Test Bank Chapter.16 The Urinary System and Excretion

Student name:__________

TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) The kidneys are located in the abdominopelvic cavity.

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) The external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle.

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) The epithelial lining of the proximal convoluted tubule has a brush border of microvilli.

⊚ true
⊚ false

4) The place where the proximal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole are adjacent to each other is called the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) ADH causes more water to be reabsorbed into the blood to give a lower urine volume.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to dilate.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) Kidney tubule cells are permeable to ammonium ions, but not to ammonia.

⊚ true
⊚ false

8) A urinalysis showing the presence of protein and blood cells is normal.

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) Most renal calculi are formed from excess cholesterol.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy uses sound waves to break up kidney stones.

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) The presence of albumin in the urine may indicate glomerular damage.

⊚ true
⊚ false

12) The accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood is called nitremia.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) Dialysis is the diffusion of solutes through a semipermeable membrane.

⊚ true
⊚ false

14) During dialysis, materials can also be added to the blood as well as having substances removed.

⊚ true
⊚ false

15) In order to keep urea levels in the body safe, an artificial kidney must be used every day.

⊚ true
⊚ false

16) Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) utilizes the pericardium as a dialysis membrane.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) Kidney transplants have a low rate of success, even with a close relative.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) Involuntary loss of urine is called incontinence.

⊚ true
⊚ false

19) With age, the kidneys decrease in size and have fewer functioning nephrons.

⊚ true
⊚ false

20) The lungs are considered excretory organs.

⊚ true
⊚ false

CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question.
21) Which are considered parts of the renal corpuscle? Choose all that apply.

A) Loop of Henle
B) Glomerulus
C) Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
D) Collecting duct

22) Which are ways that water leaves the body? Choose all that apply.

A) Feces
B) Most metabolic processes use up water
C) Exhalation
D) Sweat

23) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions to (choose all that apply)

A) increase sodium, and therefore water, reabsorption.
B) increase water flow through aquaporins in the collecting duct.
C) increase red blood cell production.
D) help combat dehydration.

24) Which are characteristics of aldosterone? Choose all that apply.

A) It decreases sodium reabsorption.
B) It increases sodium reabsorption.
C) It increases water reabsorption.
D) It decreases water reabsorption.

25) Urinalysis can be useful for a number of purposes. Choose all that apply.

A) To determine if someone is anemic
B) To check glucose levels in a pregnant woman
C) To determine if antibody levels in the blood are high
D) To confirm an expected pregnancyby checking for HCG
E) To test for certain illegal drug metabolites.

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
26) Which of the following is an excretory waste?

A) Feces
B) Bacteria
C) Urea
D) All apply.

27) The removal of metabolic waste from the body is called

A) defecation.
B) excretion.
C) secretion.
D) exocytosis.

28) Urea is a by-product of the metabolism of

A) sugars.
B) fats.
C) cholesterol.
D) amino acids.

29) Creatinine is a metabolic product produced in

A) muscles.
B) nerves.
C) fat cells.
D) the liver.

30) The breakdown of nucleotides produces

A) creatinine.
B) ammonia.
C) uric acid.
D) urea.

31) Urochrome comes from the metabolism of ___________ in the liver.

A) amino acids
B) hemoglobin
C) lactic acid
D) cholesterol
E) urea

32) Which of the following is NOT a homeostatic function of the kidneys?

A) Maintenance of acid-base and water-salt balances
B) Elimination of digestive wastes
C) Excretion of metabolic wastes
D) Maintenance of blood pressure

33) Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?

A) Excretion of metabolic wastes
B) Secretion of hormones
C) Maintenance of acid-base balance
D) All apply.

34) Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste?

A) Ammonia
B) Urea
C) Creatinine
D) All apply.

35) Uric acid is a by-product of _____ metabolism.

A) glucose
B) nucleotide
C) amino acid
D) creatine phosphate

36) Increased salt content of the blood will lead to ______ blood volume.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) no change in the

37) The kidneys aid in maintaining blood pressure by

A) excreting urea and uric acid.
B) maintaining a normal blood volume.
C) producing erythropoietin.
D) All apply.

