Using Health Services Ch.9 Full Test Bank Sarafino

CHAPTER 9: USING HEALTH SERVICES

True/False Statements

1. In Canada, home health care has become popular only because of the cost of health procedures.

Section Reference: Office-based and in-Patient Treatment

2. Jacob had some symptoms about which he was concerned. He asked his wife and co‑workers about them and was urged to contact a doctor. These people constituted a lay referral system.

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

3. Although women contact their physicians more frequently (on average) than do men, this is due

to the increased visits necessitated by pregnancy and childbirth. Taking pregnancy into account, the

utilization rates of medical services are the same for the sexes.

Section Reference: Who Uses Health Services?

4. Lack of knowledge regarding prevention and personal beliefs about low susceptibility to illness have been shown to affect the use of health services in low-income people.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

5. Your friend, Tim, has to undergo painful back surgery. The Health Belief Model would predict that he will be reluctant about the surgery unless some definite improvement in his back pain was possible.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

6. Bao has a rash on his leg and is trying to decide if he should get some over-the-counter ointment at the pharmacy or go to a dermatologist. Bao is experiencing illness delay.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

7. Patients rate physician characteristics such as sensitivity and warmth as more critical than

physician competency levels.

Section Reference: The Practitioner’s Behaviour and Style

8. Practitioners tend to overestimate the degree to which patients comply with medical treatments.

Section Reference: Extent of the Nonadherence Problem

9. In terms of the sheer amount of information physicians should give to patients, more is generally better.

Section Reference: Patient–Practitioner Interactions

Matching

Match the institution listed below with the descriptions in items 11-15.

a. hospitals

b. nursing homes

c. home health care

d. Medicare

e. universal health care

10. Provide care for individuals needing long-term medical and personal care

Section Reference: Office-based and In-patient Treatment

11. The most complex facilities in the health care system

Section Reference: Office-based and In-patient Treatment

12. Canada’s publicly funded health insurance program.

Section Reference: The Canadian Health Care System

13. Health care systems funded by taxes and payroll deductions.

Section Reference: Health Care Systems in Other Countries

14. A less expensive option than inpatient care for individuals with chronic illnesses

Section Reference: Office-based and In-patient Treatment

Match the following concepts with their descriptions in items 16-20:

a. lay referral system

b. health belief model

c. commonsense model of illness

d. treatment delay

e. mass psychogenic illness

15. Perceived threat depends on perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

16. Help interpret a symptom, give advice about seeking medical attentions and recommend a remedy

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

17. Major factor is not having pain

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

18. Widespread symptom perception among a large group of individuals with no confirmed medical basis for the symptom.

Section Reference: Perceiving Symptoms

19. Ideas and expectations about illnesses developed through experience.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

MULTIPLE CHOICE

20. The chief advantage of a health care system organized into specialties is

a) good patient‑doctor communication

b) patients receive the best expertise for each aspect of each problem

c) lower expense

d) faster delivery of services

Section Reference: Specialized Functions of Practitioners

21. The most complex facilities in the health‑care system are

a) hospitals

b) nursing homes

c) doctors' offices

d) emergency clinics

Section Reference: Section Reference: Office-based and In-patient Treatment

22. Hospitals are to _____ as nursing homes are to _____.

a) emergency care; long term care

b) long term care; emergency care

c) inpatient services; home health care services

d) outpatient services; inpatient services

Section Reference: Office-based and In-patient Treatment

23. The shift from outpatient services occurred for which of the following reasons?

a) Declining number of hospitals.

b) Lack of quality health care in this country.

c) An increasing number of healthy people.

d) Rising costs of hospital and nursing home services.

Section Reference: Office-based and In-patient Treatment

24. Which of the following statements about outpatient services is true?

a) Their use has been declining in recent years.

b) Outpatient services are much more expensive than inpatient services due to their technology-intensive services.

c) Outpatient services has had no effect on nursing home admissions.

d) Technological advances have made outpatient services a possibility for more patients.

Section Reference: Office-based and In-patient Treatment

25. The following services are included in Canada’s universal health care system:

a. vision and dental care.

b. prescription medications.

c. psychological counselling services.

d. none of the above.

Section Reference: The Canadian Health Care System

26. The Canada Health Act ensures that:

a) Each province covers the same types of care.

b) Mental health therapies services are covered in every part of the country.

c) All citizens have access to medically necessary services without having to pay out of pocket.

d) Doctors can charge for all services.

Section Reference: The Canadian Health Care System

27. Marie is American and is considered low-income. Marie's health care services will be covered by:

a) a Medicaid program.

b) a Medicare program.

c) a universal health care system.

d) no health insurance, she will have to pay for services out of pocket.

