Racial And Ethnic Inequality Full Test Bank Ch.10

Sociology: Brief, 13e (Schaefer)

Chapter 10 Racial and Ethnic Inequality

1) What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance?

A) Ethnic group

B) Racial group

C) Social group

D) Reference group

2) Asian Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n)

A) ethnic group.

B) racial group.

C) reference group.

D) status group.

3) African Americans are identified in the textbook as an example of a(n)

A) ethnic group.

B) racial group.

C) reference group.

D) status group.

4) An ethnic group is a group

A) that is set apart from others because of physical differences.

B) that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

C) whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group.

D) that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.

5) Characteristics of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns are used primarily by a society to set apart

A) minority groups.

B) ethnic groups.

C) racial groups.

D) polarization groups.

6) German Americans, Italian Americans, and Norwegian Americans are all examples of

A) racial groups.

B) ethnic groups.

C) polarization groups.

D) minority groups.

7) A minority group is a group

A) that is set apart from others because of physical differences.

B) that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

C) whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group.

D) that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.

8) In sociological terms, which of the following is a minority group in the United States?

A) Women

B) Protestants

C) Whites

D) Catholics

9) In sociological terms, members of a minority group

A) experience unequal treatment.

B) are outnumbered by the dominant group.

C) speak a different language than the dominant group.

D) observe a different religion than the dominant group.

10) Sociologists have identified five basic properties—unequal treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity, and in-group marriage—to describe

A) minority groups.

B) racial groups.

C) ethnic groups.

D) polarization.

11) A process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed,and destroyed is referred to as

A) racial selection.

B) racial profiling.

C) racial bias.

D) racial formation.

12) In the ________ process, those who have power define groups of people according to a racist social structure.

A) racial formation

B) racial bias

C) racial profiling

D) racial selection

13) The one-drop rule was an example of

A) racial profiling.

B) the issues concerning white privilege.

C) the social construction of race.

D) redlining.

14) William I. Thomas observed that people respond not only to the objective features of a situation or person, but also to the social meaning that situation or person has for them. This observation reflects which sociological perspective?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

15) A stereotype is a(n)

A) factually induced belief about another person.

B) unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group.

C) person or group that one blames irrationally for one's own problems or difficulties.

D) belief that one race is superior and that all others are innately inferior.

16) An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group is referred to as

A) differential association.

B) exploitation.

C) a stereotype.

D) institutional discrimination.

17) A person proclaims loudly that "all Black people are lazy and shiftless and collect welfare." This is an example of

A) discrimination.

B) a stereotype.

C) pluralism.

D) exploitation theory.

18) Which of the following terms refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people?

A) Exploitation

B) Prejudice

C) Discrimination

D) Pluralism

19) Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.

A) belief; action

B) action; belief

C) action; action

D) belief; belief

20) Ethnocentrism refers to

A) a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority.

B) the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice.

C) the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture.

D) the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.

21) Joe grew up in an Italian household in an Italian community in New Jersey. He believes that the traditional Italian celebration of Easter, which includes a large number of family members and mountains of food consumed during a long dinner, is the best way to celebrate this holiday. Joe is illustrating

A) prejudice.

B) ethnocentrism.

C) discrimination.

D) pluralism.

22) Racism is defined as

A) a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.

B) the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes.

C) the systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

D) the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice.

23) The process of denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons is known as

A) stereotyping.

B) ethnocentrism.

C) discrimination.

D) segregation.

24) Prejudice is to discrimination as

A) norm is to value.

B) attitude is to behavior.

C) behavior is to attitude.

D) "good" is to "bad."

25) Institutional discrimination is the

A) denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society.

B) belief that individuals or groups should be denied equal rights and opportunities.

C) stereotyping of people who work in public or private institutions.

D) establishment of laws that intentionally deny opportunities and equal rights to members of minority groups.

26) At one time, many Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from serving in the Chicago Police Department because they failed to meet the height requirement.This was an example of

A) prejudice.

