Test Bank Evolution And Natural Selection Chapter 14

Essentials of The Living World, 6e (Johnson)

Chapter 14 Evolution and Natural Selection

1) In 1859, naturalist ________ suggested an explanation for why evolution occurs.

A) Robert McKormick

B) Charles Darwin

C) Charles Lyell

D) Thomas Malthus

E) Peter Grant

2) The purpose of the voyage of the HMS Beagle was to

A) discover new routes to the New World.

B) survey the living creatures on islands only.

C) map navigational routes around the coasts of South America.

D) search for gold.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

3) Darwin's evidence that evolution occurs included

A) the existence of fossils that closely resembled living specimens.

B) a distinctive distribution of plants and animals in lands with similar climates that were not physically connected.

C) unique but similar species on several nearby islands.

D) the observation that species that possess physical and behavioral attributes survive and reproduce.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

4) Darwin better understood the mechanism for natural selection after he read a book by ________ on the rate of growth of populations.

A) Alfred Wallace

B) Charles Lyell

C) Thomas Malthus

D) Jean Lamarck

E) Keith Campbell

5) Sizes of natural populations remain relatively stable over time because ________ limits population numbers.

A) death

B) birth

C) immigration

D) emigration

E) evolution

6) Darwin's main principle of natural selection was that

A) only the oldest live to reproduce.

B) organisms can acquire advantageous adaptations as they encounter new habitats.

C) death limits population size and those individuals that produce the most offspring are more likely to survive.

D) every organism has the potential to produce more offspring than can survive and those individuals that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive.

E) only the youngest and fit could reproduce.

7) The final stimulus that convinced Darwin to publish his findings came from a young English naturalist, ________, who had come to the same conclusion as Darwin from his own observations.

A) Thomas Malthus

B) Alfred Russell Wallace

C) John Henslow

D) Charles Lyell

E) Keith Campbell

8) Darwin's finches proved that beak sizes

A) adjusted within a given year, depending on nutrition status.

B) were the result of natural selection and were inherited.

C) were completely random and no pattern was determined.

D) made no difference as to the food being eaten.

E) all remained the same over time.

9) The notion that more distantly related organisms should have accumulated a greater number of evolutionary differences than those more closely related can best be illustrated using

A) radioactive isotope dating.

B) gel electrophoresis.

C) the geologic timescale.

D) DNA analysis.

E) reproductive rates.

10) The fossil record indicates that whales evolved from

A) hoofed mammals.

B) fish.

C) sharks.

D) dinosaurs.

E) two-legged land mammals.

11) Analogous structures are those similar in organisms but are not evolutionarily related. These structures are due to

A) similar selective pressures.

B) differing selective pressures.

C) chance alone.

D) directional mutation.

E) adaptive radiation.

12) Structures in different vertebrates that are put to different uses are called

A) heterologous structures.

B) vestigial structures.

C) analogous structures.

D) homologous structures.

E) similar structures.

13) In a certain population, the frequency of a dominant allele is represented by p = 0.7, and the frequency of the recessive allele is represented by 0.3. What is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?

A) 1

B) 0.5

C) 0.42

D) 0.01

E) 2

14) The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is based on a number of assumptions. Which of the following is not one of those?

A) Mating occurs in a nonrandom pattern.

B) The size of the population is large.

C) There is no migration.

D) There are no mutations.

E) Allele frequencies stay constant from one generation to the next.

15) In small populations, gene frequencies can change drastically by chance alone. This phenomenon is called

A) migration.

B) density-independent effect.

C) density-dependent effect.

D) genetic drift.

E) the founder effect.

16) When only a very few individuals give rise to a new population in a new area of favorable habitat, the new population might possess different genotype frequencies for a certain trait than the larger population from which it separated. This is called the ________ effect.

A) mutation

B) founder

C) inbreeding

D) outbreeding

E) migration

17) In human infants, there has long been evolution toward having the highest survival rate at a 6-7 pound birth weight. This is an example of

A) directional selection.

