Test Bank Chapter 14 Economy, Education, Work And Recreation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 1

1) Internships for college students emerged from the

Page reference: p. 403 “What is Education For?”

a. business schools

b. schools of music and dance

c. pre-law programs

d. pre-med programs

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 2

2) Because it pushes most students into tracks that led to either a vocation or higher education starting at age 10, the German educational system has been criticized for

Feedback The German system has been criticized for reproducing inequality because, at a young age, teacher interpretation of student performance is typically a reflection of parental status.

Page reference: p. 405 “What is Education For?”

a. reproducing inequality by pushing students into tracks before their talents and abilities are clear

b. contributing to child labor violation

c. high costs of higher education

d. flooding the labor market with young, cheap labor that drives down the wages of older workers

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 3

3) The ability to read, write, and communicate is called

Page reference: p. 405 “What is Education For?”

a. literacy

b. numeracy

c. citizenship

d. information management

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 4

4) Students may take specific classes focused on history and laws, but they also learn about the rules of society, national history, and the major institutions of society as part of their

Page reference: p. 405 “What is Education For?”

a. Literacy

b. Citizenship education

c. Job training

d. Numeracy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 5

5) In the U.S., some states now require public school districts to monitor and report on the success of their high school graduates in the job market for years after graduation. The hope is that this will pressure high schools to give more attention to

Page reference: p. 405 “What is Education For?”

a. citizenship education

b. literacy

c. job training

d. economic inequality

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 6

6) When participation in schooling is mandatory for people in a certain age range, we say that it is

Page reference: p. 405 “What is Education For?”

a. institutionalized

b. individualized

c. standardized

d. universal

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 7

7) Worldwide, since the implementation of mandatory schooling in more nations,

Page reference: p. 406 “What is Education For?”

a. literacy has rapidly increased

b. literacy initially increased but has since declined

c. literacy initially increased slowly but soon plateaued, indicating that we have successfully reached literacy for everyone for whom it is possible

d. literacy actually declined as schools were worse at teaching it than were families, who did this work formerly

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 8

8) What did Émile Durkheim mean by a “moral education”?

Page reference: p. 406 “What is Education For?”

a. The full taxpayer support of public schools, including wages that compensate teachers for their effort, training, and expertise

b. The inclusion of religious instruction in school so that students had a standardized base in understanding at least one source of moral reasoning

c. The role of the school in encouraging discipline, embedding students in social groups, and reinforcing self-determination and autonomy

d. The teaching of critical thinking so that students could evaluate the moral claims of others and develop a moral conscience that reflects their own values

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 9

9) What is the hidden curriculum?

Page reference: p. 406 “What is Education For?”

a. Topics that teachers refuse to teach for personal reasons, even if they are part of the topics that the school board demands they teach

b. The high turnover among teachers

c. The many things teachers need to know for success in the classroom that are not taught to them in teacher training programs

d. Socialization among students that reinforces privilege and inequality

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 10

10) Students face an inherent tension around their behavior in school because

Page reference: p. 406 “What is Education For?”

a. a high school diploma is necessary for many jobs, but it can just as easily be purchased through bribery as earned through studying

b. they often cannot afford to pay for public school, but they must attend it to avoid violating the law

c. impressing their peers often involves behavior that hurts them academically

d. teachers often secretly enjoy seeing them fail, but they must succeed in order to graduate

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 11

11) When Donna started her work as a telephone operator in 1960, she did not have a high school diploma. Now, her granddaughter hopes to apply for the same job, but the ad for the job says that a “four-year college degree” is a preferred job qualification. Though the work of the job is slightly different than it was in 1960, what a student studies in college is fairly irrelevant to what the job duties actually are. This is an example of

Page reference: p. 408 “What is Education For?”

a. post-industrialism

b. hidden curriculum

c. job training in education

d. credential inflation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 12

12) Credentialism enables employers to hire people more efficiently because it

Page reference: p. 408 “What is Education For?”

a. allows employers to hire the person they like best, then train them for the job in the way that the employer prefers

b. ensures a pool of highly qualified candidates

c. encourages unqualified people to apply to jobs

d. reduces the number of job applications they have to seriously consider

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 13

13) How does credentialism reproduce inequality?

