d. rigid hierarchy

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. According to the United Nations’ identification of different types of organized crime groups, which of the following refers to a system of shifting alliances that do not regard themselves as an organized crime entity?

a. devolved hierarchy

b. hierarchical conglomerate

c. organized crime network

d. rigid hierarchy

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. According to the United Nations’ identification of different types of organized crime organizations, which of the following refers to a single boss, with divisions reporting to the center, and a strong internal system of discipline?

a. devolved hierarchy

b. hierarchical conglomerate

c. organized crime network

d. rigid hierarchy

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. According to the United Nations’ identification of different types of organized crime organizations, which of the following refers to regional structures with own leadership and autonomy?

a. devolved hierarchy

b. hierarchical conglomerate

c. organized crime network

d. rigid hierarchy

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. According to the United Nations’ identification of different types of organized crime organizations, which of the following refers to a relatievly loose group characterized by horizontal rather than vertical arrangements?

a. devolved hierarchy

b. hierarchical conglomerate

c. core criminal group

d. rigid hierarchy

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Which of the following is true of money laundering?

a. Different states have widely varying laws regarding money laundering.

b. There is a federal law against money laundering, but its penalties have been criticized as being far too lenient to deter offenders.

c. There is a federal law against money laundering that carries substantial penalties.

d. While it is one aspect of the practical functioning of organized crime groups, in itself it is not an illegal activity.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Which of the following is commonly used in money laundering?

a. casinos

b. department stores

c. hotels and resorts

d. shopping centers

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. All of the following countries were identified as having created bank secrecy laws that forbid the disclosure of the financial affairs of account holders except for ______.

a. the Bahamas

b. Panama

c. Mexico

d. Switzerland

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. In the United States, money laundering is considered a ______.

a. misdeameanor

b. infraction

c. status offense

d. federal crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Disguising the money trail by transferring the money into the bank account of phone companies and creating false invoices and enterprises using offshore banks and wire transfers is referred to as ______.

a. placement

b. layering

c. intergration

d. distribution

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Collecting the dirty money and moving it into the financial system is referred to as ______.

a. placement

b. layering

c. intergration

d. distribution

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. The now-clear money can be used for investments, political campaign donations, and the infiltraiton of legitimate enterprise is referred to as ______.

a. placement

b. layering

c. intergration

d. distribution

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. In regard to drug trafficking, which of the following is used to refer to the northern border areas of Thailand, Burma, and Laos?

a. The Golden Crescent

b. The Golden Triangle

c. Latin America

d. Yakuza

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Which of the following includes areas of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey?

a. The Golden Crescent

b. The Golden Triangle

c. Latin America

d. Yakuza

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Albanese describes three models or paradigms of organized crime, which include all of the following except for ______.

a. organized crime as a legitimate business practice

b. organized crime as a nationwide conspiracy

c. organized crime as an enterprise

d. organized crime as local, ethnic groups

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.4: Evaluate several theories of the nature of syndicate crime in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theories of the Nature of Syndicate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Cressey proposed that syndicate crime in the United States is characterized by a nationwide alliance of tightly knit families and a membership composed of Sicilian and Italian descendants in what is known as the ______ Theory.

a. Cosa Nostra

b. Enterprise

c. Syndicate

d. The Patron

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.4: Evaluate several theories of the nature of syndicate crime in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Cosa Nostra Theory (The Cressey Model)

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. All of the following are essential strategic tools of organized crime, except for ______.

a. blackmail

b. bribery

c. corruption

c. loan sharking

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Classic Pattern of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. The American Bar Association, in its Report on Organized Crime (1952), concluded that “the largest single factor in the breakdown of law enforcement in dealing with organzied crime is ______.

a. corruption of many public officials

b. intercepting financial accounts in overseas banks

c. investigating illegal business practices

d. stopping the misrepresentation of business practices

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Strategic and Tactical Crimes

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. The largest illegal business or organized criminals is now ______.

a. prostitution

b. pornography

c. labor racketeering

c. drugs

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Illegal Businesses and Activities

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Labor racketeering generally refers to ______.

a. bid-rigging rackets

b. the infiltration of unions to use their influence for personal profit

c. sale of prepaid phone cards to labor unions

d. transnational smuggling of illegal aliens into the labor market

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Illegal Businesses and Activities

