Test Questions & Answers Education And Religion Ch.13

Sociology: Brief, 13e (Schaefer)

Chapter 13 Education and Religion

1) The lifelong process of learning the attitudes, values, and behavior considered appropriate to members of a particular culture is referred to as

A) secularization.

B) subculture.

C) education.

D) socialization.

2) Which sociological perspective emphasizes how the common identity and social integration fostered by education contributes to overall societal stability and consensus?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

3) Which sociological perspective portrays contemporary education as basically benign—for example, it argues that schools rationally sort and select students for future high-status positions, thereby meeting society's need for talented and expert personnel?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Labeling theory

4) Which of the following illustrates a current trend in higher education?

A) White participation in higher education fell from 44 percent to 28 percent between 1978 and 2008.

B) More women than men are receiving college degrees.

C) Equal gains are being made by Latino and African American groups in educational attainment.

D) Men are more likely to receive degrees than women.

5) Which sociological perspective views education as an instrument of elite domination?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

6) Which sociological perspective is most critical of the differential way in which education bestows status?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

7) Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 required federally funded schools to do all of the following except for

A) eliminating sex-segregated classes.

B) prohibiting sex discrimination in admissions and for financial aid.

C) giving female students more opportunities, in proportion to their enrollment and interest, to play sports.

D) permitting federal funding without conditions.

8) The teacher-expectancy effect reflects the views of which sociological perspective?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

9) Which sociologist studied both poor and affluent Chicago schools and found that administrators expected less of children from poorer neighborhoods?

A) Talcott Parsons

B) Howard Becker

C) Robert Rosenthal

D) Max Weber

10) Which researcher's work yielded the concept referred to as the teacher-expectancy effect?

A) Talcott Parsons

B) Howard Becker

C) Robert Rosenthal

D) Max Weber

11) Which of the following statements pertaining to education as an agent of change is true?

A) Education programs can transform and have transformed people's lives.

B) Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in income are not as significant as previously thought.

C) Additional years of formal schooling are associated with a more conservative viewpoints.

D) The best indicator of a person's lifetime earnings is a person's familial background.

12) Which of the following approaches suggests that if we treat people in particular ways, they may fulfill our expectations?

A) Credentialism

B) Labeling

C) Secularization

D) Teacher-expectancy effect

13) Researchers have identified distinctive student subcultures on college campuses. The students who focus on having fun and socializing are referred to as the ________ subculture.

A) academic

B) collegiate

C) fraternity

D) nonconformist

14) Which of the college subcultures identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty and values knowledge for its own sake?

A) Academic

B) Collegiate

C) Fraternity

D) Nonconformist

15) Teaching students about the physical and political geography of their state, their country, and the world is a(n)

A) manifest function of education.

B) latent function of education.

C) dysfunction of education.

D) example of the correspondence principle.

16) Teaching students to read and write, to calculate numbers, and to master the facts of their society's history are all examples of

A) latent functions of education.

B) manifest functions of education.

C) manifest dysfunctions of education.

D) latent dysfunctions of education.

17) Bestowing status on students by awarding them a diploma after they have successfully completed all graduation requirements can be considered a

A) manifest function of education.

B) latent function of education.

C) dysfunction of education.

D) goal of the interactionist approach to education.

18) Teaching students to be on time, to respect authority, and to follow directions can be considered a

A) manifest function of education.

B) latent function of education.

C) dysfunction of education.

D) goal of the interactionist approach to education.

19) A particular college requires students to live on campus during their first two years to help foster a sense of community among diverse groups. This

A) is illegal in most states.

B) serves a latent function of education.

C) serves a manifest function of education.

D) is an attempt to re-socialize improper behavior.

20) In schools in the United States, bilingual education has been defended on the grounds that it

A) is a means to encourage cultural diversity.

B) assists in the cultural integration of immigrant groups.

C) assists in the political integration of immigrant groups.

D) encourages tolerance amongst children and their parents.

21) In the past, the integrative function of education in the United States was most obvious in its emphasis on

A) teaching diversity in the classroom.

B) promotion of a common language.

C) teaching strict discipline.

D) teaching students that they share a common history.

22) The main criticism put forward by opponents of bilingual education is that

A) these programs cost too much.

