Exam Prep Johnson The New Biology Chapter 13

Essentials of The Living World, 6e (Johnson)

Chapter 13 The New Biology

1) The ________ of an organism consists of all its genes and other DNA.

A) genome

B) proteome

C) cellular structure

D) polygenic makeup

E) cytochrome

2) Approximately how many protein-encoding genes are found in the human genome?

A) 10,000 to 15,000

B) 450,000 to 500,000

C) 20,000 to 25,000

D) 1,000 to 2,000

E) 60,000 to 65,000

3) Which has the largest genome sequenced to date?

A) mouse

B) earthworm

C) chimpanzee

D) yeast

E) human

4) Molecular tools that cut DNA at specifics sites are called ________ enzymes.

A) digestive

B) restriction

C) ligation

D) helicase

E) recombination

5) To seal the cut fragments of DNA together, an enzyme called ________ is used.

A) amylase

B) peptidase

C) trypsin

D) DNA ligase

E) helicase

6) The basis of genetic engineering is

A) the ability of scientists to remove a nucleus from a cell and place it into another cell.

B) taking proteins from one organism and placing them into another organism of a different species.

C) manipulating and moving DNA from one organism to another.

D) removing structural components from one part of a cell and placing those structures elsewhere in that cell.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

7) The use of probes to produce unique banding patterns of DNA on film is called

A) PCR.

B) cDNA amplification.

C) DNA fingerprinting.

D) recombinant DNA.

E) restriction digest.

8) Tiny amounts of DNA can be magnified to millions of copies using the process called

A) centrifuge.

B) pepsin activation reaction.

C) polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

D) restriction enzymes.

E) DNA fingerprinting.

9) Genetic engineering in agriculture has been employed to make crops

A) resistant to insect pests.

B) resistant to certain herbicides.

C) with increased nutrients.

D) with nutrients that are easier to absorb.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

10) Crop plants are made resistant to insect pests by

A) injecting mRNA for a protein into the roots of the plant.

B) inserting the Bt protein gene into the plant genome.

C) coating the plant with a gel that acts as a barrier.

D) providing the plant with more nutrients.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

11) Why would a farmer want to plant soybean plants that are resistant to glyphosate?

A) Glyphosate can then be applied and only kill pests on some plants.

B) The genetically engineered plants will then be resistant to the glyphosate virus.

C) Glyphosate will then only be able to enhance the growth of the genetically engineered plants.

D) Glyphosate can then be applied and stop the growth of unwanted plants, like weeds.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

12) Genetically engineered "golden" rice

A) have an increase in iron.

B) contain vitamin A.

C) contain enzymes that increase iron absorption.

D) contain sulfur-rich proteins.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

13) Which of the following is not an accurate description of restriction enzymes?

A) They are tools that make genetic engineering possible.

B) Different types of restriction enzymes cut DNA at the same sequence.

C) They usually produce DNA fragments with "sticky" ends.

D) A specific enzyme will always cut at the same sequence.

E) They are also called restriction endonucleases.

14) Which is correct about cDNA?

A) It represents the gene without the introns.

B) Bacteria possess reverse transcriptase and make cDNAs.

C) It is normally found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

D) It represents the gene without exons.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

15) Ian Wilmut successfully cloned Dolly the sheep from a fully differentiated sheep cell. This type of cloning is known as

A) reproductive cloning.

B) therapeutic cloning.

C) stem cell cloning.

D) gene therapy cloning.

E) universal cell cloning.

16) Only 1% of the human genome is devoted to protein-encoded genes, while approximately 45% is composed of

A) introns.

B) duplicated sequences.

C) repeated sequences.

D) structural DNA.

E) transposable elements.

17) Epigenetics works by

A) activating DNA ligases so they can clip attached methyl groups off.

B) activating DNA polymerases so thymine is more readily attached to the lead gene.

C) blocking the cell's ability to read certain genes.

D) blocking the cell's ability to undergo cytokinesis.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

18) Which of the following cells could be used to replace lost or damaged tissues?

A) embryonic stem cells

B) sperm cells

C) egg cells

D) all types of gametes

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

19) A promising vector is being investigated for use in gene therapy. It is the

A) adenovirus.

B) NIH virus.

C) rhino-associated virus.

