Substance Use And Abuse Exam Prep Sarafino Ch.7

CHAPTER 7: Substance Use and Abuse

True/False Statements

1. Users who go on to become addicted to a substance usually become psychologically dependent on it first.

Section Reference: Addiction and Dependence

2. Since government agencies in Canada began issuing reports in the 1960s that described the health effects of smoking, smoking has steadily decreased.

Section Reference: Smoking Tobacco

3. Nicotine is the active ingredient in tobacco smoke that has been linked to cancer.

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

4. The nicotine regulation model falls short of explaining why people still crave cigarettes months and even years after they quit smoking.

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

5. Lifetime prevalence rates indicate that approximately 19% of all Canadian drinkers abuse alcohol.

Section Reference: Who Drinks, and How Much?

6. Cocaine may have harmful effects on the cardiovascular system.

Section Reference: Drug Use and Health

7. Stanley Schachter (1982) interviewed ex‑smokers and found that over 60% who tried to quit were unsuccessful.

Section Reference Quitting a Substance Without Therapy

8. Long-term alcoholics and problem drinkers who drink at lighter levels can both successfully use controlled drinking strategies.

Section Reference Quitting a Substance Without Therapy

9. The treatment strategies in Alcoholics Anonymous have been found to be more effective than other treatment interventions delivered by professional therapists.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

10. Incorporating a person’s physician into their intervention program for reducing substance abuse is likely to prevent the person from wanting to participate and reduce the effectiveness of the program.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

Matching

Match the techniques with their descriptions in 11-15:

a. aversion strategies

b. self‑monitoring

c. stimulus control

d. response substitution

e. behavioural contracting

11. Involves replacing a problem behaviour with a behaviour incompatible with the problem.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

12. May involve satiation or imagined negative scenes.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

13. Specifies what rewards and punishers are applied in controlling a behaviour.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

14. Records are kept on the problem behaviour such as the times, places, and circumstances of each occurrence.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

15. May involve removing ashtrays or matches from the home of a smoker.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

Match the following agents with their descriptions in 16-20:

a. emetine

b. morphine

c. barbiturate

d. marijuana

e. methadone

16. A hallucinogen which causes perceptual distortions.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

17. A narcotic or pain reducing substance.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

18. Like Antabuse, may be used in the treatment of alcohol abuse.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

19. Depressant which decreases arousal and increase relaxation.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

20. A chemical which blocks the effects of heroin.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

Multiple Choice

21. The definition of addiction has come to include

a) physical dependence.

b) psychological dependence.

c) repeated consumption of a substance.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Addiction and Dependence

22. Habib has developed a physical dependence on nicotine, which means

a) his body requires it for "normal" functioning and he'll most likely

experience withdrawal symptoms if he tries to quit smoking.

b) he is probably experiencing serious interpersonal problems because of this substance.

c) he very likely is failing to fulfill important obligations to others.

d) he probably feels compelled to smoke cigarettes.

Section Reference: Addiction and Dependence

23. The process in which the body requires increasingly large doses of a drug to achieve the same effect is best described as

a) tolerance.

b) withdrawal.

c) dependence.

d) addiction.

Section Reference: Addiction and Dependence

24. In the past Randi had only to drink two beers before she felt a "buzz." Now she must drink five or more beers to get that "buzz." Randi is exhibiting

a) tolerance.

b) withdrawal.

c) psychological dependence.

d) addiction.

Section Reference: Addiction and Dependence

25. Nora has been feeling irritable since she quit smoking last week. She is experiencing symptoms of _____.

a) tolerance.

b) withdrawal.

c) dependence.

d) abuse.

Section Reference: Addiction and Dependence

26. According to the text, the potential for psychological dependence is lowest for

a) marijuana.

b) heroin.

c) cocaine.

d) LSD.

Section Reference: Addiction and Dependence

27. Steve shows a persistent pattern of drinking too much and often drives drunk. He meets the criteria for the diagnosis of

a) physical dependence.

b) substance abuse.

c) withdrawal.

d) tolerance.

Section Reference: Addiction and Dependence

28. Katie drinks to reduce the stress she feels at the end of a long day whereas John drinks simply because he "likes the taste of a good beer." Katie’s drinking is maintained by _____ reinforcement whereas John's is maintained by _____ reinforcement.

a) positive; positive

b) positive; negative

c) negative; positive

d) negative; negative

Section Reference: Processes Leading to Dependence

29. Samuel has intense cravings for a cigarette when he sees his friend, Andrew.

According to the text, the sight of Andrew serves as a __________.

a) positive reinforcement

b) negative reinforcement

c) substance-related cue

d) tolerance cue

Section Reference: Processes Leading to Dependence

30. Steve grew up seeing his parents and their friends having fun at annual Super Bowl parties at which large amounts of alcohol were consumed. According to expectancy theory, Steve is likely to develop ____ attitudes toward alcohol via ____.

a) negative; social learning

b) positive; classical conditioning

c) negative; classical conditioning

d) positive; social learning

Section Reference: Processes Leading to Dependence

31. Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity on addiction is not true?

a) Smoking and alcoholism share the same genetic markers.

b) The specific genes responsible for smoking have been identified.

c) The specific genes responsible for alcoholism have been identified.

d) If one identical twin smokes, the co-twin is also likely to smoke.

