Test Bank Answers Evolution Of Microbial Life Ch16

Essentials of The Living World, 6e (Johnson)

Chapter 16 Evolution of Microbial Life

1) The Miller-Urey experiment included

A) finding extraterrestrial organisms.

B) the bubble model of containment of polar molecules.

C) reconstructing the oxygen-free atmosphere of early earth.

D) a focus on the ocean's floor as the site of nutrients.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

2) Scientists suspect that the first macromolecules to form when cells first arose were

A) polysaccharides.

B) DNA.

C) RNA.

D) enzymes.

E) amino acids.

3) The simplest and most abundant form of life on earth today is the

A) prokaryote.

B) fungus.

C) mold.

D) protist.

E) plant.

4) Under harsh environmental conditions, some bacteria are able to form thick-walled ________ to protect their DNA until conditions improve.

A) cysts

B) zygotes

C) spirochetes

D) endospores

E) hyphae

5) ________ consist of a core segment of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and are not considered to be living organisms.

A) Viruses

B) Protists

C) Bacteria

D) Archaea

E) Fungi

6) Viruses that can infect bacterial cells are

A) AIDS virus strains.

B) prokaryotic viruses.

C) cold viruses.

D) bacteriophages.

E) tobacco mosaic viruses.

7) Some bacteria are able to swim by using

A) flagella.

B) pili.

C) cilia.

D) pseudopods.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

8) Viruses contain ________ as the form of genetic material.

A) either RNA or DNA

B) protein

C) carbohydrates

D) amino acids

E) only DNA

9) Bats are asymptomatic carriers for which of the following diseases?

A) SARS

B) West Nile Virus

C) hantavirus

D) influenza

E) AIDS

10) Unicellular, photosynthetic protists that contain chlorophylls a and b include some types of green algae and

A) foraminifera.

B) ciliates.

C) amoebas.

D) euglenoids.

E) radiolarians.

11) Protists that have unique, double shells of silica and are unicellular are called

A) green algae.

B) diatoms.

C) red algae.

D) forams.

E) water molds.

12) The ________ are protists that stream along as a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm.

A) ciliates

B) cellular slime molds

C) plasmodial slime molds

D) water molds

E) nucleariidas

13) Amoebas move by

A) cilia.

B) flagella.

C) pseudopodia.

D) gliding mechanisms.

E) pili.

14) A mass of fungal hyphae is called a

A) septum.

B) mycelium.

C) gametophyte.

D) sporophyte.

E) blastophyte.

15) Your instructor is showing you a movie of zoospores from freshwater. You conclude she is showing you

A) ascomycetes.

B) basidiomycetes.

C) zygomycetes.

D) chytridiomycota.

E) microsporidia.

16) There are nearly ________ different species of fungi.

A) 550

B) 17,000

C) 74,000

D) 2,000

E) 200

17) In lab, you are observing morels and truffles. You notice they have spores within a sac used for asexual reproduction. You group these with other

A) ascomycetes.

B) basidiomycetes.

C) zygomycetes.

D) chytridiomycota.

E) microsporidia.

18) A lichen is made up of ________ and ________.

A) green algae; fungi

B) animals; fungi

C) fungi; plants

D) fungi; protists

E) purple algae; fungi

19) The symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi are called

A) molds.

B) lichens.

C) mycorrhizae.

D) truffles.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

20) Fungi and ________ are the main decomposers in the biosphere.

A) protists

B) animals

C) plants

D) bacteria

E) fish

21) Which substance is commercially produced by fungi?

A) some antibiotics

B) bread

C) cheese

D) wine

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

22) Fungi are at least ________ million years old.

A) 1

B) 25

C) 50

D) 100

E) 400

23) ________ ________ developed a staining process that differentiates the two main types of bacteria.

24) The ________ model proposes that when life originated, key chemical processes generating the building blocks of life were contained in a spherical structure.

25) Some bacteria can pass plasmids from one cell to another in a process called ________.

26) Some bacteria attach to surfaces of other cells with short outgrowths called ________.

27) Prokaryotes reproduce using a method called ________ ________.

28) Viruses that originate in one organism, pass to another organism, and cause a disease in the new host are called ________ viruses.