B) disruptive selection.

C) stabilizing selection.

D) random chance.

E) random selection.

18) When selection operates to eliminate intermediate phenotypes, it is referred to as

A) directional selection.

B) disruptive selection.

C) stabilizing selection.

D) random chance.

E) random selection.

19) The frequency of sickle-cell disease in Central African humans is an example of

A) directional selection.

B) disruptive selection.

C) stabilizing selection.

D) random chance.

E) random selection.

20) Two populations of flowers are separated by a mountain range and would not be capable of interbreeding. This is an example of ________ isolation.

A) behavioral

B) mechanical

C) ecological

D) geographical

E) temporal

21) You find one population of finches living in a swamp and another living in a meadow, and long-term observation shows no interbreeding. You could say that there is ________ isolation.

A) behavioral

B) mechanical

C) ecological

D) temporal

E) geographic

22) Bees may pick up pollen of one flowering species on a certain place on their bodies. If this area does not come into contact with the receptive structures of the flowers of another plant species, the pollen is not transferred. This is an example of

A) temporal isolation.

B) mechanical isolation.

C) ecological isolation.

D) geographical isolation.

E) behavioral isolation.

23) If two species of plants bloom during different seasons in the same habitat, this is known as

A) mechanical isolation.

B) temporal isolation.

C) ecological isolation.

D) geographical isolation.

E) behavioral isolation.

24) Which of the following provides supporting evidence of evolution?

A) the fossil record

B) the molecular record

C) homologous structures

D) analogous structures

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

25) Until recently, selection favored the darker form of the peppered moth in areas affected by the industrial revolution.

26) In a large population of flowers, the frequency of a trait's recessive allele is 0.4. What is the frequency of the trait's dominant allele?

A) 0.16

B) 0.6

C) 0.4

D) 0.36

E) 1

27) The intelligent design argument

A) was proposed by William Paley.

B) relies on the complexity of organs.

C) states there must be a designer.

D) describes biological systems as being irreducibly complex.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

28) In a large population of humans, 4% of individuals exhibit the recessive phenotype. What percentage of individuals are homozygous for the dominant phenotype?

A) 36%

B) 16%

C) 8%

D) 64%

E) 10%

29) Much of the evolutionary history of vertebrates can be seen in the way in which their ________ develop.

A) digestive tracts

B) embryos

C) brains

D) appendages

E) eyes

30) In the book, "The Descent of Man," Darwin suggests that human beings were descended from the same ancestor as ________.

31) The finches, giant tortoises, and other organisms on the ________ Islands influenced Darwin's studies greatly.

32) ________ are preserved remains of dead organisms that have been buried and mineralized over time.

33) The bones of vertebrate forelimbs are similar because of descent from the same body part in a common ancestor. These forelimbs can be called ________ structures.

34) Two closely related species that fail to recognize the courtship behavior of each other demonstrate ________ isolation.

35) The wings of bats, pterosaurs, and birds are examples of ________ structures that resulted from convergent evolution.

36) Selection that favors one extreme of the array of phenotypes is called ________ selection.

37) ________ causes evolutionary change when individuals move between populations and affect the genetic composition of the receiving population.

38) ________ isolating mechanisms include improper development of hybrids and failure of hybrids to become established in nature.

39) The group of reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent the formation of zygotes is referred to as ________ isolating mechanisms.

40) A ________ is a separate group of organisms incapable of interbreeding with other such groups.

41) What is the process of natural selection?

42) In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2, describe what genotype frequency is represented by each member of the equation.

43) What does the fossil record tell us?

44) Give two examples of nonrandom mating.

45) On Darwin's voyage, he was appointed as the ship's ________. This title allowed him to study and explore the biological richness of the islands.

46) The first step in testing the theory of evolution using fossil evidence is to date each of the fossils.