Ch18 Test Bank Answers Human Development and Birth

Student name:__________

TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) Usually more than one sperm can successfully enter an ovum.

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) Therapeuticcloning is used to assist infertile couples conceive a child.

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) Cortical oocyte granules contain lysosomal enzymes, and they are released to help prevent polyspermyonce a sperm has entered an ovum.

⊚ true
⊚ false

4) The zygote receives nearly all its cytoplasm, organelles, nutrients, and structural components from the ovum of the mother.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) The function of the fertilization membrane is to aid in the entrance of the "winning" sperm into the ovum.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) The plasma membrane of the ovum becomes the fertilization membrane.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) Fraternal twins develop from the same fertilized ovum.

⊚ true
⊚ false

8) Gastrulation is an example of morphogenesis.

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) During the embryonic period, growth occurs through mitosis and enlargement of the daughter cells.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) Every cell of the morula and inner cell mass of the blastocyst have the ability to become any type of cell.

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) The heart begins as two tubes that fuse and begin to pump.

⊚ true
⊚ false

12) A woman is clinically pregnant when fertilization occurs.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) Maternal and fetal blood supplies mix to facilitate exchange.

⊚ true
⊚ false

14) Hair begins to grow by the fourth month of fetal development.

⊚ true
⊚ false

15) The digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems of the fetus are nonfuctional.

⊚ true
⊚ false

16) Wolffian ducts become the uterine tubes and uterus in the female and regress in the male.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) Darkening of the areolae and other areas of skin in the pregnant woman is due to increased steroid hormone levels.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) Stretch marks that appear on a pregnant woman's abdomen result from increased steroid hormone levels.

⊚ true
⊚ false

19) Maternal blood oxygen levels increase dramatically during the third trimester.

⊚ true
⊚ false

20) Placental estrogen reduces uterine motility during pregnancy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

21) Placental progesterone reduces the maternal immune response to the fetus.

⊚ true
⊚ false

CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question.
22) What prevents polyspermy from occurring once one sperm enters the ovum? Choose all that apply.

A) The ovum plasma membrane depolarizes.
B) The corona radiatadoes not allow more than one sperm to pass.
C) The zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to sperm.
D) Acrosomal enzymes on other sperm cells break down at the same time.

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
23) The union of ovum and sperm during fertilization creates the first cell of the new organism, which is called a

A) morula.
B) blastocyst.
C) zygote.
D) zona pellucida.

24) Which of the following is NOT part of the sperm?

A) Middle piece
B) Tail
C) Head
D) Body

25) The head of a sperm contains

A) many organelles.
B) a nucleus enclosing 23 chromosomes.
C) a large amount of cytoplasm.
D) All apply.

26) Most if not all of a zygote's chromosomes come from the

A) sperm.
B) ovum.

27) The acrosome, which caps the head of the sperm, contains

A) chromosomes.
B) digestive enzymes.
C) nutrients.
D) hormones

28) The extracellular matrix surrounding the ovum is called the

A) corona radiata.
B) acrosome.
C) zona pellucida.
D) follicle.

29) The coronaradiata consists of

A) a few layers of follicular cells.
B) acrosomal proteins.
C) extracellular matrix secreted by the ovum.
D) cortical granules and pronuclei.

30) Which of the following is the correct order of structures sperm must penetrate before entering the ovum?

A) Zona pellucida, corona radiata, ovum plasma membrane
B) Ovum plasma membrane, zona pellucida, corona radiata
C) Corona radiata, zona pellucida, ovum plasma membrane
D) None apply.

31) Cleavage

A) is cell division with no increase in size.
B) involves mitosis.
C) occurs immediately after fertilization.
D) All apply.

32) Morphogenesis refers to

A) increase of size.
B) shaping of the embryo and migration of cells.
C) cells having a specific function.
D) All apply.

33) Differentiation refers to

A) cells taking on different structures and functions.
B) movement of cells to shape the embryo.
C) increased size of the cells.
D) cell division with no increase in size.

34) The chorion is

A) the first site of blood cell formation.
B) the fetal half of the placenta.
C) becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D) cushions and protects the embryo with fluid.
E) the extracellular fluid around the egg.

35) The yolk sac

A) is the first site of blood cell formation.
B) is the fetal half of the placenta.
C) becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D) provides nutrition until the placenta is formed.

36) The allantois

A) is the first site of blood cell formation.
B) is the fetal half of the placenta.
C) becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D) cushions and protects the embryo with fluid.

37) The amnion

A) is the first site of blood cell formation.
B) is the fetal half of the placenta.
C) becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D) cushions and protects the embryo with fluid.

