Test Bank Chapter 7 The Ecology Of Intraspecific Variation

Chapter 7 The Ecology of Intraspecific Variation

Multiple Choice

1. In a coarse-grained environment,
2. the organism experiences one or a few environments.
3. the organism experiences many environments.
4. the movements of the organism are large relative to the patch sizes.
5. grains are equal to patch size.
6. none of the above
7. Which of the following is not a component of temporal variation?
8. the mean conditions
9. the predictability of change
10. the rate of movement of the organism.
11. the predictability of change
12. none of the above
13. Subspecies or races
14. cannot interbreed.
15. are morphologically distinct.
16. inhabit the same region.
17. all of the above
18. none of the above
19. Which of the following is not condition for the formation of ecotypes?
20. inbreeding
21. the intensity of selection
22. barriers to gene flow
23. additive genetic variation
24. none of the above
25. Phenotypic plasticity is more likely to arise if the
26. organism encounters a single environment.
27. organism experiences the environment as coarse-grained.
28. organism experiences the environment as fine-grained.
29. environment rarely changes.
30. none of the above
31. Sex is not an ESS because it
32. can increase in frequency when it is rare.
33. cannot increase in frequency when it is rare.
34. depends on additive genetic variance.
35. produces new genotypes.
36. none of the above
37. Under the Red Queen hypothesis
38. sex compensates for the rapid evolution of parasites.
39. sex does not need to be an ESS.
40. hosts evolve more rapidly than their parasites.
41. only the queen can reproduce.
42. none of the above
43. Variation in flower color in the elderflower orchid is maintained by
44. increased nectar in the rare morph.
45. phenotypic plasticity.
46. additive genetic variance.
47. temporal shifts in the environment.
48. none of the above
49. Which of the following does not decrease genetic variation?
50. genetic drift
51. disruptive selection
52. stabilizing selection
53. inbreeding
54. none of the above
55. Common garden experiments with yarrow showed that
56. all traits are genetically controlled.
57. all traits are determined by the environment.
58. short stature in plants from high elevation is genetically controlled.
59. tall stature in plants from low elevation is genetically controlled.
60. none of the above
61. In Nei’s index of genetic similarity, the value I_N
62. increases when the allele frequencies in the two populations are very different.
63. increases when the allele frequencies of the two populations are similar.
64. is independent of the allele frequencies.
65. is determined by the number of genetic loci.
66. none of the above
67. In grizzlies N_e is only 25 percent of N. This is a concern because it
68. may lead to large values of F_IT.
69. causes an in genetic variation.
70. leads to population bottlenecks.
71. leads to increased genetic drift.
72. none of the above
73. When a population passes through a bottleneck, its N_e
74. may remain low after the population recovers.
75. is not affected.
76. increases.
77. is lower before the population decline.
78. none of the above
79. Frequency dependent selection maintains genetic variation
80. despite bottlenecks.
81. because it increases the value of F_IS.
82. because selection favors the common morph.
83. because selection favors the rare morph.
84. none of the above
85. Outbreeding depression occurs when
86. locally adapted genotypes are disrupted.
87. locally adapted genotypes are selected for.
88. N_e is large.
89. N_e is small.
90. none of the above
91. Damsel fish in high wave exposure sites differ from those from low wave exposure have
92. lower aspect ratios.
93. lower metabolic rates.
94. a larger ratio of fin length to width.
95. a smaller ratio of fin length to width.
96. none of the above
97. F_ST is a measure of the
98. total variation in a set of populations.
99. variation within a population.
100. variation due to additive genetic variance.
101. variation among populations
102. none of the above

True/False

1. Unpredictability poses a greater challenge than a constant environment.
2. Homozygosity in plants always leads to lower fitness.
3. Phenotypic plasticity is always adaptive.
4. Sex is not an evolutionarily stable strategy.
5. A population bottleneck may decrease the value of N_e.
6. F_ST measures the genetic variation within subpopulations.
7. Frequency dependent selection decreases genetic variation.
8. Marine iguanas show ecotypic differentiation during El Niño events.
9. Transient orcas feed primarily on marine mammals.
10. The morphological variation in Ensatina is an example of phenotypic plasticity.

Short Answer/Fill in the Blank

1. Responses to variation fall into two main categories: __________ in which the adaptations are genetic and __________ in which the environment induces developmental changes.
2. Variation among sub populations is measured by the F-statistic __________.
3. An adaptation is an ESS if it can __________.
4. Inbreeding depression is the result of __________ whereas outbreeding depression is the result of __________.
5. __________ is the ultimate source of additive genetic variation in a population.
6. The negative effects of inbreeding are often due to an increase in __________.
7. Increased homozygosity is potentially detrimental to an individual because __________.