Page reference: p. 408 “What is Education For?”

a. It discourages women to start college in order to meet and marry men who are college students without completing their own degrees.

b. It encourages people to earn only the college credits seen as valuable by employers seeking a specific skill set rather than devoting themselves to the study of topics that might not be as clearly related to a job.

c. It keeps wages low in employment sectors dominated by women, such as teaching, and high in those dominated men, such as computer technology.

d. As less wealthy people finally achieve a college education, those who are more wealthy are earning graduate degrees, which are now required by jobs that previously required lower levels of education.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 14

14) When wealthy students are able to signal that they are interested in learning and understand the unspoken rules of school success to their teachers because of their wealth, they are demonstrating

Page reference: p. 408 “What is Education For?”

a. credentialism

b. citizenship education

c. cultural capital

d. hidden curriculum

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 15

15) According to many educators, learning a broad range of information and skills is more useful to students because

Page reference: p. 405 “What is Education For?”

a. the jobs of the future do not yet exist, and the skills we are teaching today to children for the jobs that are available today will be useless by the time children enter the workforce

b. there will be no jobs in the future, so children should be taught how to learn for the sake of learning, not for the sake of future employment

c. most students are uninterested in narrow skills such as those associated with science, technology, and engineering, and promoting these areas of learning past the point of student interest only makes students resentful

d. while jobs requiring narrow skills sets are plentiful, they pay relatively little

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 16

16) Max Weber noted in his research that college degrees had become a requirement for employment as a manager in a bureaucracy—even to the exclusion of people without a college degree being excluded from these jobs, even if they could perform the duties well. Weber was observing

Page reference: p. 408 “What is Education For?”

a. credential inflation

b. socialism

c. hidden curriculum

d. cultural capital

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 17

17) Higher levels of cultural capital are associated with

Page reference: p. 408 “What is Education For?”

a. parental disinterest in student success

b. student resiliency in the face of academic challenges

c. success in school

d. failure in school

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 18

18) At the start of the Great Recession in 2008, many students in graduate programs who were near the completion of their degree decided to slow their progress to graduation in order to avoid entering a job market that had few jobs available. This trend supports which theory of education?

Page reference: p. 409 “What is Education For?”

a. Warehousing

b. Credentialing

c. Hidden curriculum

d. Cultural capital

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 19

19) On average, about what percentage of a working mother’s income is spent on childcare if she has children who are too young for public school?

Page reference: p. 410 “What is Education For?”

a. 5%

b. 10%

c. 15%

d. 20%

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 20

20) Which statement about school demographics is accurate?

Page reference: p. 410 “Going to School”

a. Only about 20% of the children in the world go to school

b. Fewer children today than in the past go to school.

c. Only about 50% of children go to school globally.

d. More than 90% of the children of the world now go to school.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 21

21) Over time, globally,

Page reference: p. 410 “Going to School”

a. governments have added new restrictions on the students schools serve—for example, by declaring more students as “unfit” for education

b. many nations that once offered public funding for education have ended it

c. more of the cost of schooling children has fallen to the government

d. governments have reduced their support of public education and instead shifted the costs to families

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 22

22) The first schools were

Page reference: p. 410 “Going to School”

a. private, funded by wealthy donors

b. private, charging tuition from parents

c. public, but only serving students from property-owning (and thus tax-paying) families

d. public, serving students from all economic backgrounds

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 23

23) About what percentage of America’s schoolchildren today attend a public school?