B) earlier groups of immigrants learned English without these programs.

C) it undermines the social and political integration that education has traditionally promoted.

D) these programs are not effective.

23) Teachers and guidance counselors may encourage male students to pursue careers in the sciences, but then steer equally talented female students into careers as early childhood teachers. Such socialization into traditional gender roles is considered a form of

A) social integration.

B) political integration.

C) social control.

D) political control.

24) Which sociologist pointed out that better-educated people tend to have greater access to factual information?

A) Max Weber

B) Arlie Hochschild

C) Robin Williams

D) Robert Merton

25) Which of the following is stressed by formal education?

A) The liberal use of broad generalizations

B) The importance of qualifying statements

C) The acceptance of established truths

D) The acceptance of established practices

26) The term hidden curriculum refers to

A) the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools.

B) the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria.

C) the teaching of art, music, industrial arts, acting, and other nonessential courses in high schools.

D) the lesson plans that instructors prepare, and that students and parents never see.

27) In the United States, schoolchildren are taught not to speak until the teacher calls on them and to regulate their activities according to clocks or bells. This learning experience illustrates

A) credentialism.

B) the correspondence principle.

C) the hidden curriculum.

D) the teacher-expectancy effect.

28) Critics of the hidden curriculum are concerned that

A) it may lead to a type of interpretive behavior.

B) discipline takes precedence over the learning process.

C) it places too much emphasis on creative thought.

D) it may lead to a type of interpretive behavior, and also, it gives discipline precedence over the learning process.

29) Students in Japan are offered guidance sessions that seek to improve the classroom experience and instill values useful in the Japanese business world. These sessions are an example of

A) a hidden curriculum.

B) the correspondence principle.

C) the teacher-expectancy effect.

D) the Protestant ethic.

30) The marginalization in sex and relationship education in schools of anything other than heterosexual relationships is an example of

A) a hidden curriculum.

B) the correspondence principle.

C) the teacher-expectancy effect.

D) the Protestant ethic.

31) An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field is referred to as

A) the hidden curriculum.

B) escalation.

C) credentialism.

D) the worker-expectancy effect.

32) What is tracking?

A) the standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools

B) the process of following a student's academic progress from first through twelfth grades

C) the practice of integrating handicapped children into "regular" classrooms

D) the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria

33) Studies of tracking show that children placed in nonacademic tracks tend to come from

A) high-income households.

B) two-parent families.

C) minority groups.

D) affluent neighbourhoods.

34) The correspondence principle refers to the tendency of

A) students to develop values and attitudes that are similar to those of their elementary school teachers.

B) schools to place physically handicapped children in classes with peers who are at a similar academic level, regardless of physical condition.

C) schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next.

D) parents to place their children in private schools that teach social values similar to their own.

35) Critics of homeschooling suggest that homeschooled children are

A) less academically prepared for college.

B) isolated from the larger community and lose an important chance to improve their socialization skills.

C) negatively affected if they have an attention deficit disorder.

D) are unable to properly communicate with others.

36) Which of the following is considered a problem with homeschooling?

A) Quality control

B) The number of teachers

C) The quality of the time children spend with parents

D) The rate of learning

37) Which of the following statements is true regarding families who homeschool their children?

A) Most homeschooled students perform better on standardized tests.

B) Most homeschooled students belong to single-parent families.

C) Most homeschooled students belong to middle-income families.

D) Most homeschooled students come from affluent neighborhoods.

38) Which sociologist's analysis of bureaucracies has been applied to schools in the United States because of the growing number of students enrolled in schools and the greater degree of specialization required within a technologically complex society?

