Stratification By Gender Test Bank Answers Chapter 11

Sociology: Brief, 13e (Schaefer)

Chapter 11 Stratification by Gender

1) Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females?

A) Expressiveness

B) Gender roles

C) Gender schema

D) Instrumentality

2) Assuming that flying a commercial place is a man's job and that parental duties are a woman's job is an example of the

A) social construction of gender.

B) social construction of sexuality.

C) social construction of expressiveness.

D) social construction of genetic traits.

3) The expectation that women will be emotionally supportive is an example of

A) a genetic trait.

B) a gender role.

C) homophobia.

D) sexuality.

4) Fear of and prejudice against homosexuality is called

A) homophobia.

B) gay fright.

C) Ebonics.

D) heterophobia.

5) A man doing which of the following would be a violation of the male gender role?

A) Playing football

B) Getting into a fight

C) Joining a knitting circle

D) Spitting

6) A woman doing which of the following would be a violation of the female gender role?

A) Wearing acrylic nails

B) Crying in public

C) Talking knowledgeably about cars

D) Babysitting

7) Research on children's books published in the U.S. in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s found that

A) females were significantly overrepresented in central roles and illustrations.

B) female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males.

C) females were portrayed as competent and generally equal to males.

D) female characters were portrayed as aggressive and on the same level as strong males.

8) How people see themselves, as either male, female, or something else is referred to as

A) sexual orientation.

B) sexuality.

C) gender identity.

D) sexual identity.

9) The self-awareness of being romantically or sexually attracted to a defined group of people is referred to as

A) sexual identity.

B) gender identity.

C) sexuality.

D) gender.

10) Jaime's current gender identity does not match their physical identity at birth. Jaime is considered

A) transsexual.

B) transgender.

C) transvestites.

D) bisexual.

11) Which of the following sociological perspectives refers to the obstacles to women's advancement in the Army as a brass ceiling?

A) Interactionist

B) Conflict

C) Global

D) Functionalist

12) An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a woman in the military because of her official exclusion from combat is known as a

A) glass ceiling.

B) brass ceiling.

C) gold ceiling.

D) camouflage ceiling.

13) Which of the following sociological perspectives finds that women feel empowered by the experience of combat?

A) Functionalist

B) Conflict

C) Interactionist

D) Global

14) Functionalists view gender roles in which of the following ways?

A) Gender roles assist in keeping women oppressed within the family structure.

B) Gender roles have a bias toward male power.

C) Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance.

D) Gender roles are not necessary.

15) Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions?

A) Identification

B) Instrumentality

C) Expressiveness

D) Identity

16) Which of the following terms is used by Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales to refer to concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family?

A) Expressiveness

B) Identification

C) Instrumentality

D) Identity

17) According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by

A) men.

B) women.

C) children.

D) whichever adult has a career.

18) Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

19) Conflict theorists view gender differences as

A) a reflection of the subjugation of one group, such as women, by another group, such as men.

B) necessary for the effective accomplishment of family and societal tasks.

C) unrelated to the overall exploitation and injustice found in capitalist societies.

D) unnecessary in order to accomplish what needs to get done.

20) Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies these considerations are not so important?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

21) Using an analogy to Marx's analysis of class conflict, conflict theorists would argue that women are in a position comparable to that of the

A) bourgeoisie.

B) proletariat.

C) capitalist.

D) upper class.

22) Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as

A) retribution.

B) inevitable.

C) hyperreactive.

D) merely a falsity.

23) Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

24) Although male dominance in cross-sex conversations is an example of a micro-level analysis, it is also a reflection of macro-level relationships. Which sociological perspective(s) would focus on the macro-level forces that influence these male-female conversations?

A) Functionalist and conflict perspectives

B) Conflict and global perspectives

C) Interactionist and conflict perspectives

D) Global and functionalist perspectives

25) Which sociological perspective emphasizes that patterns of male dominance in cross-sex conversations that express themselves in day-to-day exchanges represent one more battleground in the struggle for gender equality as women try to get a word in edgewise?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

26) Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women?