38) The kidneys maintain acid-base balance mainly by excreting _____ and reabsorbing _____ .

A) sodium; potassium.
B) bicarbonate; sodium.
C) hydrogen; bicarbonate.
D) chloride; hydrogen

39) Whenblood supply to the kidneys decreases, they release _____, which leads to secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

A) erythropoietin
B) vitamin D
C) creatinine
D) renin

40) When the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is low, the kidneys release ______, which will cause an increase in red blood cell production.

A) erythropoietin
B) vitamin D
C) creatinine
D) renin
E) angiotensin

41) Where are the kidneys located?

A) Ventral region of the thorax
B) Lumbar region
C) Ventral region of the pelvis
D) Dorsal region of the thorax

42) The kidneys are retroperitoneal. What does that mean?

A) They are behind the parietal peritoneum.
B) They are behind back muscles.
C) They are placed backwards in the abdominal cavity.
D) They are behind the intestines.

43) Which of the following carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

A) Urethra
B) Hilum
C) Ureters
D) Peritoneum

44) The depression on the concave side of a kidney (where vessels exit) is known as the

A) urethra.
B) hilum.
C) trigone.
D) fascia.
E) renal disc.

45) The function of the urinary bladder is to

A) store urine until it is expelled.
B) produce urine.
C) store sperm and semen.
D) None apply.

46) Urine moves through ureters by means of

A) peristalsis.
B) filtration.
C) gravity.
D) diffusion.
E) ciliary propulsion.

47) The three openings of the bladder form the region known as the

A) urethra.
B) trigone.
C) ureters.
D) detrusor muscle.
E) genu.

48) Which muscle makes up the wall of the urinary bladder?

A) Cremaster muscle
B) Pelvic muscle
C) Detrusor muscle
D) Peritoneal muscle

49) What anatomical features allow for the expansion of the urinary bladder as it fills with urine?

A) Plicae and elastic connective tissue
B) Rugae and columnar epithelium
C) Plicae and stratified squamous epithelium
D) Rugae and transitional epithelium

50) Which of the following extends from the urinary bladder to an external opening?

A) Urethra
B) Hilum
C) Ureters
D) Trigone

51) In which gender is the urethra part of the reproductive system?

A) Male
B) Female
C) Both male and female
D) Neither male nor female

52) In which gender is the urethra shorter?

A) Male
B) Female
C) Male and female urethras are approximately equal in length

53) Another name for urination is

A) defecation.
B) mastication.
C) micturition.
D) peristalsis.

54) Micturition involves both ________ and __________ nerve signals.

A) somatic; enteric
B) sympathetic; parasympathetic
C) sympathetic; somatic
D) somatic; parasympathetic

55) The opening of the internal urethral sphincter is through action of the

A) somatic nervous system.
B) enteric nervous system.
C) sympathetic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

56) The opening of the external urethral sphincter is through action of the

A) somatic nervous system.
B) enteric nervous system.
C) sympathetic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

57) Which of the following is NOT a region of a kidney?

A) Renal pelvis
B) Renal medulla
C) Renal fascia
D) Renal cortex

58) The functional unit of the kidney that produces urine is the

A) Pyramid.
B) Nephron.
C) Pelvis.
D) Neuron.

59) Which of the following is NOT part of the nephron's blood supply?

A) Afferent arteriole
B) Efferent arteriole
C) Renal portal vein
D) Glomerulus

60) Cone-shaped tissue masses of the kidney are called renal

A) pyramids.
B) columns.
C) pelvis.
D) cortex.

61) What is the central cavity of the kidney called?

A) Renal pyramids
B) Renal columns
C) Renal pelvis
D) Renal cortex

62) Which of the following is part of a nephron?

A) Glomerular capsule
B) Proximal and distal convoluted collecting tubules
C) Loop of Henle
D) All apply.

63) What is the capillary network that is part of the renal corpuscle?

A) Peritubular capillaries
B) Vasa recta
C) Glomerulus
D) Choroid plexus

64) Which blood vessel leads into the glomerulus?