Section Reference: Health Care Systems in Other Countries

28. Some universal health care systems in countries other than Canada

a) are partly funded with medical savings accounts,

b) cover prescription medications.

c) encourage the use of supplemental private insurance,.

d) all of the above.

Section Reference: Health Care Systems in Other Countries

29. Which is a limitation of the American health care system?

a) It is not accessible to all Americans.

b) Uninsured people have higher mortality rates than insured individuals.

c) Health care is distributed unequally, even among those who are insured.

d) All of the above are true.

Section Reference: Health Care Systems in Other Countries

30. Studies of the correlation between self‑estimates and physiological measures of heart rate and nasal congestion show that

a) people consistently detect only large changes in both.

b) people accurately estimate heart rate but not nasal congestion.

c) people accurately estimate nasal congestion but not heart rate.

d) none of the above

Section Reference: Perceiving Symptoms

31. Studies of heat and pain thresholds have shown that

a) people feel pain at widely varying temperatures.

b) heat does not cause pain.

c) almost all individuals report pain at rather uniform temperatures.

d) all individuals report pain at 30 C.

Section Reference: Perceiving Symptoms

32. Monique could be described as an internally‑focused individual. Which of the following behavioural patterns would she be most likely to demonstrate?

a) Reporting less pain than do other people.

b) Being more accurate in her perception of internal body changes.

c) Overestimating changes in her bodily functions.

d) Reporting faster recovery from illness than do other people.

Section Reference: Perceiving Symptoms

33. Which individual below is most likely to notice internal sensations such as pain?

a) An Olympic athlete sprinting for the finish.

b) A police officer in pursuit of a felon.

c) A single person at home reading a boring textbook.

d) All will notice internal sensations equally.

Section Reference: Perceiving Symptoms

34. As part of a study on joint pain, Bill has received an inert substance to control his pain. Bill has received a _____ and his pain is likely to _____.

a) analgesic; go down

b) mild tranquilizer; go up

c) mild tranquilizer; be unaffected

d) placebo; go down

Section Reference: Understanding the Placebo Effect

35. Which of the following demonstrates the effect of cognitive factors on symptom perception?

a) Research on premenstrual symptoms.

b) Psychogenic illness.

c) Medical student's disease.

d) All of the above.

Section Reference: Perceiving Symptoms

36. A high school student fainted after eating the "mystery meat special" in the cafeteria. Upon witnessing this, thirty other students who had eaten the same thing subsequently fainted. Tests showed no harmful substances in the air or in the "mystery meat." These students were likely suffering from

a) food poisoning.

b) the placebo effect.

c) psychogenic illness.

d) conversion hysteria.

Section Reference: Understanding the Placebo Effect

37. Which of the following is a contributor to psychogenic illness?

a) Modeling.

b) Stress.

c) Emotional factors.

d) All of the above.

Section Reference: Perceiving Symptoms

38. When comparing disability from chronic low back pain in six different countries, in which country was the greatest impairment reported?

a) Japan.

b) United States.

c) Italy.

d) Mexico.

Section Reference: Perceiving Symptoms

39. Janet's family has a history of breast cancer. When she notices a small lump in her breast, she attributes it to premenstrual symptoms. According to conflict theory, Janet may be engaging in

a) hypervigilant coping.

b) medical student's syndrome.

c) psychogenic illness.

d) Zola's denial.

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

40. Commonsense models involve all of the following components except:

a) adherence

b) illness identity

c) causes and underlying pathology

d) time line

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

41. Alec believes that he can tell by the feeling in his head when his blood pressure is high. He says the feeling goes away quickly if he takes his medicine but can last all night when he doesn't take his medicine. Alec is using a

a) health regimen.

b) commonsense model.

c) medical technique.

d) natural barometer.

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

42. Rare diseases are perceived as _______ than common ones.

a) more serious

b) less serious

c) more likely to be genetically linked

d) more prevalent

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

43. People with faulty commonsense models of illness are affected in which of the following ways?

a) They may not seek appropriate treatment.

b) They may not adjust well psychologically to an illness they develop.

c) They may be less likely to follow doctor's advice.

d) All of the above.

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

44. Which of the following is NOT a function of a lay referral system?

a) Help interpret symptoms.

b) Perform minor medical procedures.

c) Recommend remedies.

d) Recommend consulting another lay referral person.

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

45. Before many people seek medical attention they seek advice from friends, relatives or coworkers. These individuals constitute

a) an extended family.

b) a lay referral system.

c) an informal health care network

d) an HMO.