Page reference: p. 410 “Going to School”

a. 60%

b. 70%

c. 80%

d. 90%

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 24

24) Since the 1970s, homeschooling has

Page reference: p. 411 “Going to School”

a. decreased in popularity

b. increased in popularity

c. stayed steady in popularity

d. increased through the 1990s, then dramatically decreased

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 25

25) Most of the work of homeschooling falls to

Page reference: p. 411 “Going to School”

a. nannies and private tutors

b. immigrants that families hire to teach their children

c. mothers

d. fathers

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 26

26) What was the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?

Page reference: p. 411 “Going to School”

a. Students had a right to an adequate education, not a good one.

b. Dividing students by race in public schools inherently treated them as if they were not equal.

c. Public schools could not mandate that students participate in prayer.

d. If a state funded a public school for white children only, it had to fund a comparable school for black children only.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 27

27) The first modern research university in the U.S. was

Page reference: p. 412 “Going to School”

a. Cornell University in New York

b. Harvard University in Boston

c. University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia

d. Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 28

28) Currently, college students enrolled in fully online degree programs

Page reference: p. 413 “Going to School”

a. graduate at the same rates as students in traditional programs

b. graduate at lower rates than students in traditional programs

c. graduate at rates higher than students in traditional programs

d. have unknown graduation rates because these programs are too new to research.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 29

29) One perhaps unintentional consequence of the linking funding for schools to the performance of students on standardized tests is that

Page reference: p. 415 “Going to School”

a. test anxiety is lowered among students

b. teacher job satisfaction has increased.

c. school subjects that are not subject to standardized testing receive less attention from teachers

d. students are absent more

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 30

30) Introduced by President George W. Bush in 2001, _____________ is the name of federal legislation that requires yearly standardized testing of public school students in a variety of disciplines.

Page reference: p. 415 “Going to School”

a. No Child Left Behind

b. Race to the Top

c. the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

d. the Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 31

31) The use of standardized tests in U.S. public education can be traced to

Page reference: p. 415 “Going to School”

a. the 1620s

b. the 1730s

c. the 1840s

d. the 1990s

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 32

32) The use of student evaluations of courses in college is flawed in each of the following ways EXCEPT that they

Page reference: p. 416 “Going to School”

a. reliably measure whether a student was engaged in the course

b. consistently show bias against women

c. consistently show bias against people of color

d. do not measure student learning

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 33

33) PISA measures

Page reference: p. 416 “Going to School”

a. reading, math, and science knowledge from students in more than 70 countries for comparison

b. reading, math, and science knowledge from students in all 50 U.S. states for comparison

c. funding per pupil that more than 70 different nations spend on public education

d. funding per pupil that each U.S. state spends on public education

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 34

34) Which state consistently performs very well on measures of K-12 student performance?

Page reference: p. 416 “Going to School”

a. Louisiana

b. North Carolina

c. Massachusetts

d. New Mexico

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 35

35) The importance that children place on being popular

Page reference: p. 419 “Going to School”

a. is highest in 7th grade, then rapidly declines.

b. increases throughout elementary school, peaking in early high school.

c. rises year after year until graduation.

d. is relatively stable until the second-to-final year of high school (11th grade), when it increases significantly.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 36

36) In most schools, the prestige hierarchy among students

Page reference: p. 419-420 “Going to School”

a. is discouraged by parents, who encourage their children to be friends with a variety of people

b. flattens the patterns of prestige in the broader society

c. follows the patterns of prestige in the broader society

d. inverts the patterns of prestige in the broader society

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 37

37) About one out of ____ students in U.S. schools reports daily instances of bullying.

Page reference: p. 419-420 “Going to School”

a. 2

b. 10

c. 20

d. 100

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 38

38) Who, from the list below, is most likely to get married?