B) scapegoating.

C) institutional discrimination.

D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

27) Which of the following illustrates institutional discrimination?

A) Your neighbor blames "the Jews" for the financial crisis.

B) A mental institution in New York will not allow residents of Connecticut to receive services in the facility.

C) To save money, a city fires all employees hired during the past three years, the same period as an aggressive minority-hiring program. As a result, the majority of those fired are members of various minority groups.

D) A prejudiced personnel officer secretly refuses to hire women.

28) An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is known as

A) pluralism.

B) a glass ceiling.

C) institutional discrimination.

D) exploitation theory.

29) Rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit or factor simply because they are white is also known as

A) white success.

B) white dominance.

C) white bias.

D) white privilege.

30) The pattern of discrimination against people who try to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods is known as

A) remittance.

B) profiling.

C) formation.

D) redlining.

31) Law and medical school preferences that are shown to children of wealthy and influential alumni is an example of

A) the glass ceiling.

B) stereotypes.

C) white privilege.

D) institutional discrimination.

32) Restrictive employment-leave policies are an example of

A) institutional discrimination.

B) white privilege.

C) racism.

D) prejudice.

33) The positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and education opportunities is known as

A) remittances.

B) pluralism.

C) sharing economy.

D) affirmative action.

34) The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as

A) color-blind racism.

B) prejudice.

C) discriminatory racism.

D) None of these answers is correct.

35) Proponents of color-blind racism oppose

A) equal treatment for all.

B) merit-based college admissions.

C) employer-provided health insurance.

D) public welfare assistance.

36) Which sociological perspective views the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

37) Exploitation theory is a

A) Weberian theory that views racial subordination as benefiting society because it creates a supply of cheap labor.

B) Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups.

C) Spencerian theory that views ethnic subordination as a valuable means of social control.

D) Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S. as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.

38) A sociologist argues that the capitalist ruling class is willing to tolerate high rates of illegal immigration because these immigrants serve as a cheap labor pool. This sociologist is most likely drawing upon

A) the contact hypothesis.

B) the anomie theory of deviance.

C) exploitation theory.

D) labeling theory.

39) The police practice of assuming that people of a certain race, ethnicity, or national origin are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as

A) explanative prejudice.

B) racial profiling.

C) institutionalized stereotyping.

D) the contact hypothesis.

40) Recent Chinese immigrants to the U.S. often find jobs working in sweatshops in New York City's Chinatown, where they work 16 or more hours a day in the garment industry, earning less than minimum wage. The big businesses that hire these illegal and often uninformed immigrants illustrate

A) the contact hypothesis.

B) exploitation theory.

C) labeling theory.

D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

41) Acts of racial profiling are

A) always illegal.

B) often initiated by law enforcement officers.

C) generally opposed by the American public.

D) generally opposed by law enforcement officials.

42) The contact hypothesis

A) is a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S. as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.

B) states that interracial contact between people of equal status will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes.

C) was a theory that gave moral support to the continued existence of apartheid in South Africa.

D) is a Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups.

43) A White male lawyer mentors a young female Latina lawyer. According to the contact hypothesis, this situation would

A) be likely to increase stereotypes rather than reduce them.

B) be likely to cause both lawyers to become less prejudiced.

C) encourage the White lawyer to engage in color-blind racism.

D) involve the operation of sexism as well as racism.

44) A Colombian woman and an Italian man, working together as members of a construction crew, overcome their initial prejudices and come to appreciate each other's talents and strengths. This is an example of

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy.

B) the contact hypothesis.

C) exploitation theory.

D) amalgamation.

45) A farmer is called to help sandbag a levy that is about to flood his town. The farmer is stationed between two correctional-center inmates who are required to assist in the flood-control efforts. As a result of this experience, the farmer has developed a newfound respect for inmates. This example would be consistent with which perspective?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

46) John was pulled over by police officers in his hometown without provocation and cause. John determined that it was because he was African American and thus, the officers were racially profiling. This example illustrates which of the following perspectives?