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

46. Which of the following is NOT true regarding lay referral networks?

a) The actions they recommend tend to be more accurate than physicians.

b) Their recommendations are likely to make conditions worse.

c) Their recommendations can lead to delay behaviours.

d) Most people in Canada never rely on lay referral networks.

Section Reference: Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms

47. The first health professional with whom many people consult is

a) a dentist.

b) a chiropractor.

c) a pharmacist.

d) a member of their lay referral network.

Section Reference: Using and Misusing Health Services

48. Which of the following is NOT usually classified as an acute condition?

a) Flu.

b) Fractures.

c) Arthritis.

d) Sprains.

Section Reference: Who Uses Health Services?

49. Which of the following is NOT usually classified as a chronic condition?

a) Arthritis.

b) Flu.

c) Asthma.

d) Diabetes.

Section Reference: Who Uses Health Services?

50. Which age group is most likely to visit a physician for chronic disease treatment?

a) the elderly

b) adults of all ages

c) children

d) infants

Section Reference: Who Uses Health Services?

51. Which of the factors below is not correlated with the frequency of usage of health care services?

a) Gender.

b) Socioeconomic status.

c) Income.

d) All of these are correlated with health care usage

Section Reference: Who Uses Health Services?

52. The difference in health care system usage between males and females

a) may exist because of the hesitance of men to admit having symptoms.

b) disappears if visits for pregnancy are controlled for.

c) illustrates the poor health of females in general.

d) demonstrates that males are healthier than females.

Section Reference: Who Uses Health Services?

53. Indigenous people in Canada face sociocultural and economic barriers to accessing health care because of:

a) living in rural communities where services are harder to access.

b) inability to arrange transportation to clinics and hospitals.

c) language.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Who Uses Health Services?

54. The lower frequency of health care usage by the lower classes is accounted for partially by

a) a lower incidence of disease.

b) mistrust of the health care system.

c) availability of a regular health care source.

d) the high quality of physicians attracted to low-income regions.

Section Reference: Who Uses Health Services?

55. Iatrogenic conditions are

a) health problems as a result of medical treatment.

b) present only if practitioners make mistakes.

c) congenital heart defects.

d) likely to affect the heart.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

56. According to the health belief model, which of the following initiates a decision-making process to seeking medical care?

a) Perceiving benefits to be greater than costs.

b) Perceiving costs and seriousness of disease to be significant.

c) The presence of threatening symptoms.

d) The availability of accessible health care.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

57. According to research, what is the role of emotions in seeking health care?

a) They always increase the likelihood that a person seeks health care.

b) individuals perceive diseases, such as cancer, to be so serious that they avoid seeking medical

examinations out of extreme fear and anxiety

c) Emotions tend not to impede seeking medical care.

d) Fear is the single more important variable that prevents people from seeking medical care.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

58. Expectations of pain

a) keep 5% of Americans from visiting the dentist.

b) often relate to reluctance to seek cancer care.

c) are perceived as part of cancer.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

59. Larry finally decides to go to the doctor about his persistent cough after about 2 weeks of steady prodding and encouragement by his wife and daughter. His treatment has likely been triggered by

a) sanctioning.

b) interpersonal crisis.

c) perceived interference.

d) final incentives

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

60. The time a person takes to interpret a symptom as a sign of illness is called

a) treatment delay.

b) appraisal delay.

c) illness delay.

d) utilization delay.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

61. The time taken after recognizing a sign of illness until deciding to seek medical attention is called

a) treatment delay.

b) appraisal delay.

c) illness delay.

d) utilization delay.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

62. Researchers have found that a major non‑illness life problem or event will tend to

a) decrease total treatment delay of an illness.

b) increase total treatment delay of an illness.

c) decrease the likelihood of illness.

d) increase impulse delay.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

63. The absence of pain is a major factor in treatment delay. A serious problem associated with this fact is

a) it increases the ultimate cost of health care.

b) pain is a major symptom of all diseases.

c) pain is not a major symptom of many serious diseases.

d) disease and pain are unrelated.

Section Reference: Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services

64. An accurate conclusion regarding the effectiveness of alternative medicines is that

a) most physicians use them as frequently as they do prescription medications.

b) some methods appear to have medical value.

c) they have absolutely no value and shouldn't be used.

d) there is an abundance of scientific evidence for their effectiveness.

Section Reference: Using Complementary and Alternative Medicine

65. Those exhibiting hypochondriasis tend to

a) recognize real symptoms of illness.

b) associate real but benign bodily sensations with illness.

c) make up or imagine bodily sensations.

d) neglect to use the health care system.