Section Reference: Processes Leading to Dependence

32. Which of the following statement regarding cigarette smoking is true?

a) It is at an all‑time high in the Canada.

b) It has declined to the point that many tobacco companies now face bankruptcy.

c) It reached its greatest popularity in Canada in the mid‑60s.

d) It was introduced to North America by Columbus.

Section Reference: Smoking Tobacco

33. Which of the following smokers is in the age level with the highest percentage of smokers in Canada?

a) Daniel, age 45

b) Sunny, age 24

c) Samantha, age 12

d) Caroline, age 60

Section Reference: Smoking Tobacco

34. Which of the following statements about smoking prevalence is true?

a) Indigenous youth in their mid-teens are more likely to smoke than youth of the same age in

the general population.

b) On-reserve First Nations and Inuit people are less likely to smoke than persons from the general population.

c) Smoking rates increase with education.

d) Smoking rates are highest in high income individuals because they can afford to buy cigarettes.

Section Reference: Who Smokes, and How Much?

35. Which of the following persons is most likely to continue smoking beyond a few cigarettes?

a) Joe, whose parents don't smoke

b) Tara, whose friends all think smoking is "uncool"

c) Conrad, a rebellious, risk-taking adolescent

d) none of the above

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

36. Research on stress and smoking has led to each of the following conclusions except

a) smoking is commonly identified as a way to reduce stress.

b) adult smoking increases with stress.

c) smoking is a good long-term tension reducer.

d) smokers report less anxiety if allowed to smoke.

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

37. Which of the following statements reflects the biological influences on smoking?

a) No relationship between heredity and smoking has been discovered.

b) Heredity influences the ease with which a person becomes dependent on tobacco.

c) Heredity may influence the strength of physical dependence on tobacco.

d) both b and c.

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

38. Which substance in inhaled cigarette smoke is readily absorbed into the bloodstream and reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen?

a) tar

b) nicotine

c) carbon monoxide

d) carbon dioxide

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

39. Nicotine, the addictive substance in cigarettes:

a) triggers catecholamine release.

b) acts as a stimulant.

c) is found naturally only in tobacco.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

40. The idea that smokers pace their smoking to maintain the levels of nicotine in their blood is most consistent with which of the following theories?

a) nicotine regulation

b) psychosocial

c) psychological dependence

d) biobehavioural

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

41. Researchers have found that when habitual smokers are provided with low‑nicotine cigarettes they:

a) smoke more to maintain their nicotine intake

b) smoke about the same number of cigarettes.

c) smoke less because of low-tar cigarettes taste awful.

d) are very likely to stop smoking after a short period of time.

Section Reference: Why People Smoke

42. Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between prevalence of lung cancer and smoking?

a) Lung cancer has decreased in prevalence and thus its relationship with smoking is unclear.

b) Rates of lung cancer mortality started to rise about 20 years after the increase in smoking.

c) The gap between women and men who smoke in mortality due to lung cancer remains the same as it was 40 years ago.

d) Mortality rates due to lung cancer are the same as in the days of Christopher Columbus.

Section Reference: Smoking and Health

43. Which is not true about passive smoking?

a) It can cause cancer in healthy nonsmokers.

b) Children of smokers have more respiratory infections than children of nonsmokers.

c) The smoke that comes from the end of a burning cigarette contains high concentrations of carcinogens.

d) Designating some tables in the corner of a restaurant as smoking tables and the rest as

nonsmoking eliminates the exposure of nonsmokers to the harmful effects of smoke.

Section Reference: Smoking and Health

44. Risk factors that link smoking to cardiovascular heart disease (CHD) include

a) having a lifestyle that includes other risk factors.

b) low blood pressure which causes the nicotine to be metabolized more slowly.

c) being a female.

d) having relatively low stress levels in one's life.

Section Reference: Smoking and Health

45. The substances in cigarettes which contribute to cardiovascular disease are

a) tar and carbon.

b) winston and salem.

c) carbon monoxide and nicotine.

d) filters and menthol.

Section Reference: Smoking and Health

46. The movement in Canada and the United States which advocated total abstinence from alcohol was called

a) temperance.

b) behaviour modification.

c) behaviourism.

d) the Roaring 20s.

