Complete Test Bank Ch6 Health-Related Beahviour And Health

CHAPTER 6: HEALTH-RELATED BEAHVIOUR AND HEALTH PROMOTION

True/False Statements

1. Changing health habits is likely to reduce mortality rates only partially.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk factors, and Health

2. Sick role behaviour as defined in the text would describe an individual who seeks out

treatment for the purpose of getting well.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk factors, and Health

3. People’s health habits are extremely stable and do not change over time.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk factors, and Health

4. Dan is caught smoking by his parents, who are psychologists. His parents decide to make Dan stay in his room so that the behaviour will stop. This is an example of negative reinforcement.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

5. The Health Belief Model proposes that people will take some health-related action if a threat is perceived and if the perceived benefits of acting outweigh the perceived costs.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

6. Mohammed has just begun thinking about quitting smoking cigarettes. Although

he is thinking about changing, according to the stages of change model, if he were to actually attempt a quit effort at this point his chances of success are slim.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

7. Across their life span, people’s preventive needs and goals tend to remain fairly constant.

Section Reference: Development and Health

8. Biological factors and poverty have only a small impact on health promotion programs with diverse populations.

Section Reference: Sociocultural Factors and Health

9. Fear-arousing warnings, such as those found on packs of cigarettes, are a special case of loss-framed messages.

Section Reference: Methods for Promoting Health

10. Worksite wellness programs such as the Live for Life program have been shown to reduce health risk behaviours, job stress, absenteeism, and medical claims.

Worksite and Community-Based Wellness Programs

Matching

Match one of the following with the examples in numbers 11-15.

a. positive reinforcement

b. negative reinforcement

c. extinction

d. punishment

e. modeling

11. When Claude is under stress he experiences heartburn, which he relieves through the

use of antacids.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

12. Dr. Peterson gives her patients a new toothbrush and tasty mouthwash for attending regular dental checkups.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

13. Jonathan took up golf because his fellow executives all played, and his wife Cheryl started taking walks because her friends in the neighbourhood go on walks.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

14. Priscilla got sick the first time she tried a cigarette and never smoked again.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

15. Jen was placed on medication to control her high blood pressure. After several weeks, she could feel no difference so she stopped taking her pills.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

Match the following with a characteristic found in 16-20.

a. theory of planned behaviour

b. conflict theory

c. health belief model

d. stages of change model

e. motivated reasoning

16. Involves spiraling toward successful change.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

17. When desires and preferences influence judgments about new information.

Section Reference: The role of less rational processes

18. As applied to health behaviours, interested in studying intentions that are determined by attitudes regarding the behaviour, the influence of beliefs of others, and ability to control a behaviour.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

19. Health behaviours are determined by the perceived seriousness of the threat and perceived cost of the behaviour.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

20. The view that health challenges may be perceived as either a threat or opportunity.

Section Reference: The Role of Less Rational Processes

Multiple Choice

21. The current trend of raising health consciousness is

a) unprecedented in history.

b) unlikely to affect mortality rates.

c) similar to another such movement in the mid‑1800s.

d) no different than the way people have always behaved.

Section Reference: Health and Behaviour

22. If people adopted lifestyles that promoted wellness, how would the rate of illness and early death be affected?

a) Neither would not be affected in any way.

b) Rates of illness would be affected but not rates of early death.

c) Rates of early death would be affected but not rates of illness.

d) Both would be reduced.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

23. Even if people adopted all recommended health behaviours and cures were found for major diseases, the upper limit of the average life expectancy of people in technologically advanced countries is likely not to exceed:

a) 75 years.

b) 85 years.

c) 90 years.

d) 95 years.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

24. How have the ten leading causes of death changed from the late 1960s to today?

a) Deaths from diseases of early infancy are no longer in the top ten.

b) Deaths from cancer and lung disease have decreased.

c) Deaths from heart disease and stroke have increased.

d) HIV/AIDS has become one of the top ten leading causes of death today.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

25. Ted complains to his friends about recurring pain in his shoulder and has been looking up information on the Internet about possible causes for his pain. Ted's behaviour is an example of _____ behaviour.

a) well

b) sick-role

c) irrational

d) symptom-based

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

26. You call your boss to let her know you won't be in today because you have the flu. You stay home where you take the appropriate medicines, rest, and drink plenty of fluids. Your behaviours are examples of _____ behaviours.

a) rational

b) sick‑role

c) symptom-based

d) cognitive

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

27. According to the research on cultural differences in response to symptoms and health behaviours, which of the following persons is most likely to be affected by their family’s culture of origin?

a) Anthony, a recent immigrant from Italy.