Page reference: p. 420 “Going to School”

a. People who do not complete a high school degree

b. People who end their education with a high school degree

c. People who attend college

d. People who are high-status students and attend college

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 39

39) In Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs (2015), the sociologist Lauren Rivera argues that

Page reference: p. 420-421 “Going to School”

a. hiring process at these top-tier firms are designed in a way that favors elite students from elite universities

b. elite firms value a diverse workforce, so they deliberately recruit employees who are unlike each other

c. elite firms with more diverse workforces are more likely to improve their ranking in their respective field (such as corporate law or investment banking) d. students from elite schools often have lower GPAs than students from non-elite schools, but this is because their coursework is more difficult

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 40

40) In the world of elite jobs, “polish” is vaguely defined but tracks with a job candidate’s

Page reference: p. 421 “Going to School”

a. parents’ socioeconomic status

b. college GPA

c. college minor

d. personal hobbies

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 41

41) Among people who hold management positions, white men are

Page reference: p. 422 “Work and Recreation”

a. underrepresented in upper management but overrepresented in lower and middle management

b. underrepresented at all levels of management: upper, middle, and lower

c. overrepresented at about the same rates as they were in the 1960s

d. overrepresented, but not as significantly as they were in the 1960s

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 42

42) “At-will” employment laws

Page reference: p. 422 “Work and Recreation”

a. guarantee a severance package if an employee is laid off

b. outline a clear pathway for promotion for employees

c. guarantee workers that they cannot be fired unless they fail to meet the expectations outlined in their job contracts

d. allow employers to fire employees without cause

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 43

43) People who consistently report high levels of happiness and satisfaction with life tend to

Page reference: p. 424 “Work and Recreation”

a. live in autocratic rather than democratic nations

b. have consistently easy lives, with few periods of struggle

c. have well-paying jobs

d. have close relationships with friends, family, and members of the community

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 44

44) All of the following are examples of the “experience economy” EXCEPT

Page reference: p. 424 “Work and Recreation”

a. visiting places that are important to your religious faith in order to deepen your own spirituality

b. visiting places that connect to your ethnic heritage so that you can feel deeper connections to your ancestors

c. eco-tourism, which allows people to see plants, animals, and other environmental wonders up close

d. going to Disney World as an adult because you feel slighted that you were never taken there as a child

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 45

45) According to sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, when did the modern economy emerge?

Page reference: p. 426 “The Economy”

a. between 750 and 940 in China

b. between 1450 and 1640 in Europe

c. between 4500 and 2400 BCE in the Middle East (Fertile Crescent) d. between 1750 and 1840 in America

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 46

46) Because workers in a feudal system did not have the right to leave the land (and, even if they could have, they were surrounded by other feudal lands owned by other feudal lords), they

Page reference: p. 426 “The Economy”

a. had little incentive to work hard, innovate, or try to change their circumstances, which meant that society as a whole did not progress much during this time

b. had ample time to experiment with new agricultural techniques, which dramatically increased the crop yield of their masters’ lands

c. were able to devote themselves to self-education, so literacy spread quickly

d. were able to take time to observe and explore their natural world, leading the many important scientific discoveries about local ecosystems

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 47

47) In capitalism,

Page reference: p. 426 “The Economy”

a. the environmental impact of creating products and delivering services is paid by the company before a product or service is ever created or sold in the first place

b. workers own the means of production because they are paid in part through company stocks

c. workers are equally invested in the success of business as the owners are, because all profits are shared in proportion to the risk and work individuals contributed

d. the production of goods and services are controlled by private companies and individuals, who use them to maximize profit

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 48

48) Why did capitalism begin to replace feudalism?

Page reference: p. 426 “Work and Recreation”

a. More crops were being produced than could be consumed locally, turning farming from a subsistence activity that one did to survive into a for-profit business.

b. Tenants who worked feudal land grew to understand themselves as having the same right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as landowners.

c. The legal category of “private property” was abolished by law.

d. Massive famines required greater cooperation among landowners and peasant workers if any of them hoped to survive.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 49

49) How did the rise of an urban business class in the early days of capitalism contribute to violence?

Page reference: p. 427 “Work and Recreation”

a. Merchants developed new kinds of military weapons and then worked to generate international conflicts so that their governments would purchase their goods.

b. Merchants advocated for high taxes on their own industries, calculating that the cost of taxes would be worth an increased military that could be used to defend trade routes.

c. Merchants used their newfound wealth to bet on the outcome of wars, which intensified already-existing conflicts.

d. Merchants seeking new markets encouraged their governments to take territories overseas.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 50

50) Which of these factors did NOT contribute to economic acceleration during the Industrial Revolution?