Section Reference: Alcohol Use and Abuse

47. Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in alcohol consumption?

a) Men drink more than women only in adolescence.

b) Men drink more than women during adolescence but women drink more during adult life.

c) Men drink more than women throughout the lifespan.

d) Women drink more than men only in adolescence.

Section Reference: Who Drinks, and How Much?

48. Historically, _____ occurs more in countries that incorporate drinking into daily life, whereas _____ occurs more in countries that restrict alcohol use.

a) alcoholism; problem drinking

b) problem drinking; alcoholism

c) intoxication; daily drinking

d) daily drinking; intoxication

Section Reference: Who Drinks, and How Much?

49. The phrase "lifetime prevalence rate" refers to

a) number of new cases in a year.

b) proportion of individuals who have experienced the problem at any point in their lifetime.

c) another term for mortality rate.

d) another term for morbidity rate.

Section Reference: Who Drinks, and How Much?

50. Most problem drinkers are

a) college students.

b) unemployed.

c) married.

d) separated from their families.

Section Reference: Who Drinks, and How Much?

51. Which of the following concepts accounts for the fact that Hank tries to keep pace with his friends in terms of number of drinks consumed when they are out together at a bar?

a) abstinence violation effect

b) substance-related cues

c) negative reinforcement

d) modeling

Section Reference: Why People Use and Abuse Alcohol

52. Terrance has a history of alcoholism in his family. Which of the following might happen to Terrance that would be less likely to happen to his friends without a similar family history?

a) stronger cravings for alcohol after his first drink

b) stronger dislike for the taste of alcohol

c) lower tolerance for the effects of alcohol

d) his family history will not have any impact on his drinking

Section Reference: Why People Use and Abuse Alcohol

53. Jose has had 5 glasses of beer and decides he needs to drive to the grocery store. He says to his roommate “I always sober up as soon as I get behind the wheel.” He is _____ the effects of alcohol on his ability to drive.

a) overestimating

b) underestimating

c) accurately estimating

d) cognitively restructuring

Section Reference: Why People Use and Abuse Alcohol

54. Heavy drinking has been linked to all of the following health problems except

a) asthma.

b) cirrhosis.

c) brain damage.

d) high blood pressure.

Section Reference: Why People Use and Abuse Alcohol

55. Which of the following drugs is one of the most popular in the world?

a) cocaine

b) barbiturates

c) heroin

d) marijuana

Section Reference: Who Uses Drugs, and Why?

56. The strongest factor in determining teenagers’ decreasing use of drugs is

a) stress

b) genetics

c) drug availability

d) beliefs about the harmfulness of drugs.

Section Reference: Who Uses Drugs, and Why?

57. Factors that predict the movement from drug use to drug abuse include

a) rebelliousness and sensation seeking.

b) rebelliousness and genetics.

c) high levels of social conformity and social learning.

d) impulsivity and stress.

Section Reference: Who Uses Drugs, and Why?

58. In comparison to the research on the effects of smoking and drinking on health, the research on effects of drug use on health is

a) well documented.

b) not well documented.

c) rapidly catching up.

d) hampered by negative public opinions.

Section Reference: Drug Use and Health

59. Which statement is accurate regarding long-term effects of marijuana and and tobacco use?

a) They both are linked to CHD.

b) They both are linked to the development of cancer.

c) They both are linked to lung damage.

d) Marijuana use has no long term effects on health.

Section Reference: Drug Use and Health

60. Which of the following effects of using cocaine are linked to increased risk for stroke and heart attack?

a) blood vessel constriction

b) increase in heart rate

c) cardiac arrhythmia

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Drug Use and Health

61. Prevention programs are currently being designed to deal with the use of multiple substances. What are the primary reasons for doing so?

a) initial use of all three substances occurs in adolescence and for similar reasons

b) cost and convenience

c) for convenience reasons only

d) this is how prevention programs have always been delivered

Section Reference: Preventing Substance Use

62. Setting legal drinking ages and restricting sales of alcohol to certain times of are examples of a(n) _____ approach to prevention.

a) public policy or legal

b) behaviour modification

c) health promotion and education

d) early intervention

Section Reference: Preventing Substance Use

63. Successful programs designed to prevent teenage drug abuse have incorporated which of the following components?

a) A mass media campaign that emphasizes the negative consequences of drug use.

b) Project DARE.

c) Social influence and life skills training.

d) Stress reduction.

Section Reference: Preventing Substance Use

64. According to the text, which of the following is the primary focus in “family involvement” approaches?

a) getting parents to stop smoking

b) getting parents more actively involved in supervision of their children

c) getting parents to use more harsh punishment

d) increasing parental understanding of modern youth

Section Reference: Preventing Substance Use

65. Attempting to quit smoking on one's own is

a) rarely successful.

b) equal in success rate compared with a structured program.

c) one of the most common ways to quit smoking.

d) effective only if the person uses satiation too.