A) Afferent arteriole
B) Efferent arteriole
C) Renal artery
D) Peritubular capillaries

65) The efferent arteriole takes blood to the

A) glomerulus.
B) renal vein.
C) peritubular capillaries.
D) afferent arteriole.

66) Which of the following structures is NOT found in the renal cortex?

A) Glomerular capsule
B) Proximal convoluted tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Distal convoluted tubule

67) Which of the following structures is found in the renal medulla?

A) Glomerular capsule
B) Proximal convoluted tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Distal convoluted tubule

68) Which places the parts of the renal tubule in the correct order?

A) Distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
B) Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
C) Glomerular capsule, distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
D) Loop of Henle, collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, glomerular capsule, distal convoluted tubule

69) Which of the following parts of a nephron is NOT correctly matched with its epithelium type?

A) Glomerular capsule - podocytes
B) Proximal convoluted tubule - cuboidal with microvilli
C) Loop of Henle - simple squamous
D) Distal convoluted tubule - simple columnar with microvilli

70) The ______ receives urine from several nephronsand empties it into the renal pelvis.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) collecting duct
C) ureter
D) urinary bladder

71) Which of the following correctly describes the process of glomerular filtration?

A) Blood cells and plasma proteins are pushed out of the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.
B) Water, nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, and ions are pushed out of the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.
C) Water and dissolved substances move out of the glomerulus by osmosis into the glomerular capsule.
D) Water and formed elements are pushed out of the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.

72) How much water is filtered by the kidneys per day?

A) 1.8 liter
B) 90 liters
C) 180 liters
D) 900 liters

73) The function of the proximal convoluted tubule is to

A) return water and needed nutrients to the blood.
B) move excess glucose molecules into the kidney tubule.
C) keep salt from re-entering the blood.
D) filter small solutes out of the bloodstream.
E) All apply

74) What process(es) is(are) used by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule to return substances to the blood?

A) Movementof sodium, glucose, and other nutrients by transporters
B) Passive transport of chloride ions
C) Water movement by osmosis
D) All apply.

75) The process that actively transports specific substances from the blood into the kidney tubules to become part of the urine is

A) glomerular filtration.
B) tubular reabsorption.
C) tubular secretion.

76) Which structure is NOT important for the reabsorption of water?

A) Collecting duct
B) Glomerular capsule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Proximal convoluted tubule

77) Under normal circumstances, protein

A) is found in the filtrate and is reabsorbed, but still occurs in the urine.
B) does not leave the blood plasma under normal conditions.
C) is filtered and reabsorbed totally.
D) is filtered, but not reabsorbed.

78) Under normal circumstances, salt

A) is found in the filtrate and is reabsorbed, but still occurs in the urine.
B) never leaves the blood plasma.
C) is filtered and reabsorbed totally.
D) is filtered, but not reabsorbed.

79) Under normal circumstances, urea

A) is found in the filtrate and is reabsorbed, but is still found in the urine.
B) never leaves the blood plasma.
C) is filtered and reabsorbed totally.
D) is filtered, but not reabsorbed.

80) Under normal circumstances, glucose

A) is found in the filtrate and is reabsorbed, but still occurs in the urine.
B) never leaves the blood plasma.
C) is filtered and completely reabsorbed.
D) is filtered, but not reabsorbed.

81) Diabetes mellitus causes glucose to be found in the urine. Why?

A) In diabetes mellitus, reabsorption of glucose is increased.
B) Glucose is filtered, then reabsorbed in the renal tubule.
C) Glucose transporters are overwhelmed by the large amount of glucose in the filtrate and cannot keep up.
D) There is a large increase in secretion of glucose that occurs to compensate for increased blood sugar.

82) Diabetes mellitus involves ______ glucose in the blood and ______ glucose in the urine.

A) decreased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; increased
D) increased; decreased

83) The average adult body is about _____ water by weight.

A) 40 - 50%
B) 50 - 60%
C) 60 - 70%
D) 70 - 80%

84) Where is most of the body's water found?