A) Labeling

B) Functionalist

C) Conflict

D) Interactionist

47) John and Susan, both of different ethnicities, have been tasked with running a seminar on how to address harassment and discrimination in the workplace. Their cooperative efforts help illustrate which of the following perspectives?

A) Labeling

B) Conflict

C) Functionalist

D) Interactionist

48) Genocide refers to the process of

A) combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group.

B) expelling a group of people from a territory.

C) deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.

D) forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.

49) Expulsion refers to the process of

A) combining a majority group and a minority group to form a new group.

B) expelling a group of people from a territory.

C) deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.

D) forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.

50) Expulsion is illustrated by

A) France pushing out over 10,000 ethnic Roma.

B) the killing of large numbers of Native Americans by the U.S. government.

C) marriages between Whites and Native Americans, producing multiracial children.

D) the internment of thousands of Japanese Americans.

51) The drawing of formal boundaries between groups who are unable to resolve an ethnic or racial conflict is known as

A) amalgamation.

B) expulsion.

C) secession.

D) genocide.

52) Amalgamation refers to the process of

A) combining a majority group and a minority group to form a new group.

B) expelling a group of people from a territory.

C) deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.

D) forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.

53) The belief that the U.S. was a "melting pot," which became very compelling in the first part of the twentieth century, suggested that the nation had an almost divine mission to produce

A) pluralism.

B) amalgamation.

C) segregation.

D) assimilation.

54) In Australia, when Aborigines become part of the dominant society but then refuse to acknowledge their grandparents' traditional tribal ways, they are practicing the process of

A) amalgamation.

B) labeling.

C) assimilation.

D) exploitation.

55) The ethnicity shared by the majority of Mexicans is the result of a gradual merging of generations of Spaniards and indigenous peoples. This is an example of

A) amalgamation.

B) pluralism.

C) segregation.

D) assimilation.

56) Vladimir, a Russian immigrant to the U.S., insists that everyone call him "Joe," and he refuses to speak Russian even when in casual conversation with Russian-speaking neighbors. This is an example of

A) amalgamation.

B) pluralism.

C) the contact hypothesis.

D) assimilation.

57) Segregation refers to the act of

A) deliberately and systematically killing the members of an ethnic, racial, or nationality group.

B) physically separating two groups, an action often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group.

C) combining a majority and a minority group through intermarriage.

D) denying opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons.

58) Which of the following is an example of segregation?

A) Jews and Catholics marrying one another and producing children

B) Interracial marriage

C) Confining Japanese Americans to relocation camps during World War II

D) Drawing formal boundaries in order to separate two different groups of people

59) The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites was known as

A) institutional discrimination.

B) apartheid.

C) afrocentricity.

D) White power.

60) Pluralism in the U.S. is considered a(n)

A) social norm.

B) ideal more than a reality.

C) reality more than an ideal.

D) common socialized practice.

61) Jim Crow laws were passed in the Southern states in order to

A) enforce official segregation.

B) force legal integration.

C) allow enslavement of Blacks.

D) end segregation.

62) Which of the following terms refers to a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions?

A) Rainbow Coalition

B) Blackpower

C) Civil rights

D) Manifest destiny

63) One in ________ Native American teenagers has attempted suicide, a rate four times higher than the rate for other teenagers.

A) two

B) four

C) six

D) eight

64) Which of the following groups makes up the largest percentage of Asian Americans?

A) Japanese

B) Chinese

C) Korean

D) Asian Indians

65) The largest influx of Vietnamese immigration occurred

A) during and after the Spanish-American War.

B) during and after World War I.

C) during and after World War II.

D) during and after the Vietnam War.

66) June is a Filipino American who has saved up thousands of dollars. She will be sending the funds to her extended family in her home country. This is referred to as

A) remittances.

B) redlining.

C) sharing economy.

D) amalgamation.