Section Reference: Quitting a Substance Without Therapy

66. Which of the methods below was not used by the majority of people trying to quit

smoking in a stop-smoking contest?

a) Quitting ''cold turkey''.

b) Going it alone.

c) Providing material rewards for success.

d) Using oral substitutes.

Section Reference: Quitting a Substance Without Therapy

67. Which of the following is a problem with employee assistance programs?

a) They identify substance abuse problems only after they become severe.

b) Most employees with substance abuse problems don’t use them.

c) Employees with substance abuse are often concerned their employer will find out and thus don’t use

the program.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Quitting a Substance Without Therapy

68. According to the stages of change model, what is the critical transition point for readiness to attempt stopping the use of a substance?

a) the shift from precontemplation to contemplation

b) the shift from preparation to action

c) the shift from contemplation to preparation/action

d) none of the above

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

69. Melissa is entering a stop-smoking program that uses reinforcement as part of the program. Her friend, Madison, is entering a program that does not use reinforcement. Which person is more likely to be successful?

a) Melissa

b) Madison

c) both will be successful

d) neither will be successful

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

70. Present research indicates that alcoholics who can drink in moderation and in a controlled fashion are

a) relatively common.

b) generally rare.

c) only found among long‑term alcoholics who have increased their tolerance for the drug.

d) usually young, with a short‑term drinking problem.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

71. Kyle is taking the drug known as emetine. He can expect which of the following effects from the drug?

a) Nausea if he drinks alcohol while he's taking it.

b) Perceptual distortions since it is a hallucinogen.

c) Decreased arousal and increased relaxation.

d) Pain relief.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

72. According to recent research, how effective is Alcoholic Anonymous in reducing alcohol use?

a) AA’s effectiveness is still unknown at present.

b) AA is as effective as other current methods.

c) AA is less effective than other methods.

d) AA is more effective than other methods.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

73. Todd removes all ashtrays from his car and home to help him to stop smoking. He is using a strategy called:

a) behavioural contracting.

b) response substitution.

c) stimulus control.

d) self-deception.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

74. Frank's favourite cigarettes of the day and the hardest to give up are those he has right after dinner. Frank decides to begin taking a walk after dinner instead of smoking. This is an example of

a) behavioural contracting.

b) response substitution.

c) stimulus control.

d) self-deception.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

75. What is one of the major problems with using Antabuse as part of a treatment program to get people to stop drinking?

a) It doesn’t work on most people.

b) It’s cruel to make people nauseous.

c) It’s difficult to get people to take it consistently.

d) It substitutes one addiction for another.

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

76. You are a smoker who has decided to quit. Which of the following programs would likely be most effective for you?

a) quitting ''cold turkey''

b) using a nicotine patch

c) providing material rewards for success

d) a multidimensional program

Section Reference: Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse

77. Maria has just finished formal treatment for her addiction to cocaine. If she experiences a relapse, when is the most likely time that will happen?

a) within the next few weeks

b) at the one year point following treatment

c) at the seven year point following treatment

d) relapse is highly unlikely

Section Reference: Dealing with the Relapse Problem

78. Of the following people, who is most likely to relapse following their stop-smoking program?

a) Mark, a light smoker

b) Gina, a heavy smoker

c) Billy, whose wife is very supportive of his quit attempt

d) June, who is very sure she will be effective in her quit attempt

Section Reference: Dealing with the Relapse Problem

79. According to research, when smokers relapse what phenomenon is observed?

a) They are able to immediately attempt another quit effort and be successful.

b) They usually give up trying to quit entirely.

c) They decrease their perceptions of the health risks of smoking.

d) They switch to a low tar cigarette.

Section Reference: Dealing with the Relapse Problem

80. Marlatt’s relapse prevention method involves which of the following?

a) involvement of a therapist

b) practicing coping skills in actual high-risk situations

c) identification of high-risk situations

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Dealing with the Relapse Problem

Short Answer Questions

81. Discuss the relationships between the terms addiction, physical dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, psychological dependence and substance abuse.

82. Sometimes people label others as an "alcoholic" erroneously. Based on the definition from the text, what criteria would need to be met for this term to be accurate? How is it differentiated from problem drinking?

83. Distinguish between the various types and effects of the different categories of drugs.

Essay Questions

84. Your aunt is concerned that her adolescent daughter might begin smoking. Based on the information you've gained from this chapter, what suggestions might you give her regarding prevention?

85. Your neighbour, a 35 year-old 2-3 pack-a-day smoker for the past 15 years, has finally decided he wants to quit smoking and has asked for your advice on how to go about doing so. What information could you give him regarding smoking cessation techniques and their likelihood for success?

86. You may have noticed the similarity in treatment approaches for attempting to prevent and/or get people to quit using tobacco, alcohol, and chemical substances described in this chapter. Give an overview of the major approaches used in prevention or treatment.

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