A) web of power

B) kitchen prison

C) matrix of domination

D) gender trap

27) Which sociologist coined the term matrix of domination?

A) Patricia Hill Collins

B) Karl Marx

C) bell hooks

D) Ida Wells-Barnett

28) Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"?

A) Opening a door for a female

B) Styling hair

C) Feeding a baby

D) Crying in public

29) Which of the following would be an example of a man "redoing" traditional gender?

A) Fist fighting in public

B) Organizing a birthday lunch at work

C) Not crying when hurt

D) Carrying lots of heavy items

30) The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as

A) sexual harassment.

B) sexism.

C) sex stratification.

D) gender identity.

31) Which of the following terms refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of a society?

A) Institutional discrimination

B) Innovation

C) Indoctrination

D) Instrumentality

32) A scientific company lays off employees by seniority, retaining those that have been employed the longest. The majority of the female employees had been hired only in the past 10 years and were educated as part of the push to get more females into math and sciences. This situation is an example of

A) instrumentality.

B) expressiveness.

C) institutional discrimination.

D) pluralism.

33) According to Muslim traditions,

A) women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families.

B) a woman's feet must always be covered.

C) there are no restrictions on men's clothing.

D) women are permitted to wear revealing garments when they are with their families, but a woman's feet must always be covered.

34) The hijab is a

A) type of head scarf worn by some Muslim women.

B) form of prayer among Muslims.

C) type of pants worn by some Muslim men.

D) traditional Muslim food preparation.

35) The veil may be seen as a rejection of ________ prevalent in Western societies.

A) strict standards of modesty

B) the beauty myth

C) human rights standards

D) the respect for women

36) Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is true?

A) Women grow half the world's food, but they rarely own land.

B) Women constitute one-half of the world's paid labor force but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs.

C) Single-parent households headed by women are typically found only in industrialized countries because such arrangements cannot survive in developing countries.

D) According to a detailed overview of the status of the world's women, issued by the World Bank in 2015, existing gender strategy does not need to be changed.

37) Which of the following is an occupation where women are overrepresented?

A) Chefs

B) Dentists

C) Event planners

D) Police officers

38) Which of the following is an occupation where women are underrepresented?

A) Tellers

B) Dental assistants

C) Librarians

D) Postal service mail carriers

39) An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is called

A) expressiveness.

B) a gender role.

C) the glass ceiling.

D) instrumentality.

40) Women earn about ________ for every dollar a man earns.

A) 95 cents

B) 90 cents

C) 85 cents

D) 83 cents

41) Male nurses, male grade school teachers, and male librarians may experience some scorn in the larger society. Within the workplace itself, they

A) are often similarly scorned.

B) typically earn the same as women.

C) are typically perceived as token representatives.

D) often rise to become supervisors.

42) Which of the following terms refers to an advantage that men have when employed in female-dominated occupations?

A) Glass ceiling

B) Glass escalator

C) Crystal stairs

D) Transparent ascension

43) The double burden borne by many women—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—is referred to as

A) Second employment.

B) Double duty.

C) The second shift.

D) Working double time.

44) Which of the following illustrates Arlie Hochschild's concept of the "second shift"?

A) A woman works from 9 to 5 as a nurse and then has a second job as a waitress at a local diner.

B) A man has a career as an accountant; and when he gets home, he cleans his apartment and makes dinner for himself.

C) A woman has a career as a stockbroker, and she is also responsible for maintaining the apartment, doing the shopping, and cooking for herself and her family.

D) A women who has a career, but also hires help for the home.

45) Which of the following statements about the feminist movement is true?

A) There was no feminist movement in the U.S. until the 1980s.

B) The second wave of feminism in the U.S. was inspired in part by Millett's Sexual Politics.

C) Modern feminist theory is based on the interactionist perspective.