A) In the blood
B) Outside the cells (tissue fluid)
C) Inside the cells (intracellular)
D) In the lymph

85) Which of the following is NOT a way that water enters the body?

A) In what we drink
B) In what we eat
C) From body metabolism
D) In the air we inhale

86) Most of the body's water input comes from

A) in what we drink.
B) in what we eat.
C) from body metabolism.
D) in the air we inhale.

87) Most of the body's water output is in the form of

A) sweat.
B) feces.
C) urine.
D) exhaled air.

88) Water moves out of the _____ limb of the loop of Henle, while sodium chloride moves out of the _____ limb of the loop of Henle.

A) ascending; descending
B) descending; ascending

89) What substance found in the renal medulla helps increase the amount of water drawn out of the tubule to be picked up by the blood?

A) Glucose
B) Amino acids
C) Urea
D) Calciumions

90) The increasing concentration of salt and urea in the renal medulla that continues to draw water out of the descending limb is called

A) diuresis.
B) antidiuresis.
C) countercurrent mechanism.
D) secretion.

91) What structure collects both salts and water in equal amounts and moves them back to blood circulation?

A) Collecting duct
B) Loop of Henle
C) Efferent arteriole
D) Vasa recta
E) Afferent arteriole

92) What stimulus causes the hypothalamus to produce ADH?

A) Decreased blood osmolarity
B) Increased blood osmolarity
C) Increased blood pressure
D) None apply.

93) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts upon the

A) descending loop of Henle.
B) collecting duct.
C) glomerulus.
D) distal convoluted tubule.

94) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the _______ and secreted by the _______.

A) juxtaglomerular apparatus; juxtaglomerular apparatus
B) posterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
D) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

95) Why are some salts excreted?

A) They are end products of metabolism.
B) Theymaintain proper salt concentration in the blood.
C) They are not excreted.

96) The best indicator of the blood's osmolarity is the concentration of

A) calcium ions.
B) bicarbonate ions.
C) sodium ions.
D) potassium ions.

97) Potassium ionsare _______ that are highly concentrated in the ________ fluid.

A) anions; intracellular
B) anions; extracellular
C) cations; intracellular
D) cations; extracellular

98) Aldosterone is produced by the

A) hypothalamus.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) adrenal cortex.
D) adrenal medulla.

99) One of the effects of increased aldosterone secretion is to ______ blood pressure.

A) increase
B) decrease

100) What structure in the kidneys indirectly monitors blood pressureand triggers a hormonal response that helps regulate water and electrolyte reabsorption?

A) Glomerular capsule
B) Afferent arteriole
C) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
D) Peritubular capillaries

101) What stimulus causes the release of renin?

A) High blood pressure
B) Low blood oxygen
C) Low blood pressure
D) Low blood sodium

102) Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the blood vessels of the

A) liver.
B) kidneys.
C) lungs.
D) spleen.
E) heart.

103) Which structure secretes renin?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Posterior pituitary gland
C) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
D) Distal convoluted tubule

104) What hormone is released as a result of renin secretion by the kidney?

A) Insulin
B) Aldosterone
C) Atrial natriuretic hormone
D) All apply.

105) Effects of aldosterone include

A) excretion of water and osmosis of potassium ions into the blood.
B) excretion of potassium ions and osmosis of water into the blood.
C) excretion of calcium ions and potassium ions.
D) excretion of bicarbonate ions and osmosis of water into the blood.

106) What hormone causes the excretion of sodium and therefore water from the body?

A) Antidiuretic hormone
B) Aldosterone
C) Atrial natriuretic hormone
D) All apply.

107) What stimulus causes the release of atrial natriuretic hormone from the atria of the heart?

A) Decreased blood volume entering the atria
B) Increased blood volume entering the atria
C) Decreased blood pressure
D) Increased blood sodium levels

108) Diuretics work by

A) decreasing water reabsorption.
B) raising blood volume.
C) increasing urine flow.
D) both decreasing water reabsorption and increasing urine flow.

109) Consuming alcohol increases urine output by

A) altering sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
B) increasing filtration rate.
C) enhancing secretion of sodium in the convoluted tubules.
D) inhibiting the secretion of ADH.