b) Huan, a fifth generation immigrant whose ancestors came from China.

c) Both are affected equally.

d) Neither are affected.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

28. The greatest percentage of adults engage in which of the following health-related behaviours?

a) Rarely snack.

b) Eat breakfast almost every day.

c) Exercise regularly.

d) Average two or more drinks per day.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

29. Which of the following statements about health habits/behaviours is supported by research?

a) Health habits tend not to be linked to one another.

b) Health habits always remain stable over time.

c) One single set of attitudes tends to govern our health behaviours.

d) Very few people practice health habits on a regular basis.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

30. Which is an example of an environmental preventive approach to tooth decay?

a) repairing cavities

b) demonstrating good brushing technique

c) reinforcing children for brushing their teeth

d. fluoridation of local water supplies

Section Reference: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Preventing Illness

31. Showing your children how to drive a car safely is an example of a(n) _____ approach to prevention.

a) environmental measure

b) tertiary

c) behavioural influence

d) precontemplation

Section Reference: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Preventing Illness

32. A local physician encourages his patients to eat an appropriate diet, exercise, not smoke, use seat belts, and get plenty of sleep. This doctor is encouraging

a) primary prevention.

b) secondary prevention.

c) tertiary prevention.

d) behaviour modification.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

33. Which of the following is NOT an example of primary prevention?

a) using a condom

b) engaging in regular exercise

c) pre‑conception genetic counseling

d) taking a prescribed blood pressure medicine

Section Reference: Interdisciplinary perspectives on preventing illness

34. Which of the following is NOT an example of secondary prevention?

a) following a prescribed diet to control blood pressure

b) school hearing or vision tests

c) an annual physical examination

d) physical therapy following a stroke

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

35. Actions taken to reduce the damage of a disease or rehabilitate a patient are generally referred to as

a) primary prevention.

b) secondary prevention.

c) tertiary prevention.

d) cognitive restructuring.

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

36. Which is an example of tertiary prevention?

a) a cardiac rehabilitation program for people who have recently had a heart attack

b) regular dental checkups for children with healthy teeth

c) going to the doctor when you have a sore throat

d) being in a monogamous sexual relationship

Section Reference: Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health

37. Which of the following people is engaging in tertiary prevention?

a) David, who schedules and attends annual physical checkups with his

physician

b) Linda, a healthy woman who works out at the gym 4-5 times per week

c) Francis, who has just tested negative for HIV

d) Amy, who receives chemotherapy for breast cancer

Section Reference: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Preventing Illness

38. Which is an important factor in determining whether a person will adopt a wellness lifestyle?

a) encountering few barriers to changing behaviours

b) motivation to engage in the new behaviours

c) knowledge and skills to change an existing behaviour

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Problems in Promoting Wellness

39. Woo is attempting to lose weight. Which of the following interpersonal factors will support his effort?

a) His girlfriend doesn’t agree with the diet he has chosen.

b) He has a close friend who supports his new diet and weight loss goals.

c) His coworkers don’t understand why he’s so concerned about his weight.

d) His lack of a strong social network

Section Reference: Problems in Promoting Wellness

40. When a community attempts to reduce illness and injury, it may need to address which of the following problems?

a) diversity of age and sociocultural background of its citizens

b) funding for public health programs

c) creating a balance between the health and economic needs of the community

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Problems in Promoting Wellness

41. Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between heredity and health behaviours?

a) Heredity may influence some health-related behaviours.

b) Heredity has little to no influence on health-related behaviours.

c) Heredity is the best predictor of health-related behaviours.

d) Little to no research exists on this relationship.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

42. Wendy says she smokes because it makes her less nervous. Her smoking behaviour is being maintained through

a) positive reinforcement.

b) negative reinforcement.

c) punishment.

d) extinction.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

43. Sam's parents punish him when he doesn't wear his bike helmet while riding his bike. What best predicts if this punishment will affect Sam's future helmet-wearing behaviour?

a) The type of punishment he receives.

b) The severity of the punishment.

c) Sam's expectation that the punishment will be repeated if he doesn't wear the helmet.

d) The quality of accompanying explanations made by Sam's parents.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

44. Observing a model is most likely to affect our behaviour when the model is

a) an older person.

b) a high status person.

c) a person similar to us.

d) b & c

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

45. Cassie, a habitual smoker, lights up a cigarette after eating dinner. When the phone rings in the other room, she answers it and lights up another cigarette from the pack by the phone. She is surprised later that she didn't realize she had two cigarettes going at once. It appears her smoking behaviours are governed by the _____ of her behaviour.