67) Relative to other Latin American immigrants, Cuban immigrants during the Castro regime

A) had higher rates of poverty.

B) had higher rates of illiteracy.

C) had higher rates of education.

D) were more likely to be White.

68) Which of the following terms refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants?

A) Issei

B) Sansei

C) Nisei

D) Cantonese

69) In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed unprecedented legislation called the Civil Liberties Act, requiring the federal government to apologize for the forced relocation of ________ to "evacuation camps" during World War II.

A) Japanese Americans

B) Jewish Americans

C) African Americans

D) Vietnamese Americans

70) Which of the following is considered to be the most unifying force among Arabs?

A) Culture

B) Language

C) Religion

D) Wealth

71) Which population group represents the largest minority in the U.S.?

A) African Americans

B) Latinos

C) Asian Americans

D) Jews

72) Anti-Semitism is a form of

A) discrimination.

B) racial profiling.

C) prejudice.

D) stereotype.

73) An emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage is referred to as

A) white privilege.

B) symbolic ethnicity.

C) assimilation.

D) ethnocentrism.

74) Since the change in U.S. immigration policy during the 1960s to encourage immigration of relatives of U.S. residents and people with desirable skills, where have a majority of immigrants originated from?

A) Asia and Eastern Europe

B) Europe and Latin America

C) Latin America and South America

D) Asia and Latin America

75) In the future, a growing proportion of the United States will be

A) Asian or Hispanic.

B) White or Hispanic.

C) Arab or Asian.

D) White or Asian.

76) The social definitions of race and ethnicity affect a person's place and status in a stratification system.

77) The term racial group is used to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious cultural distinctions.

78) Membership in a minority (or dominant) group is not voluntary; people are born into the group.

79) In the view of sociologists, the distinction between racial and ethnic minorities is clear-cut.

80) Race is a social construction.

81) The "one-drop rule" referred to Native Americans and stipulated that if a person had even a single drop of "Indian blood,"that person was viewed as Indian.

82) Discriminatory practices continue in part because various individuals and groups actually benefit from racial and ethnic discrimination in terms of money, status, and influence.

83) Prejudiced attitudes should always be equated with discriminatory behaviour.

84) Color-blind racism ignores White privilege.

85) Proponents of race neutrality claim they believe that everyone should be treated equally.

86) The dominant majority benefits from the subordination of racial minorities. This is considered the emphasis of the conflict perspective.

87) Racial profiling is an arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior.

88) The partitioning of India into two separate countries in an attempt to end violent conflict between Hindus and Muslims was considered an expulsion.

89) There has been a slight decrease in interracial marriages in the United States.

90) The culture practices of the Aboriginal people of Australia are quite diverse.

91) It is easy to generalize about Asian Indian Americans because they are not as diverse as other Asian population.

92) Puerto Ricans are considered the largest Latino/a population.

93) Immigrants from Central and South America are a diverse population that has not been closely studied.

94) Immigration can be dysfunctional.

95) Describe the differences in and similarities between racial groups and ethnic groups. Give some examples to illustrate your answer.

96) Explain the five basic properties of minority groups, and provide at least one example of a minority group.

97) Explain race as a social construct. What does it mean?

98) Compare and contrast prejudice and discrimination, and give examples to illustrate your definitions.

99) Define and discuss redlining. How is this process detrimental to minorities?

100) Explain affirmative action. Do you believe that it is a fair policy, or does it shift the discrimination to another group?

101) Explain the principle of race neutrality.

102) Briefly differentiate the views on racial discrimination from the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives.

103) Discuss the contact hypothesis. How does it help reduce prejudices amongst individuals?

104) Compare and contrast the concepts of amalgamation, assimilation, segregation, and pluralism, and give examples to illustrate your answer.

105) Discuss the various barriers that can impede the assimilation process for Latinos in the United States.

106) Define refugees and asylees. How have they impacted immigration in the United States? You may provide examples to illustrate your point.