D) adeno-associated virus.

E) influenza virus.

20) In 1938, the idea of cloning animals was presented by ________.

A) Thomson

B) Varmus

C) Wilmut

D) Spemann

E) Jenner

21) When cloning Dolly, in order to open cell membranes and trigger cell division, researchers applied

A) several methyl groups.

B) adeno-associated viruses.

C) an electrical shock.

D) DOPA.

E) small punctures with needles.

22) Embryonic stem cells have been used in mice. Which of the following has not been a successful application observed in mice stem cell studies?

A) repairing damaged spinal neurons

B) creating DOPA-producing neurons

C) creating mice-cloning surrogates

D) treating juvenile diabetes

E) curing leukemia

23) Human embryonic stem cells that have the ability to form body tissue or an entire adult animal are called

A) totipotent.

B) inducible.

C) transformative.

D) reproductive.

E) hematopoietic.

24) Because embryonic stem cell therapy is safe and provides relief to many diseases, there are no ethical concerns and is supported by all.

25) Gene therapy involves replacing defective genes in a cells with "healthy" genes.

26) What disease has the AAV vector cured in dogs?

A) anemia

B) retinal degenerative disease

C) cystic fibrosis

D) muscular dystrophy

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

27) To develop a gene therapy treatment for cystic fibrosis patients, what would need to be targeted by the therapy?

A) heart

B) stomach

C) throat

D) lungs

E) muscles

28) Bits of DNA that have the ability to move from one location on a chromosome to another are referred to as

A) repeated sequences.

B) transposable elements.

C) exons.

D) introns.

E) genes.

29) The 20% of chromosomes that remains tightly coiled and untranscribed throughout the cell cycle is called

A) structural DNA.

B) repeated sequences.

C) transposable elements.

D) exons.

E) introns.

30) What percent of the human genome is coding DNA?

A) 1–1.5%

B) 5–7.5%

C) 9.5–15%

D) 34–55%

E) It changes during a person's life.

31) The enzyme used to make a DNA copy that is complementary to processed mRNA is

A) transcriptase.

B) reverse transcriptase.

C) RNA polymerase.

D) DNA polymerase.

E) cDNA polymerase.

32) Which of the following statements is not part of the polymerase chain reaction process?

A) It is an amplification process.

B) It can be used to identify the owner of a single hair.

C) It uses RNA polymerase.

D) It makes identical copies of the DNA molecule to be amplified.

E) It relies on heat to carry out the process.

33) An adult stem cell differs from an embryonic stem cell in that it is not

A) capable of further cell divisions.

B) totipotent.

C) able to accept methyl groups.

D) able to produce a blastocyst.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

34) DNA fingerprinting is a highly accurate method of identifying a criminal from evidence (blood, hair, skin, semen) left at a crime scene.

35) The first ________ vaccines were made of spliced influenza virus into a plasmid.

36) In the PCR process, two double-stranded DNA fragments will be used to produce ________ double-stranded DNA fragments.

37) The percentage of the human genome made up of introns is ________.

38) The introduction of "healthy" genes into cells that lack them is called ________ ________.

39) A human embryonic stems cells are called ________ because they have the ability to form any body tissue or even an adult animal.

40) EcoRI is an example of a ________ enzyme.

41) An intron-free copy of a eukaryotic gene is called ________.

42) With regards to agriculture, what are some of the benefits of transferring genes from one organism to another?

43) There are documented reports that consuming large amounts of genetically modified crops is harmful.

44) Explain the techniques used in the cloning of "Dolly."

45) Complementary DNA is an important process that allows the introduction of eukaryotic genes into bacteria. From the list of molecular tools, select all that are involved in the creation of cDNA.

A) ligase

B) reverse transcriptase

C) restriction enzymes

D) PCR

E) RNA polymerase

46) ________ is a drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria to control diabetes.

47) Epigenetics works by blocking the cell's ability to read a gene by the addition of a methyl group to some of the adenine nucleotides.

48) In 1996, ________ ________ was the first scientist to successfully clone the lamb "Dolly."

49) Which scientist received the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work in reprogramming adult skin cells into embryonic stem cells?

A) Campbell

B) Spemann

C) Wilmut

D) Yamanaka

E) Jenner