D) Friedrich Engels argued that the rise of industrialization benefited women.

46) The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women is referred to as

A) social equality.

B) glass escalator.

C) feminism.

D) None of these answers is correct.

47) Which amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections?

A) Tenth Amendment

B) Fourteenth Amendment

C) Nineteenth Amendment

D) Twenty-second Amendment

48) Which of the following sociological perspectives would acknowledge that the persistence of gender roles in a given culture may make it more likely for men to take advantage of women sexually?

A) Interactionist

B) Functionalist

C) Conflict

D) Global

49) Which of the following sociological perspectives notes that sexual harassment remains a vicious behavior and its commonplace use in conversation should not ignore that fact?

A) Interactionist

B) Functionalist

C) Conflict

D) Global

50) Which of the following sociological perspectives see sexual harassment as a product of unequal power—men wielding their authority over women, and bosses over employees?

A) Conflict

B) Global

C) Interactionist

D) Functionalist

51) The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive societal messages about how to behave.

52) Most people do not display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time.

53) We socially construct our behavior so that male-female differences are either created or exaggerated.

54) Children's books published since the 1970s have shown significant improvement in the representation of females, nearly as many as male characters shown in central roles.

55) Homophobia has almost no bearing on gender-role socialization.

56) Recent research suggests that men who shave their body hair, cry in public, and have pedicures are violating gender norms.

57) Stay-at-home fathers are still considered an unusual phenomenon.

58) Gender stratification requires not only individual socialization into traditional gender roles within the family, but also the promotion and support of those traditional roles by other social institutions.

59) Terms such as "her" are an example of gender neutral pronouns.

60) Audit studies are a type of experiment used in the social sciences to create matched cases and test for discrimination.

61) A conflict theorist would argue that men's work is uniformly valued, while women's work (whether unpaid labor in the home or wage labor) is devalued.

62) Gender, race, and social class are the only sources of oppression in the United States.

63) Women in the United States remain noticeably underrepresented in politics.

64) The major institutions in our society are run equally by both males and females.

65) Women everywhere suffer from second-class status.

66) Unemployed women do double the amount of extra housework as unemployed men.

67) Women are often more advantaged when working in male occupations because of the existence of the glass ceiling.

68) Taking into account age, education, marital status, children, occupational specialization, work experience, and hours worked in a year reduces the pay gap between men and women by only 3 cents.

69) Worldwide, women hold about 10 percent of corporate managerial positions.

70) There is a clear gender gap in the performance of housework, although it has been narrowing.

71) A woman's workday is a lot shorter than a man's.

72) Feminism is an ideology that favors equal rights for women.

73) White women are more likely than others to call themselves feminists.

74) The federal government does not consider sexual harassment a form of discrimination that violates the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

75) The majority of individuals who experience sexual harassment do not report it.

76) Describe the process involved in the social construction of gender roles in a society. Give some examples to support your answer.

77) Explain how homophobia contributes to gender-role socialization in the United States.

78) Compare and contrast women and men's gender roles and the obstacles that either face if they start adhering to roles that are considered inappropriate.

79) Explain the gender spectrum.

80) Choose two different occupations and write a detailed support for why you wouldn't want either a man or woman performing the related tasks. Remember to be honest with both yourself and your audience. When finished, trade your piece with a classmate and start a dialogue about why you both chose the occupations you did and whether the conversation might get you to reconsider your original statement.

81) Compare and contrast the sociological perspective views on gender.

82) Explain institutional discrimination toward women in politics. You may provide an example to help illustrate the concept.

83) Discuss the status of women worldwide.

84) Define the term glass escalator, and discuss its significance regarding gender stratification.

85) Define the concept of a glass ceiling and discuss how it might apply differently to corporations and less-corporate work structures, like that of public education.

86) Define and explain the second shift. Provide an example to illustrate the concept.

87) Explain feminism as a collective consciousness.

88) Discuss sexual harassment and stratification via the sociological perspectives.