How Genes Work Chapter 12 Complete Test Bank

Essentials of The Living World, 6e (Johnson)

Chapter 12 How Genes Work

1) In eukaryotes, the RNA copy of a gene that leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm to make a protein is

A) rRNA.

B) tRNA.

C) mRNA.

D) siRNA.

E) dsRNA.

2) In eukaryotes, when mRNA leaves the nucleus, it then associates with

A) a designated gene.

B) RNA polymerase.

C) a ribosome.

D) proteins.

E) the Golgi complex.

3) The process of converting the order of the gene's nucleotides into the order of amino acids in a polypeptide is called

A) translation.

B) transcription.

C) transduction.

D) promotion.

E) RNA replication.

4) The mRNA has a three-nucleotide sequence called a(n) ________, while the tRNA has a complementary sequence called a(n) ________.

A) anticodon; codon

B) triplet code; stop codon

C) base; complementary base

D) codon; anticodon

E) triplet code; codon

5) The ________ molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome.

A) rRNA

B) tRNA

C) mRNA

D) ATP

E) RNA polymerase

6) If the mRNA codon is UAC, its complementary anticodon will be

A) AUG.

B) CAG.

C) ATG.

D) TUC.

7) The bases of RNA are the same as those of DNA, with the exception that RNA contains

A) cysteine instead of cytosine.

B) uracil instead of thymine.

C) cytosine instead of guanine.

D) uracil instead of adenine.

E) uracil instead of guanine.

8) A group of DNA nucleotides that is transcribed into mRNA is a(n)

A) base.

B) promoter.

C) codon.

D) gene.

E) anticodon.

9) The location where RNA polymerase binds to the DNA molecule to start transcription is called the ________ site.

A) operon

B) exon

C) promoter

D) operator

E) initiation

10) In eukaryotes, the nucleotide sequences encoding a sequence the amino acids sequence of the polypeptide are called

A) introns.

B) exons.

C) proteins.

D) enhancers.

E) promoters.

11) The Central Dogma of gene expression is as follows: DNA is transcribed to produce mRNA, which is translated to produce

A) promoters.

B) nucleosomes.

C) operators.

D) proteins.

E) other types of RNA.

12) To turn genes off, a regulatory protein called a(n) ________ binds to a regulatory site to block access to the promoter.

A) repressor

B) translator

C) signal molecule

D) operon

E) activator

13) The use of DNA information to direct the production of particular proteins is called

A) transcription.

B) translation.

C) gene expression.

D) replication.

E) polymerization.

14) In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the ________ and translation takes place in the ________.

A) cytoplasm; nucleus

B) nucleus; cytoplasm

C) cytoplasm; cytoplasm

D) nucleoid; cytoplasm

E) nucleus; nucleus

15) In a lab, you are asked to collect cards that represent the number of nucleotides in a codon. How many cards would you collect?

A) 3

B) 6

C) 20

D) 64

E) 128

16) To which site on the ribosome does a tRNA molecule bring in an amino acid?

A) A

B) P

C) C

D) D

E) E

17) What percentage of a typical eukaryotic gene is composed of exons?

A) 5%

B) 20%

C) 35%

D) 50%

E) 95%

18) In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcript is

A) tRNA before it forms its hairpin loops.

B) rRNA before it forms the ribosome.

C) mRNA after the introns have been removed.

D) mRNA before the introns have been removed.

E) mRNA before the exons have been removed.

19) Which of the following matches an amino acid with its corresponding tRNA in the cytoplasm?

A) mRNA

B) activating enzymes

C) rRNA

D) operators

E) inducers

20) Due to ________, the 20,000 to 25,000 genes of the human genome seem to encode as many as 120,000 different mRNAs.

A) mutations

B) independent assortment

C) alternative splicing

D) recombination

E) gene expression

21) Which of the following statements differentiates eukaryotic and prokaroytic gene expression?

A) Eukaryotic gene expression requires ribosomes.

B) Eukaryotic gene expression requires mRNA processing.

C) Eukaryotic translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

D) Eukaryotic translation requires different amino acids.

E) Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase.

22) In prokaryotes, transcriptional control functions to

A) respond quickly to the immediate environment.

B) adjust the number of enzymes made by cell.

C) respond to different amounts of oxygen available.

D) respond to available nutrients.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

23) The occurrence of gene silencing by using small RNAs to regulate gene expression is called

A) RNA interference.

B) gene splicing.

C) gene activation.

D) gene repression.

E) RNA induction.

24) If the RNA codon is GCA codes, the corresponding amino acid would be alanine.

25) The three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA is called an anticodon.

26) In eukaryotes, the protein-encoding information exists in DNA segments called introns.

27) MicroRNA can influence gene expression by affecting alternative splicing in eukaryotes.

28) Coiling of DNA into nucleosomes makes the DNA more accessible for binding of RNA polymerase and transcription factors.

29) During translation, a peptide bond forms between the incoming amino acid at the A site, and the growing polypeptide chain at the ________ site on the ribosome.

30) The rules that govern the relationship between mRNA codons and amino acids is called the ________ ________.

31) If you were given a model of a processed mRNA transcript from a eukaryotic cell, you would notice that ________ were missing.

32) In prokaryotes, DNA containing a cluster of genes that are transcribed together are called ________.

33) During protein synthesis, the process of DNA being made into mRNA is called ________, and ________ is when mRNA associates with a ribosome to make a protein.

34) The three types of RNA involved in translation are mRNA, ________, and ________.

35) In eukaryotes, a regulatory site on a DNA sequence, where activators can bind and promote a gene's expression, is called a(n) ________.

36) In a lab exercise, you are given a box of index cards with a codon on each. You are asked to sort them with their corresponding amino acid. Which index cards would not have matching amino acids? Select all that apply.

A) UAA

B) AUG

C) UAG

D) UGA

E) UGU

37) Transcription in prokaryotes occurs in the ________ of the cell.

38) The amino acid attaches to the 5' end of the tRNA molecule.

39) The three-nucleotide sequence on the tRNA called the ________, is located on the bottom hairpin loop.

40) The growing chain of amino acids that forms as the ribosome moves down the mRNA molecule is called a ________.

41) In eukaryotic transcription, RNA processing occurs before the mRNA leaves the nucleus. Which of the following is involved in RNA processing?

A) addition of a 5' cap

B) addition of many adenines to the 3' end

C) removal of introns

D) linking exons together

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

42) To turn genes on, a regulatory protein called a(n) ________ makes the promoter more accessible to RNA polymerase.

A) repressor

B) translator

C) signal molecule

D) operon

E) activator

43) DNA is modified to control gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Which chemical group is added to cytosine nucleotides to block transcription of "turned-off" genes?

A) -OH

B) -SH

C) -CH3

D) -CO2

E) -PO3

44) In eukaryotic protein synthesis, what step immediate follows transcription?

A) The mRNA travels to the cytoplasm.

B) The mRNA is processed.

C) The ribosome assembles with the mRNA.

D) A tRNA attaches to the start codon on a mRNA.

E) Amino acids link to form a polypeptide.