Page reference: p. 427 “The Economy”

a. A better educated workforce that was able to do the highly technical jobs required of industrialization

b. The discovery and industrial application of new forms of energy

c. The growth of urban centers, which provided a concentrated pool of workers

d. The invention of new machines

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 51

51) Most work during the Industrial Revolution required

Page reference: p. 427 “The Economy”

a. manual strength and tolerance for boredom

b. independent thinking and creativity

c. technical knowledge and scientific skill

d. critical thinking and problem-solving skills

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 52

52) Mass production

Page reference: p. 427 “The Economy”

a. increased wages for workers and decreased the wealth of factory owners

b. increased wages for workers as well as wealth for factory owners

c. lowered wages for workers but increased wealth for those who owned factories

d. lowered wages for workers while also decreasing wealth for those who owned factories

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 53

53) Industrialization changed how people work by demanding

Page reference: p. 427 “The Economy”

a. fewer skills of them

b. more skills of them

c. that they become literate

d. that they become better leaders in the workforce

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 54

54) All of the following are ways that employers increase profits EXCEPT

Page reference: p. 428 “The Economy”

a. supporting credentialing, which brings in highly qualified workers for wages that only award qualification, not being highly qualified

b. replacing workers with new technologies that, even if they are expensive to develop or purchase, cost less over the long term

c. moving factories to areas of the world with strong traditions of laborers’ rights

d. threatening to replace workers with other workers who would be willing to work for low wages should those already hired demand higher incomes

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 55

55) The work of which sociologist inspired movements against capitalism around the world?

Page reference: p. 427 “The Economy”

a. Emile Durkheim

b. Immanuel Wallerstein

c. Karl Marx

d. Max Weber

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 56

56) In what kind of economy are goods produced according to social need and economic production controlled and owned collectively by the workers themselves?

Page reference: p. 427 “The Economy”

a. Feudalism

b. Capitalism

c. Post-industrialization

d. Socialism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 57

57) Today, more than 80% of Americans are employed in

Page reference: p. 428 “The Economy”

a. professional, technical, and service occupations

b. agricultural and natural resource management and extraction

c. government-funded jobs

d. education, recreation, and tourism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 58

58) Precarious employment is characterized by

Page reference: p. 428-429 “The Economy”

a. high levels of job satisfaction as workers see the jobs as part of their personal growth

b. low wages, the elimination of benefits such as health insurance or retirement funds, and virtually no long-term security

c. warm relationships between co-workers, who come to see each other as family

d. rapid changes in technology that allow workers to exercise their minds and develop new skill sets within the context of work rather than requiring them to return to school for more formal (and costly) education

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 59

59) Steve Jobs, the now deceased former leader of Apple, credited what for inspiring some of his design choices in the Mac computer?

Page reference: p. 431 “Case Study: What Kind of Education Do People Need in Today’s Economy?”

a. Taking a course in calligraphy

b. Earning a college degree in engineering

c. Reading magazines in his spare time

d. Being an amateur astronomer

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 14 Question 60

60) In 1959, C. P. Snow, who was both a novelist and a physicist, delivered a famous speech at Cambridge University. Titled “The Two Cultures,” it argued that

Page reference: p. 431 “Case Study: What Kind of Education Do People Need in Today’s Economy?”

a. both the natural sciences and the humanities are ineffective ways of viewing the world; instead, a social scientific approach is best

b. artificial divisions between the sciences and humanities was preventing people from solving some of the world’s most important problems

c. while investments in science would produce more immediate benefits to humanity, investments in humanities would produce more important ones

d. funding for the sciences should be public, and the benefits of science should be public as well, whereas the funding of the humanities should be private and the benefits should go to private investors and supporters, such as people who purchase novels