38) Gestation is the time

A) from fertilization until embryo formation.
B) from fertilization until birth.
C) from embryo formation until fetus formation.
D) from fetus formation until birth.

39) Gestation lasts about ____ days from the start of last menstruation.

A) 20
B) 140
C) 280
D) 340

40) Embryonic development begins with

A) fertilization and lasts until the end of the first week.
B) the third week and lasts until the end of the second month.
C) the second week and lasts until the end of the seventh month.
D) the third day and lasts until birth.

41) The pre-embryonic structure created by cleavage is a solid ball of cells called a

A) blastocyst.
B) trophoblast.
C) morula.
D) zygote.

42) The pre-embryonic structure that enters the uterus is a fluid-filled ball of cells called a

A) blastocyst.
B) trophoblast.
C) morula.
D) zygote.

43) The outer ring of cells of the blastocyst makes up the ______, which will become the chorion.

A) inner cell mass
B) embryonic disk
C) trophoblast
D) amnion

44) The embryo will develop from the _______ of the blastocyst.

A) inner cell mass
B) embryonic disk
C) trophoblast
D) amnion

45) Which is the last stage in pre-embryonic development?

A) Blastocyst
B) Cleavage
C) Fertilization
D) Morula

46) What important event does NOT occur in the second week of development?

A) The heart develops.
B) The embryonic disk is formed.
C) Implantation begins.
D) HCG is secreted to maintain the corpus luteum.

47) A typical pregnancy test detects the presence of

A) fetal hemoglobin.
B) estrogen.
C) HCG.
D) a corpus luteum.

48) The process of gastrulation ends with the formation of the

A) allantois.
B) placenta.
C) primary germ layers.
D) limb buds.
E) All apply.

49) Which of the following is NOT a primary germ layer?

A) Ectoderm
B) Epiderm
C) Mesoderm
D) Endoderm

50) From which primary germ layer do both the skeletal and muscular systems develop?

A) Ectoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Mesoderm
D) None of these choices are correct for both systems.

51) From which primary germ layer does the nervous system and epidermis of the skin develop?

A) Ectoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Mesoderm
D) None apply.

52) From which primary germ layer does the epithelial lining of the digestive system and the blood vessels develop?

A) Ectoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Mesoderm
D) None of these choices are correct for both systems.

53) Identical twins involve _____ egg(s) and _____ sperm.

A) two; two
B) one; one
C) two; one
D) one; two

54) An ectopic pregnancy that survives until term must be delivered

A) vaginally.
B) by cesarean section.
C) either vaginally or cesarean section.

55) An ectopic pregnancy is also known as a(n)

A) breech birth.
B) extrauterine pregnancy.
C) chemical pregnancy.
D) molar pregnancy.
E) yolk sac pregnancy.

56) The fetus is surrounded by a protective layer of ______ fluid.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) amniotic
D) cerebrospinal

57) During the third week of development, which two systems begin to develop?

A) Nervous and digestive systems
B) Respiratory and lymphatic systems
C) Nervous and cardiovascular systems
D) Muscular and urinary systems

58) The first system to be visually evident is the

A) muscular system.
B) cardiovascular system.
C) skeletal system.
D) nervous system.

59) If the neural tube does not close inferiorly, ______ may result.

A) anencephaly
B) conjoined twins
C) spina bifida
D) down syndrome

60) The brain and spinal cord originate from the ________ which originates from the

A) notochord; endoderm.
B) notochord; ectoderm.
C) neural tube; ectoderm.
D) neural tube; endoderm.

61) Conjoined twins are also

A) fraternal twins.
B) identical twins.
C) dichorionic.

62) Failure of the superior neural tube to close causes a fatal condition called

A) anencephaly.
B) spina bifida.
C) striae gravidarum.
D) SIDS.

63) During the fourth and fifth weeks

A) all organ systems have been established.
B) ossification centers form.
C) limb buds appear.
D) mother begins to feel movement.

64) During the eighth week

A) all organ systems have appeared.
B) ossification begins.
C) eyes, ears, and nose are noticeable.
D) mother begins to feel movement.

65) Which hormone functions to maintain the corpus luteum, and therefore maintains pregnancy?

A) LH
B) Estrogen
C) Progesterone
D) Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

66) At the placenta,

A) oxygen enters the fetal circulation.
B) nutrients enter the fetal circulation.
C) nitrogenous wastes enter maternal circulation.
D) All apply.

67) The placenta is composed of

A) chorionic villi.
B) uterine tissue.
C) fetal tissue.
D) All apply.

68) Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occur in capillaries within placental projections called

A) chorionic villi.
B) endometrial cilia.
C) lacteals.
D) placental glomeruli.

69) The umbilical cord contains

A) the fetal intestine.
B) two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.
C) only muscle tissue.
D) two umbilical veins and one umbilical artery.

70) The fetal skull contains membranous regions called _______ that allow flexibility for brain growth and passage through the birth canal.

A) ossification centers
B) fontanels
C) palates
D) elastic cartilages.

71) The afterbirthrefers to the

A) cloaca.
B) placenta.
C) umbilical cord.
D) effacement.

72) The umbilical arteries carry

A) waste and carbon dioxide toward the placenta.
B) oxygen and nutrients toward the fetus.
C) waste and carbon dioxide toward the fetus.
D) oxygen and nutrients toward the placenta.

73) The umbilical vein carries

A) waste and carbon dioxide toward the placenta.
B) oxygen and nutrients toward the fetus.
C) waste and carbon dioxide toward the fetus.
D) oxygen and nutrients toward the placenta.

74) The completion of a functioning placenta marks the beginning of the ______ period of development.

A) pre-embryonic
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) postnatal

75) During the third and fourth months,

A) lanugo covers the body.
B) ossification of bones begins.
C) still cannot determine the sex of the fetus.
D) mother begins to feel movement.

76) During the fifth through seventh months,

A) limb buds first appear.
B) lanugo covers the body.
C) mother begins to feel movement.
D) both lanugo covers the body and mother begins to feel movement are true.

77) As a fetus develops beyond the fifth month, its skin is covered by a white, greasy substance called

A) amnion.
B) lanugo.
C) vernix caseosa.
D) meconium.

78) Subcutaneous fat is deposited within the fetus during months _____ of pregnancy.

A) 2-3
B) 5-6
C) 8-9

79) The gender of the individual is determined at

A) birth.
B) the third month.
C) fertilization.
D) gastrulation.

80) Indifferent tissue begins to becometesticular once the hormone ______ is produced.

A) estrogen
B) adrenaline
C) gonadotropin stimulating hormone
D) testosterone

81) Anti-Mullerian hormone is produced by the

A) testes.
B) probladder.
C) kidneys.
D) ovaries.
E) hypothalamus.

82) A male has ____ chromosomes, while a female has _____ chromosomes.

A) XX; XY
B) XY; XX

83) What is cryptorchidism?

A) Failure of ovary development
B) Vagina does not develop
C) Undescended testes
D) Scrotal sacs do not develop

84) When in development do egg and sperm begin to form within primitive ovaries and testes?

A) 6 weeks
B) 14 weeks
C) 26 weeks

85) When is the scrotum formed in the male?

A) 6 weeks
B) 9 weeks
C) 14 weeks
D) 20 weeks

86) Male genital ducts develop from the

A) Wolffian ducts.
B) probladder.
C) Mullerian ducts.
D) Braxton ducts.

87) What chemical messengers initiate and continue uterine contractions until birth of the baby?

A) Prostaglandins
B) Estrogen
C) Oxytocin
D) Both prostaglandins and oxytocin

88) What are Braxton Hicks contractions?

A) Stage 2 labor contractions
B) Stage 3 labor contractions
C) False-labor contractions
D) Stage 1 labor contractions

89) During stage one of parturition,

A) the placenta is delivered.
B) the birth occurs.
C) the cervix dilates.

90) During stage two of parturition,

A) the placenta is delivered.
B) the birth occurs.
C) the cervix dilates.

91) Typically, the amniotic membrane ruptures in ______ of parturition.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3

92) During stage three of parturition

A) the placenta is delivered.
B) the birth occurs.
C) the cervix dilates.

93) Which of the following is NOT an effect of pregnancy on the mother?

A) Increase in weight
B) Decrease in vital capacity
C) Increase in blood volume from 5 liters to 7 liters
D) Increase in constipation and heartburn

94) Placental peptide hormones cause maternal

A) increase in blood oxygen levels.
B) striae gravidarum.
C) resistance to insulin by body cells.
D) drop in blood pressure.

95) Respiratory control areas of thebrain increase the rate and depth of breathing during pregnancy to

A) increase maternal blood oxygen levels.
B) increase maternal blood carbon dioxide levels.
C) decrease maternal blood carbon dioxide levels.
D) exhale extra water vapor.

96) During pregnancy, increased uterine blood flow and increased protein synthesis by the liver are stimulated by

A) estrogen.
B) progesterone.
C) peptide hormones.