A) Émile Durkheim

B) Talcott Parsons

C) Max Weber

D) Samuel Bowles

39) A particular school district hires a staff member who only works with students who have specific reading difficulties. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A) Written rules and regulations

B) Impersonality

C) Division of labor

D) Hierarchy of authority

40) In a particular school system, a teacher's aide must report to her teacher, and the teacher must report to his assistant principal, who then must report to her principal, who then must report to the superintendent, who ultimately is responsible to the board of education. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A) Written rules and regulations

B) Impersonality

C) Division of labor

D) Hierarchy of authority

41) A particular teacher spends 80 percent of her time filling out proper forms required by the school district and the rest of her time actually teaching. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A) Written rules and regulations

B) Impersonality

C) Division of labor

D) Hierarchy of authority

42) You enroll in a freshman Introduction to Sociology course at your college, and the classes are held in a large auditorium with stadium seating that holds over a hundred students, with a single instructor behind a lectern. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A) Written rules and regulations

B) Impersonality

C) Division of labor

D) Hierarchy of authority

43) Your professor receives a promotion when she publishes a journal article within her body of expertise, instead of the promotion going to the department chair's brother-in-law who used to be a cashier but could really use the money. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A) Employment based on technical qualifications

B) Impersonality

C) Division of labor

D) Hierarchy of authority

44) Which perspective generally takes a positive view of the bureaucratization of education?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Feminist perspective

45) Which perspective views the bureaucratization of education as simply a reflection of the values of powerful groups in society?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Feminist perspective

46) Secularization is the

A) process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes.

B) process through which religion's influence on other social institutions increases.

C) ordinary and commonplace element of life, as distinguished from the sacred.

D) element beyond everyday life that inspires awe, respect, and even fear.

47) The U.S. government maintains a policy of "separation of church and state." This relationship between the church and the government in the U.S. illustrates

A) creationism.

B) fundamentalism.

C) secularization.

D) the Protestant ethic.

48) Which sociologist was perhaps the first to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies?

A) Émile Durkheim

B) Talcott Parsons

C) Karl Marx

D) Robert Merton

49) According to Émile Durkheim, religion is

A) a unified system of beliefs and practices related to profane things.

B) the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being.

C) a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to worldly things.

D) a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things.

50) The concept of the sacred encompasses

A) the ordinary and commonplace elements of life.

B) the practices required or expected of members of a faith.

C) elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, or fear.

D) a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to profane things.

51) Many cultures have shamans, or spiritual guides, who assist individuals on spiritual journeys to the "underworld" or some other non-earthly realm. These shamanic journeys would likely be considered part of

A) the sacred.

B) the profane.

C) creationism.

D) both the sacred and creationism.

52) The ordinary and commonplace events of life are classified as

A) sacred.

B) profane.

C) cult-like.

D) ritualistic.

53) A table, an incense stick, and a candelabra can all be considered

A) profane items.

B) sacred items.

C) neither sacred nor profane items.

D) both sacred and profane items.

54) Which is the single largest faith in the world?

A) Islam

B) Hinduism

C) Christianity

D) Judaism

55) In which of the following ways are Christianity and Islam similar?

A) Both are polytheistic.

B) Both include the belief in prophets.

C) Both consider God's true nature to be revealed through the Torah.

D) Both require confession and communion.

56) Which of the following is true regarding Islam?

A) Followers of Islam vary sharply in their interpretations of traditions.

B) Islam recognizes Jesus as the son of God.

C) Islam is more individualistic in its expression than Christianity.

D) Muslim governments do not reinforce Islamic practices through laws.

57) Which is the important text for followers of Islam?

A) Bible

B) Torah

C) Qur'an

D) Triptaka

58) Which of the following is true regarding Judaism?

A) For Jews, God's true nature is revealed in the Torah.

B) Judaism has a relatively large world following.

C) It does not have much in common with Christianity or Islam.

D) For Jews, the Messiah has yet to return.

59) Judaism is like Christianity and Islam in which of the following ways?

A) They all use the same religious text.

B) They are all monotheistic.

C) They are all polytheistic.

D) They share the same ritualistic traditions.

60) In which way does Hinduism differ from other major religions?

A) It embraces a number of major and minor gods.

B) It emphasizes enlightenment through meditation.

C) It is preserved mostly through a single written text.

D) It embraces only one god.

61) Which of the following attributes is true regarding Buddhism?

A) It is identical to Hinduism.

B) It emerged in India.

C) It strives for material pleasures while on earth.

D) It developed in the 1800s.

62) Giving meaning to the divine and defining the spiritual world are among religion's

A) latent functions.

B) manifest functions.

C) manifest dysfunctions.

D) latent dysfunctions.