a) consequences

b) social approval

c) antecedents

d) genetic influence

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

46. You want your children to grow into healthy adults. Which of the following practices will facilitate that?

a) changing bad health habits in your children as early as possible

b) engaging in healthy practices yourself

c) telling your children that having good health is important to you

d) all of the above

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

47. Results from a study of hypertensive patients' perceptions of symptoms found that these patients

a) make accurate estimates of their blood pressure levels.

b) are poor estimators of their own blood pressure.

c) estimate their blood pressure well, but not as well as normotensives.

d) rarely change their medication-taking behaviours in light of the symptoms they experience.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

48. Weinstein's research on beliefs about individuals' future health found that people tend to

a) be overly optimistic about future health.

b) be overly pessimistic about future health.

c) exaggerate the severity of health risks.

d) seldom think about their future health.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

49. Manuel has just experienced a severe health scare regarding his heart. According to Weinstein, Manuel is likely to

a) display unrealistic optimism about his future health.

b) show unrealistic pessimism about his future health.

c) show no change in attitudes.

d) become very realistic about his health.

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

50. Which of the following is NOT a factor in people's perceived threat of illness or injury?

a) perceived seriousness of the health problem

b) perceived susceptibility of the health problem

c) reminders or alerts regarding a health problem

d) unrealistic optimism

Section Reference: General Factors in Health-Related Behaviour

51. Applying the health belief model, women who do regular breast self‑examinations likely

a) believe they are susceptible to breast cancer.

b) believe developing breast cancer would have serious effects.

c) believe the benefits of BSE's outweigh the costs.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

52. Which of the following statements regarding research on the health belief model is true?

a) Research supports the major theoretical components of the model.

b)The model has received support for a very limited scope of health behaviours.

c) The “cues to action” component has received no support.

d) Very little research has been done on the model.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

53. The primary outcome variable being explained/predicted in the Health Belief Model is

a) outcome-efficacy

b) self-efficacy

c) perceived disability

d) none of these

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

54. According to the Transtheoretical Model of change, when a person is almost ready to instigate

change, and spends time thinking about how to implement a new behaviour, s/he is in the

____________ stage.

a) maintenance

b) precontemplation

c) action

d) contemplation

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

55. One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is

a) the lack of research designed to test the model.

b) that it only accounts for habitual behaviours.

c) that there is no standard way of measuring its components.

d) that more recent models suggest it is simply wrong.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

56. The theory of planned behaviour is based on the fundamental notion that

a) people develop behavioural intentions before engaging in voluntary behaviour.

b) behavioural intentions are the best predictors of actual behaviour.

c) expectations of success influence behaviour.

d) all of the above.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

57. Lena’s parents strongly disapprove of her smoking habit. Which component of the theory of planned behaviour is reflected in this variable?

a) Lena’s personal attitude

b) subjective norms

c) perceived personal control

d) perceived severity

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

58. Jason says he would like to exercise more but simply doesn't have the money to pay for a gym membership. His behavioural intention is being most affected by

a) personal attitude.

b) attitudes of important others.

c) low personal control.

d) low motivation to comply with the wishes of others.

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

59. According to the stages of change model, people go through five stages of intentional behaviour change in the following order:

a) precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

b) preparation, precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance

c) preparation, action, precontemplation, contemplation, maintenance

d) precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, action

e) maintenance, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

60. Which of the following represents an effort to move a person from one stage of change to another?

a) describing in general terms how they will change their behaviour

b) having them stay in the precontemplation stage

c) matching the change strategy to the stage they are in

d) if they are in the precontemplation stage, having them talk with someone who has successfully changed their own behaviour

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

61. Which of the following psychological variables has recently been shown to play an important role in whether or not people adopt recommended health precautions during a disease outbreak?

a) Depression

b) Anxiety

c) Empathy

d) Fear

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

62. Carol believes it unlikely that she could contract a sexually transmitted disease from her new boyfriend because he’s so nice to her. Carol’s reliance on irrelevant information in making sexual health decisions is a form of

a. precontemplation.

b. reasoned action.

c. rational thinking.

d. motivated reasoning.

Section Reference: The Role of Less Rational Processes

63. Daryl has been drinking and finds himself in a situation where he can have sex with someone he just met at a bar. Which of the following predicts if he will engage in sexual actions with this virtual stranger?

a) If he has friends who have had sex under similar circumstances.

b) If he thinks having sex will reflect positively on how sexually attractive he is to others.

c) If he has done this before.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: The Role of Beliefs and Intentions

64. Conflict theory emphasizes the impact of ___________ on all major decisions.

a) stress

b) irrational thinking

c) emotional stability

d) complete information

Section Reference: The Role of Less Rational Processes

65. According to conflict theory, the only consistently adaptive decision‑making pattern in the face of health risks is

a) hypervigilance.

b) vigilant coping.

c) unconflicted change.

d) defensive avoidance.