Section Reference: Problematic Health Service Usage

66. The condition known as chronic fatigue syndrome is a good example that

a) if a medical test can't measure symptoms, the patient is probably hypochondriacal.

b) some illnesses are purely psychosomatic.

c) some medical problems simply can't be confirmed yet by medical tests.

d) chronic fatigue syndrome is not a medically confirmed condition

Section Reference: Problematic Health Service Usage

67. Which patient will most likely adjust to their recovery better and recover faster?

a) Luisa, whose doctor insists that she follow the prescribed regimen.

b) Melba, who takes an active role in deciding about treatment.

c) Alma, who prefers to let her physician make all the decisions.

d) All will recover equally well and at the same rate.

Section Reference: Patient Preferences for Participation in Medical Care

68. Which of the behaviours is NOT associated with a "doctor‑centered'' style of relating?

a) Use of medical jargon.

b) Focus on the first problem mentioned by the patient.

c) Asking questions that require only brief answers.

d) Open‑ended questions.

Section Reference: The Practitioner’s Behaviour and Style

69. Perhaps the most important medical benefit of a more patient‑centered approach is

a) greater patient understanding.

b) increased likelihood of healing.

c) greater amounts of diagnostic information.

d) decreased appointment cancellations.

Section Reference: The Practitioner’s Behaviour and Style

70. Patients describe symptoms for the same health problem differently because

a) they differ in the attention they pay to internal states.

b) they may emphasize a symptom they believe reflects serious illness.

c) they may downplay a symptom they believe reflects serious illness.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: The Practitioner’s Behaviour and Style

71. The dissatisfaction with the term "compliance" is

a) that patients rarely follow recommendations anyway.

b) its suggestion that patients reluctantly submit to physicians' authoritarian demands.

c) not a common position in health psychology.

d) only discussed in psychology and not in medicine.

Section Reference: Compliance: Adhering to Medical Advice

72. Findings on medical adherence indicate that

a) doctors overestimate adherence

b) patients honestly report their adherence.

c) overall adherence rate is 90%.

d) adherence is very easy to measure.

Section Reference: Extent of the Nonadherence Problem)

73. Which of the following has research shown to play the smallest role in medical regimen noncompliance?

a) Patient personality traits.

b) Complexity of regimen.

c) Duration of regimen.

d) Illness severity as judged by patients.

Section Reference: Why Patients Do and Do Not Adhere to Medical Advice

74. Which group is most likely to take their medicine as prescribed?

a) Adolescent diabetics.

b) Female diabetics who are concerned with controlling their weight.

c) Arthritic patients over age 55.

d) Adolescents taking antibiotics.

Section Reference: The Practitioner’s Behaviour and Style

75. Which of the following is an example of rational nonadherence?

a) Mindy, who stops her diet because she isn't losing weight.

b) Vanessa, who stops buying her medicine because she doesn't have the money.

c) Mike, who skips chemotherapy because it makes him so sick he doesn't feel he can spend quality

days with his children.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Why Patients Do and Do Not Adhere to Medical Advice

76. Research on patient memory as related to their interactions with practitioners shows

a) intelligent patients remember more than less intelligent ones.

b) older patients remember less than younger ones.

c) patients remember what they're told first.

d) patients remember most of what their doctors say.

Section Reference: Patient–practitioner Interactions

77. Research on medical consultations shows that about _______ of physician’s statements are giving information to the patient.

a) 10%

b) 38%

c) 50%

d) 65%

Section Reference: Patient–practitioner Interactions

78. Which of the following statements best represents conclusions regarding the impact of nonadherence on health outcomes?

a) Nonadherence has little to no impact on health outcomes.

b) Nonadherence tends to make most medicine-taking schedules completely useless.

c) The impact of nonadherence depends on the particular health problem and treatment prescribed.

d) Studies of nonadherence have been inconclusive.

Section Reference: Increasing Patient Adherence

79. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a chronic care model?

a) How care is organized.

b) Having guidelines and training for identifying and carrying out treatment.

c) Providing self-management support.

d) Incorporating a lay referral network.

Section Reference: Focusing on Prevention

Short Answer Questions

80. Compare and contrast inpatient treatment modalities.

81. Compare and contrast the American and Canadian health care systems.

82. What factors in the practitioner-patient interaction relate to patient adherence to the practitioner’s advice?

Essay Questions

83. Imagine for a moment that your eye has been watering for the past 2 hours. What factors will determine if you go to the doctor?

84. Discuss how a person’s ideas about illness influence seeking medical care.

85. Newly hired by a health care clinic, what advice do you have for your boss regarding ways to increase adherence among the clinic’s patients?

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