63) Churches that serve as training grounds for community leaders and allow members to refine their organizational skills are performing a

A) latent function.

B) manifest function.

C) manifest dysfunction.

D) latent dysfunction.

64) Which sociological perspective emphasizes the integrative power of religion in human society?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

65) Religious loyalties that contribute to tension and even conflict between groups or nations can be considered

A) manifest functions of religion.

B) latent functions of religion.

C) dysfunctions of religion.

D) interactionist approaches to religion.

66) Max Weber

A) examined the connection between religious allegiance and capitalist development.

B) called religion the "opiate of the masses."

C) examined the influence of religion on suicide.

D) studied cult behavior in Germany.

67) Emphasis on a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life is known as

A) the opiate of the masses.

B) liberation theology.

C) the Protestant ethic.

D) the Catholic ethic.

68) What term did Max Weber use to refer to a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers?

A) The sanctuary movement

B) The Protestant ethic

C) Predestination

D) Liberation theology

69) Liberation theology refers to

A) the use of a church, primarily the Roman Catholic Church, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice.

B) the use of a church, primarily the Muslim temple, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice.

C) people who support a literal interpretation of the book of Genesis.

D) a religious organization that claims to include most of the members of a society.

70) Which of the following is an example of liberation theology?

A) A Catholic church in South America that leads a movement to earn equal rights for poor women

B) The role of Martin Luther King Jr. and other religious leaders in the civil rights movement in the U.S. in the 1960s

C) The leadership of Pope John Paul II among Catholic clergy adhering to traditional pastoral duties

D) The overall leadership of religious institutions

71) Which sociological perspective argues that to whatever extent religion actually does influence social behavior, it reinforces existing patterns of dominance and inequality?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

72) The stained glass ceiling refers to the

A) ability of women to fill leadership positions within religious institutions.

B) difficulty women face obtaining leadership positions within religious institutions.

C) difficulty women have in practicing their beliefs within the U.S. religious system.

D) ability of women to fill any position with any organization.

73) Which sociological perspective emphasizes individual religious expression through belief, ritual, and experience?

A) Functionalist

B) Interactionist

C) Conflict

D) Feminist

74) Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a potential source of structural social change, through liberation theology?

A) Functionalist

B) Interactionist

C) Conflict

D) Feminist

75) Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social integration and unification?

A) Functionalist

B) Interactionist

C) Conflict

D) Feminist

76) Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social support for individuals?

A) Functionalist

B) Interactionist

C) Conflict

D) Feminist

77) The statements to which members of a particular religion adhere are known as

A) religious beliefs.

B) religious experiences.

C) religious rituals.

D) religious norms.

78) Members of a particular religious group think that God meant for people "to be fruitful and multiply," so they permit men to have several wives at one time. This is an example of a religious

A) belief.

B) experience.

C) value.

D) ritual.

79) Practices required or expected of members of a faith are known as

A) religious beliefs.

B) religious experiences.

C) religious rituals.

D) religious norms.

80) Emphasis on the doctrinal conformity and literal interpretation of religious texts is known as

A) religious ritual.

B) fanaticism.

C) fundamentalism.

D) secularization.

81) On the Jewish holiday of Passover, Jews are expected to eat matzo, or unleavened bread, during their Seder, or holiday dinner, rather than the bread they eat during the rest of the year. Eating the matzo and having a Seder are examples of religious

A) experiences.

B) rituals.

C) values.

D) beliefs.

82) Facing east toward Mecca while saying one's morning prayers is a characteristic of the Muslim religion. This behavior is an example of a religious

A) ritual.

B) experience.

C) belief.

D) totem.

83) The feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion is called a religious

A) ritual.

B) experience.

C) belief.

D) custom.

84) The feeling of exaltation that a person has when hearing a choir sing is characterized as a religious

A) value.

B) belief.

C) experience.

D) ritual.

85) A religious organization that is recognized as the national or official religion is known as a(n)

A) cult.

B) denomination.

C) sect.

D) ecclesia.

86) A denomination is a

A) generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith.

B) large organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government.

C) religious organization that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and that is recognized as the national or official religion.

D) relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.

87) Which of the following is an example of a denomination in the United States?