Section Reference: The Role of Less Rational Processes

66. One health goal during gestation is

a) supporting both the mother and the baby in a healthy and full-term pregnancy.

b) establishing healthy behavioural patterns for nutrition, exercise, recreation, and family life.

c) anticipating and guarding against the onset of chronic disease.

d) prolonging the period of effective activity and ability to live independently.

Section Reference: Development and Health

67. Which of the following has been referred to as "nature's vaccine"?

a) penicillin

b) exercise

c) a good heredity

d) breast milk

Section Reference: Development and Health

68. The leading cause of death during childhood and adolescence is

a) accidents.

b) impaired immune functioning.

c) childhood diseases.

d) birth defects.

Section Reference: Development and Health

69. In Canada, death rates for accidents

a) rise sharply in early adulthood.

b) rise sharply during the teenage years.

c) drop sharply in early adulthood.

d) drop sharply in the teenage years.

Section Reference: Development and Health

70. Which of the following health‑related cognitions or behaviours is less likely in older adults than in younger adults?

a) starting new health risk activities since they don’t have long to live and want to enjoythemselves

b) practicing fewer health behaviours

c) getting regular medical checkups

d) getting regular exercise

Section Reference: Development and Health

71. Research on gender and health has shown that women

a) tend to live longer than men.

b) have fewer health problems than men.

c) tend to get more exercise than men.

d) (excluding pregnancies) use medical services less than men.

Section Reference: Gender and health

72. Research on social class, ethnicity, and health shows

a) social class is not related to health status.

b) higher disease incidence in First Nations citizens than non-Indigenous Canadians.

c) equal knowledge of risk factors for disease regardless of social class.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Sociocultural Factors and Health

73. According to the text, which of the following would significantly increase health in diverse populations?

a) reducing poverty

b) creating information approaches to reach populations with low literacy rates

c) making health-promotion services culturally sensitive

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Sociocultural Factors and Health

74. A common approach in mass‑media health promotion campaigns includes

a) information about using the Internet.

b) communication of negative consequences of unhealthy behaviours.

c) self‑help clinics.

d) both b and c

Section Reference: Methods for Promoting Health

75. Using fear-arousing messages can be most effective under which of the following conditions?

a) when the seriousness of the health problem is emphasized

b) when combined with messages that indicate people can perform healthful behaviours

c) when used in combination with gain-framed messages

d) both a and b

Section Reference: Methods for Promoting Health

76. Which of the following factors influence the effectiveness of reinforcers for increasing health behaviours?

a) type of reward

b) income level of the person

c) sociocultural background of the recipient

d) the person’s gender

Section Reference: Methods for Promoting Health

77. Lisa is upset with herself because she’s just eaten a piece of chocolate cake and thinks she’s completely “blown” her diet plan. She decides that she just isn’t cut out for diets and eats the rest of the cake. This is an example of _____ (if Lisa believed she shouldn’t eat any cake at all while on her diet).

a) lapse

b) relapse

c) abstinence-violation effect

d) motivated reasoning

Section Reference: Methods for Promoting Health

78. Which of the following is not a feature of motivational interviewing?

a) decisional balance

b) personalized feedback

c) self-management

d) All of the above are features of motivational interviewing.

Section Reference: Methods for Promoting Health

79. According to the textbook, worksite health programs

a) take advantage of peer and employer support for motivational purposes.

b) are cost effective for businesses and employees.

c) can create environmental support to foster behaviour change.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Worksite and Community-based Wellness Programs

80. Overall, evidence on the effectiveness of community-based wellness programs suggests that:

a) such programs tend to produce modest changes.

b) any program that produces modest change in the health behaviour of a population is likely to have a large impact on disease.

c) such programs work best in older populations.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Worksite and Community-based Wellness Programs

Short Answer Questions

71. Compare and contrast primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Given an example of each approach to prevention.

72. Discuss the similarities and differences between the Health Belief model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour.

73. Briefly describe conflict theory and discuss how it incorporates stress into its model.

Essay Questions

74. Jeff has just had a heart attack. Using one of the cognitive theories of change, describe how cognition will affect Jeff’s efforts to make lifestyle changes.

75. Suppose you want to develop a health promotion program at your school to reduce alcohol consumption. Using information from this chapter, what factors would you attempt to incorporate into your promotion program?

76. Review and discuss the prevention programs developed to provide effective intervention regarding HIV exposure.

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