110) Diuretics are often prescribed to counteract

A) alkalosis, as they enhance urinary excretion of bases.
B) acidosis, as they enhance urinary excretion of acids.
C) high blood pressure, as they lessen kidney reabsorption and blood volume.
D) low blood pressure, as they inhibit urine formation.
E) heart arrhythmias, as they balance electrolyte levels.

111) A blood pH lower than 7.35 is called

A) normal.
B) acidosis.
C) alkalosis.
D) buffering.

112) A blood pH higher than 7.45 is called

A) normal.
B) acidosis.
C) alkalosis.
D) buffering.

113) One of the most important blood buffers is

A) carbonic acid and hydrogen.
B) bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
C) bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid.
D) water and hydroxide ions.

114) If excess hydrogen ions are added to the blood, the body will respond with

A) increased respiration and increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions.
B) increased respiration and increased excretion of bicarbonate ions.
C) decreased respiration and decreased excretion of hydrogen ions.
D) decreased respiration and increased reabsorption of hydrogen ions.

115) If excess base is added to the blood, the body will respond with

A) increased respiration and increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions.
B) increased respiration and increased excretion of bicarbonate ions.
C) decreased respiration and increased excretion of hydrogen ions.
D) decreased respiration and decreased excretion of hydrogen ions.

116) What mechanism is the most powerful and long-lasting in maintaining proper pH balance?

A) Blood buffers
B) Respiration
C) Renal reabsorption and/or secretion

117) What substance provides buffering against excess hydrogen ions in the urine?

A) Bicarbonate ions
B) Ammonia
C) Urea
D) Sodium ions

118) Which of the following substances is normally NOT found in urine?

A) Urea
B) Ammonia
C) Glucose
D) Potassium

119) What accounts for 95% of the volume of urine?

A) Water
B) Nitrogenous wastes
C) Electrolytes
D) Urea

120) A urinary tract infection that invades the kidneys is called

A) Cystitis.
B) Pyelonephritis.
C) Urethritis.

121) A urinary tract infection that invades the urinary bladder is called

A) cystitis.
B) pyelonephritis.
C) urethritis.

122) Hemodialysis

A) can be used to add substances to the blood.
B) removes waste products from the blood.
C) utilizes an artificial kidney.
D) All apply.

123) The fluid that is prepared and used in hemodialysis is called

A) filtrate.
B) artificial urine.
C) chyle.
D) dialysate.
E) creatinine.

124) What appears to have a significant role in the loss of kidney function with age?

A) Kidneys swell in size
B) The renal pelvis narrows
C) Glomeruli degenerate
D) The juxtaglomerular apparatus hypertrophies

125) Prostatic enlargement in older men is often due to the activity of what enzyme that acts on testosterone?

A) Tyrosine hydroxylase
B) Epididymal sulfhydryl oxidase
C) 5-alpha reductase
D) Aromatase

126) Which of the following is an effect of aging on the urinary system?

A) Increased occurrence of kidney stones
B) Incontinence
C) More frequent and urgent urination
D) All apply.

127) What is the reason for more kidney stones with age?

A) Kidney infections
B) Improper diet
C) Inadequate fluid intake
D) All apply.

128) Why is the skin considered an excretory organ?

A) Sweat cools the body.
B) Sweat contains water, salt, and urea.
C) Oil glands secrete sebum.
D) All apply.

129) What is secreted by the liver that classifies it as an excretory organ?

A) Urea
B) Erythropoietin
C) Digestive enzymes
D) All apply.

130) How do the kidneys assist the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems?

A) Convert vitamin D to its active form to absorb calcium from the digestive tract
B) Excrete carbon dioxide
C) Produce renin and angiotensin converting enzymes
D) Maintain blood vessel tone for blood pressure

131) The kidneys are the primary organs of homeostasis because they

A) synthesize high energy carbohydrates.
B) maintain water-electrolyte balance.
C) maintain acid-base balance.
D) maintain water-electrolyte and acid-base balance.
E) recycles red blood cells.