A) An Amish church

B) The Episcopalian religion

C) A storefront church in an inner-city community

D) Jehovah's Witnesses

88) Which of the following is the largest single denomination in the United States?

A) Roman Catholic

B) Protestant

C) Judaism

D) Muslim

89) A sect is a

A) generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith.

B) large organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government.

C) religious organization that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion.

D) relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.

90) An established sect is a

A) religious group that is considered an outgrowth of a sect yet remains isolated from society.

B) religious organization that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and that is recognized as the national or official religion.

C) large organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government.

D) generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith.

91) Which of the following is an example of an established sect?

A) Catholicism

B) Conservative Judaism

C) The Hutterites

D) Confucianism

92) A new religious movement (NRM) or cult is

A) generally a small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith.

B) a large, organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government.

C) the concept, developed by J. Milton Yinger, of a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society.

D) a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.

93) Which sociological perspectives would likely argue that charter schools meet society's need for education while serving a diverse student body?

A) Functionalist

B) Conflict

C) Interactionist

D) Feminist

94) Which sociological perspectives would likely argue that charter schools do not represent teachers' interests well and are contributing to the decline of labor unions?

A) Functionalist

B) Conflict

C) Interactionist

D) Feminist

95) As a social institution, education performs a rather conservative function—transmitting the dominant culture.

96) All governments shape culture through education.

97) The college subculture that focuses on socializing and having fun instead of attending classes is the nonconformist subculture.

98) In effect, schools serve as a transitional agent of social control, bridging the gap between parents and employers in the life cycle of most individuals.

99) The correspondence principle refers to schools that perpetuate social-class integration within a community setting.

100) Students who are placed in low-ability groups are able to easily be promoted to high-ability groups in the future.

101) Conflicts arise for teachers when they must serve as employee of the school, disciplinarian, and instructor all at the same time.

102) In many respects, today's schools, when viewed as an example of formal organizations, are similar to factories, hospitals, and business firms.

103) The overall prestige of the teaching profession has increased over the last decade.

104) Schools operate autonomously and are typically not influenced by the market of potential students.

105) Burnout is a common stressor for teachers.

106) Durkheim was not so much interested in the personalities of religious believers as he was in understanding religious behavior within a social context.

107) The profane includes the ordinary and commonplace.

108) Religion is a cultural universal.

109) Islam is the largest single faith in the world.

110) Both Christianity and Islam impose a moral code on believers.

111) Latent functions of religion include unintended actions that are considered covert or hidden.

112) A by-product of the Protestant ethic is the drive to accumulate savings that can be used for future investment.

113) Communion with the Holy Spirit is an example of an experience.

114) Rituals usually honor the divine power (or powers) worshipped by believers.

115) An ecclesia does not exist in the United States.

116) One major sign of the fluidity of individual religion and spirituality is the rise of the electronic church.

117) Experimental schools that are developed and managed by individuals, groups of parents, or an educational management organization are referred to as charter schools.

118) Charter schools are privately financed.

119) Discuss the interactionist perspective on education. Define the teacher-expectancy effect and give examples to illustrate your answer.

120) Discuss the great strides that women have made in education. What has contributed to these successes?

121) In what ways has research shown that education can serve as an agent of change? How does this latent function of education differ from other latent functions as described by the functionalist perspective?

122) Describe the manifest and latent functions of schools, according to the functionalist sociological perspective.

123) Discuss the inhibiting effects of education, according to the conflict perspective.

124) Discuss tracking and the criticisms of its use. How can it impede a student's ability to succeed?

125) Discuss the concept of homeschooling in contemporary America. Provide multiple reasons different individual families may choose schooling at home versus private and public choices.

126) Discuss Max Weber's five characteristics of a bureaucracy and how they apply to educational settings.

127) Discuss the concepts of sacred and profane in the context of the distinctions religious faiths make between transcending events and the everyday world.

128) Compare and contrast the world religions discussed in the text.

129) Write a summary of Islam as presented in your textbook. Be sure to include both similarities and differences between Islam and other religions, as well as the divisions within Islam itself.

130) Discuss the primary differences between the functionalist and conflict views on religion.

131) What is the integrative function of religion?

132) