Test Bank Chapter 27 How The Animal Body Defends Itself

Essentials of The Living World, 6e (Johnson)

Chapter 27 How the Animal Body Defends Itself

1) The outermost layer of cells of the skin is the

A) stratum corneum.

B) dermis.

C) subcutaneous layer.

D) stratum basale (basal layer).

E) epidermis.

2) What are the chemical weapons involved in the first line of defense?

A) oil and sweat glands within the skin

B) sticky mucus in the respiratory tract

C) saliva and digestive enzymes

D) acidic properties of the skin

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

3) The bronchi and bronchioles leading to the lungs have an effective mechanism for trapping incoming microbes. This method consists of

A) bacteriolytic enzymes.

B) roaming patrols in the airways.

C) mucus and cilia.

D) airborne antibodies.

E) lysozymes.

4) Cells called ________ release chemicals that kill bacteria and everything else in an area, including themselves.

A) monocytes

B) macrophages

C) basophils

D) neutrophils

E) natural killer cells

5) The type of cells that are particularly effective at attacking body cells infected by viruses are called

A) macrophages.

B) natural killer cells.

C) monocytes.

D) eosinophils.

E) neutrophils.

6) The ________ consists of 20 different proteins in the blood plasma that are activated in the presence of bacteria or fungi.

A) natural killer cell

B) complement system

C) inflammatory response

D) macrophagic defense system

E) first line of defense

7) Injured cells release chemicals that trigger expansion of blood vessels as well as movement of blood and immune system cells into the area. This response is the

A) inflammatory response.

B) specific immune response.

C) temperature response.

D) complement system response.

E) third line of defense.

8) A molecule that induces an immune response within an organism is called

A) an interleukin.

B) a lymphocyte.

C) an antibody.

D) an antigen.

E) a complement protein.

9) A burn that damaged only the surface layer of the skin would require healing of the dermis.

10) The chemical "alarm" signal sent out by macrophages to activate the third line of defense is by a protein called

A) interferon.

B) perforin.

C) interleukin-2.

D) interleukin-1.

E) antibody.

11) Interleukin-1 stimulates ________, which activate the remainder of the T and B cell immune system responses.

A) B cells

B) cytotoxic T cells

C) helper T cells

D) natural killer cells

E) macrophages

12) Lymphocytes called ________ secrete antibodies.

A) plasma cells

B) cytotoxic T cells

C) helper T cells

D) natural killer cells

E) macrophages

13) A person who has type AB blood

A) has only type A antigens.

B) has type A and B antibodies.

C) has type A and B antigens.

D) cannot receive type A or type B blood in a transfusion.

E) can be a universal blood donor.

14) An antigen that promotes an immune response that is greater than necessary is called a(n)

A) antibody.

B) mast cell.

C) allergen.

D) MHC.

E) perforin.

15) Plasma cells release ________ that attach to an invading microbe, marking it for destruction.

A) perforin molecules

B) interleukin-2

C) antibodies

D) histamine

E) lysozymes

16) When B cells are activated, some mass-produce antibodies, while others become ________ to protect the body at a later date.

A) stationary cells

B) memory B cells

C) mast cells

D) memory T cells

E) macrophages

17) ________ is an autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin which insulates the motor nerves.

A) Polio

B) Herpes

C) Multiple sclerosis

D) Melanoma

E) HIV

18) In response to antigen-antibody binding, mast cells release chemicals called ________ in an allergic reaction.

A) epinephrine

B) histamine

C) serotonin

D) acetylcholine

E) perforin

19) The main target of the HIV virus is

A) red blood cells.

B) mast cells.

C) CD4 cells.

D) CD8 cells.

E) B cells.

20) AIDS

A) has a fatality rate of 100%.

B) is not highly contagious.

C) has symptoms that usually show up years after infection.

D) is spread by the virus being the transferred through internal body fluids.

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

21) If you had a vial of unknown cells and asked to identify them, you could verify the cells were natural killer cells by the presence of

A) perforin.

B) interleukin-1.

C) interferons.

D) antibodies.

E) a complement protein.

22) Monocytes

A) secrete antibodies.

B) initiate an immune response.

C) develop into macrophages.

D) kill cells infected with viruses.

E) activate B cells.

23) During the primary immune response, antibodies are ________ compared to the amount of antibodies in the secondary response to the same antigen.

A) low

B) high

C) the same

D) variable

E) unpredictable

24) Which are responsible for the humoral immune response?

A) neutrophils

B) macrophages

C) cytotoxic T cells

D) B cells

E) helper T cells

25) A secondary immune response produces antibodies in ________ days.

A) 1 to 2

B) 3 to 5

C) 6 to 9

D) 10 to 14

E) 15 to 25

26) What is the main problem that results in autoimmune diseases?

A) The body fails to distinguish between self and nonself antigens.

B) Helper T cells are not functioning correctly.

C) The memory B cells fail to respond for subsequent exposures to antigen.

D) The body mounts a greater-than-necessary response to eliminate an antigen.

E) The first line of defense is damaged.

27) Why is AIDS such a deadly disease?

A) It is caused by a virus.

B) They have not isolated the virus yet that causes AIDS.

C) The virus cripples the immune system.

D) The body does not recognize the virus as foreign.

E) It is a sexually transmitted virus.

28) The two major phagocytic cells of the body are

A) macrophages and neutrophils.

B) B cells and T cells.

C) mast cells and natural killer cells.

D) B cells and neutrophils.

E) plasma cells and monocytes.

29) The self-identifying proteins on body cells are called

A) perforins.

B) MHC proteins.

C) plasma proteins.

D) interleukin-1.

E) antibodies.

30) Which proteins puncture the membranes of infected target cells?

A) interleukin-2

B) MHC proteins

C) complement proteins

D) interleukin-1

E) perforins

31) Which cells migrate to the thymus gland to mature?

A) mast cells

B) B cells

C) T cells

D) monocytes

E) natural killer cells

32) Which cells complete their maturation in the bone marrow?

A) mast cells

B) B cells

C) T cells

D) monocytes

E) natural killer cells

33) Cells that weaken the activity of T and B cells to decrease the immune response after clearing an infection are called

A) mast cells.

B) cytotoxic T cells.

C) suppressor T cells.

D) memory B cells.

E) natural killer cells.

34) Which immune cells do not kill other cells directly?

A) B cells

B) cytotoxic T cells

C) macrophages

D) neutrophils

E) natural killer cells

35) Antigen-presenting cells are usually

A) B cells.

B) T cells.

C) macrophages.

D) neutrophils.

E) natural killer cells.

36) A ________ is the introduction into your body of a dead or disabled pathogen, or proteins from the pathogen, to trigger an immune response that protects you against a future infection by the pathogen.

37) ________ is the largest organ of the body and is part of the first line of defense along with the mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

38) In the ________ response, macrophages send out chemical messages to the brain to warn of microbial invasion, and the brain responds by causing a fever.

39) Every cell in the body carries special identification markers called ________ proteins.

40) During an infection, B cells divide to form ________ cells that will be ready for the next time the B cells encounter the same microbe.

41) A(n) ________ disease is a disease in which the body mounts an immune attack against its own tissues.

42) The virus that causes AIDS is called ________.

43) If you wanted to design a drug to weaken allergic reactions, you would want the drug to target ________ cells.

44) In a process called ________ ________, different sequences of DNA are brought together to form composite genes that can code for different antibodies.

45) Describe the role of macrophages in protecting the body against disease.

46) Explain why relatives are sought for kidney transplants.

47) Why does the body often respond to an infection with a fever?

48) If you were observing a model of the human body and your instructor asked you to select the ones related to the lymphatic system, which of the following would you choose? Select all that apply.

A) spleen

B) heart

C) kidneys

D) thymus

E) tonsils

49) In the cellular immune response, ________ secrete interleukin-1 which stimulate the division and proliferation of T cells.

50) B cells have the ability to create different antibody molecules. Which of the following contributes to this diversity?

A) rearrangement of the heavy chains

B) rearrangement of the light chains

C) somatic rearrangement

D) mutations as cells divide

E) All of the answer choices are correct.

51) ________ observed milkmaids did not contract smallpox after they had been exposed to cowpox. He then used cowpox as the first vaccine against smallpox.

A) Robert Koch

B) John Lister

C) Edward Jenner

D) Louis Pasteur

E) Charles Darwin