29) The slender filaments that make up the body of a fungus are called ________.

30) Fungal ________ is a common means of reproduction.

31) Fungi are ________ because they secrete digestive enzymes to break down food and absorb it into their bodies.

32) The symbiotic associations between plant roots and fungi are called ________.

33) How are fungi used by humans?

34) In lab you are shown slides of bacteria that have been Gram stained. What color would represent bacteria with thin cell walls?

A) red

B) blue

C) green

D) purple

E) orange

35) Which is found in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?

A) DNA

B) flagella

C) binary fission

D) unicellularity

E) mitosis

36) Researchers' work with ________ led to the discovery of the chemical makeup of viruses.

A) Ebola virus

B) SARS virus

C) HIV virus

D) tobacco mosaic virus

E) Zika virus

37) ________ has been the most lethal virus in human history and was responsible for killing approximately 100 million people between 1918 and 1919.

A) Influenza

B) Measles

C) Chicken pox

D) Herpes

E) West nile

38) All viruses have an envelope around their capsid.

39) Protists that obtain their energy from organic molecules synthesized by other organisms are called

A) phototrophs.

B) heterotrophs.

C) osmotrophs.

D) chemoautotrophs.

E) mixotrophs.

40) Fungi have cell walls that are

A) made of chitin.

B) resistant to microbial damage.

C) stronger than plant cell walls.

D) made of the same polysaccharide as exoskeletons of crustaceans.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

41) If you were sorting cards labeled with different phyla of microorganisms, which of the following would you remove from the box labeled "Fungi"?

A) Microsporidia

B) Zygomycota

C) Basidiomycota

D) Rhodophyta

E) Ascomycota

42) The fungi in the phylum Glomeromycota are considered ________ fungi because they reproduce asexually.

A) perfect

B) septated

C) budding

D) imperfect

E) gliding

43) In a mycorrhiza, the filamentous fungi increase the plant's uptake of

A) oxygen.

B) carbon dioxide.

C) mineral nutrients.

D) glucose.

E) carbon.

44) The fungal phyla are distinguished primarily by

A) their color.

B) their size.

C) their mode of sexual reproduction.

D) whether they make spores or not.

E) their habitat.

45) Fungi are able to break down dead or decaying matter but are unable to digest the cellulose in wood.

46) Viral genomes can consist of DNA or ________.

47) Describe the events of bacterial conjugation and the structures involved.

48) Describe what scientists feel may be the first step in the evolution of cellular organization.

49) In class, you are asked to provide examples of what would be found in Earth's early atmosphere. Which of the following would be excluded from your list?

A) methane

B) oxygen

C) ammonia

D) hydrogen sulfide

E) UV radiation

50) Gram-positive bacteria stain purple during the staining procedure because they

A) have thinner cell walls than gram-negative bacteria.

B) have thicker cell walls than gram-negative bacteria.

C) do not have cell walls.

D) have an outer membrane to their cell walls.

E) have the same cell wall composition as gram-negative bacteria.

51) If you were trying to replicate the origin of cells, you would need to reproduce ________ that could increase in size and divide.

52) Are viruses living or nonliving? Explain.

53) If you found a large fungal fruiting body arranged in a club-shaped structure, and were sure that it was not a morel, but rather a mushroom, you would classify it in the

A) ascomycetes.

B) basidiomycetes.

C) zygomycetes.

D) imperfect fungi.

E) glomeromycetes.

54) If you found a flat, green structure in the mountains on a boulder, and DNA tests showed it contained both fungi and a cyanobacteria, you would have found ________.

55) The main problem with the Miller-Urey experiment was that it didn't include the role of the ozone layer.

56) In lab, you are asked to select all components that apply to prokaryotes and not eukaryotes. Which components would you choose?

A) binary fission

B) multicellularity

C) multiple chromosomes

D) circular chromosome

E) organelles

57) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is closely related to the chimpanzee strain known as ________.

58) The ________ bat is the known carrier of the Ebola virus and spreads through the ingestion of the bat.

59) Many protists can form ________ which serve as dormant forms of the cells.

60) Select all the phyla that have multicellular protists.

A) Euglenozoa

B) Dinoflagellates

C) Phaeophyta

D) Chrysophyta

E) Rhodophyta