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. The practice of loaning individuals money when they are in urgent need, and charging high interest rates, is known as ______.

a. extortion

b. loan sharking

c. playing the numbers game

d. racketeering

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.7: Describe some of the strategies, investigative procedures, and laws that have arisen as a reaction to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Illegal Businesses and Activities

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Which of the following is true regarding organized criminals?

a. They often do not identify strongly with crime or criminal activity.

b. They tend to come from high-income areas.

c. They tend to maintain their livelihood through crime.

d. They tend to be open about their associations and criminal offenses.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.6: Describe various tenets of organized crime as a criminal career.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crime Careers of Organized Criminals

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Which of the following terms refers to the control of drugs by stopping the transport and smuggling of drugs into the United States?

a. interdiction

b. interruption

c. interception

d. injunction

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.7: Describe some of the strategies, investigative procedures, and laws that have arisen as a reaction to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Control Strategies

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which of the following prohibits proceeds from a pattern of racketeering activity from being used in acquiring legitimate businesses that are involved in interstate commerce?

a. The Hobbs Act

b. RICO

c. The Robber Baron Act

d. The Mafia Regulation Act

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.7: Describe some of the strategies, investigative procedures, and laws that have arisen as a reaction to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The RICO Statute

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Theoretically, anomie theory explains that in the pursuit of the American Dream of financial success, various groups have found themselves at a critical disadavantage and find that legitimate means to success are blocked. Consequently, their mode of adaptation for achieving success is ______.

a. rebellion

b. innovation

c. retreatism

d. ritualism

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.8: Assess how criminological theories apply to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theory and Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which of the following theories posits that groups find themselves in neighborhoods where legitimate avenues of upward mobility are blocked?

a. anomie theory

b. differential opportunity theory

c. social bonds theory

d. routine activities theory

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.8: Assess how criminological theories apply to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theory and Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

True / False

1. There is one definition for organized crime used by the general public, legsilatures, law enforcement agencies, social scientists, and syndicate members themselves.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: List sources of information on organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Many people are familiar with the traditional forms or organized crime thanks to films like The Godfather and Goodfellas.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: List sources of information on organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sources of Information on Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Criminologists use the term organized crime to refer to any crime involving two or more people.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Organized crime is used in the most generic sense to refer to group crimes.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Not all organized crime is committed by Organized Crime groups.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Street gangs are all highly organized, very cohesive, and have centralized leadership.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. According to Hagedorn’s typology, “dope fiends” view illegal drug sales as their primary career.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Street gangs are all violent.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The RICO statute prohibits the use of the proceeds from criminal operations from being used to acquire legitimate operations.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Internationally, organized crime is confined to one political arena and thrives especially in political climates such as corrupt dictatorships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Yakuza is the Chinese term for gangsters.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Yakuza

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Chinese triad organizations are often referred to as red societies.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chinese Triad Societies

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Triad groups are nonhierarchical and informal.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chinese Triad Societies

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Russian crime groups in the United States are fluid, with transient membership in each group varying from 5 to 20 persons.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Russian Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The term transnational crime refers to criminal activities that take place across county/state lines in one country.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Organized crime first came to the United States with Italian immigrants, as a “Mafia transplant.”

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Money laundering refers to making clean or washing “dirty money.”

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The most powerful international drug trafficking organization in the world was the Medellin cartel of Colombia.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Colombian Cartels

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Enterprise theory argues that organized crime and normal business are similar activities on different ends of a spectrum of legitimacy.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.4: Evaluate several theories of the nature of syndicate crime in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of the Nature of Syndicate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. According to the Italian American Syndicate, organized crime groups and their leaders resemble a medieval system of shifting warlords in which whoever has the most power and is able to render the greatest services controls support.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.4: Evaluate several theories of the nature of syndicate crime in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Patron Theory (The Albini Model)

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The strength of organized criminal groups is based on their willingness and ability to use force or threats of force to assure discipline within and outside the organization.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic and Tactical Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Arson, murder, and bribery are essential strategic tools of organized crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic and Tactical Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Blackmail is not easily achieved by organized crime figures.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategic and Tactical Crimes

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Racketeering is characterized by the three steps of placement, layering, and integration.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Businesses and Activities

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. With major crackdowns on traditional organized crime activities such as extortion and bid-rigging rackets, mafia crime groups in New York in the ’90s were shifting some of their focus to health frauds, prepaid phone cards, and Wall Street scams.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Illegal Businesses and Activities

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Loan sharks illegally lend money at usurious interest rates.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Illegal Businesses and Activities

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Success at small business permits mob infiltration of big business, which is the heart of the nation’s economy.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.5: Identify some of the classic patterns of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Big Business and Government

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Organized criminal activity is an example of career crime, in which crime is pursued as a livelihood.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.6: Describe various tenets of organized crime as a criminal career.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime Careers of Organized Criminals

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The Hobbs Act is an antiracketeering act that can basically be interpreted to mean that any interference with interstate commerce to any degree whatsoever is in violation of the act.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.7: Describe some of the strategies, investigative procedures, and laws that have arisen as a reaction to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hobbs Act

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Assets forfeiture (seizure) is an example of laws that have been used against organized crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.7: Describe some of the strategies, investigative procedures, and laws that have arisen as a reaction to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Laws and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. List two to three sources of information, according to Lipsha (1982).

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.1: List sources of information on organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sources of Information on Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. List and describe two types of organized crime according to Albini.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Discuss the continuum model of organized crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organized Crime Continuum

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. List two common myths of street gangs, as identified by Klein.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What is MS-13?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Identify Klein’s four myths regarding street gangs.

1) They are highly organized, very cohesive, and have centralized leadership.

2) Street gangs are all violent.

3) Street gangs control drug distribution in our cities.

4) Los Angeles gangs franchise drug distribution to the rest of the country.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. How is the Yakuza different from its United States counterparts?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Yakuza

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Identify two crimes that are commonly committed in the context of organized crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nature of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The United Nations identified five different types of organized crime groups. List and briefly describe each of these groups.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. What is the ethnic succession theory?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethnicity and Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Identify the three-step process of money laundering.

1) Placement—Collect the dirty money and move it into the financial system.

2) Layering—Disguise the money trail by transferring the money into the bank account of phony companies, creating false invoices and enterprises using offshore banks and wire transfers.

3) Integration—The now-clean money can be used for investments, political campaign donations, and the infiltration of legitimate enterprise.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Money Laundering

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Internationally, what are the three primary centers of supply for illegal drugs?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Drug Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. What is the iron law of opium trade?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Drug Trafficking

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Identify and describe each of the three main paradigms of organized crime in the field of criminology.

1) Conspiracy theory—organized crime as a nationwide conspiracy

2) Organized crime as local, ethnic groups

3) Organized crime as enterprise (p. 96)

The conspiracy theory is what this writer calls “cosa nostra theory,” while the local ethnic groups I will call “patron theory.” Enterprise theory, as first proposed by Dwight Smith (1975, 1978), argues that organized crime and normal business are similar activities on different ends of a “spectrum of legitimacy.” Organized crime represents an extension of the principles of legitimate business in illicit areas (Albanese, 1989).

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.4: Evaluate several theories of the nature of syndicate crime in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of the Nature of Syndicate Crime in the United States

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. List three things organized criminals tend to do.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.6: Describe various tenets of organized crime as a criminal career.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime Careers of Organized Criminals

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Identify two possible methods for controlling the availability of illegal drugs.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.7: Describe some of the strategies, investigative procedures, and laws that have arisen as a reaction to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Drug Control Strategies

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Identify two investigative procedures that are used in the fight against organized crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.7: Describe some of the strategies, investigative procedures, and laws that have arisen as a reaction to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Investigative Procedures

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. What was the goal of the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970?

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.7: Describe some of the strategies, investigative procedures, and laws that have arisen as a reaction to organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organized Crime Control Act

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Discuss the three key features of syndicate crime.

1) A continuing group or organization that participates in illicit activity in any society by the use of force, intimidation, or threats

2) The structuring of a group or organization whose purpose is to provide illicit services for which there is a strong public demand, through the use of secrecy on the part of associates

3) The assurance of protection and immunity necessary for its operation through political corruption or avoidance of prosecution

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Organized Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. List and describe two types of gang members based on Hagedorn’s typology.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.2: Describe the various types of organized crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Street Gangs

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Describe the nature and evolution of Chinese Triad Societies.

KEY: Learning Objective: 13.3: Discuss the influence of criminal activities and ethnic, subcultural, and cultural values on the nature and structure of organized criminal groups.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chinese Triad Societies

Difficulty Level: Medium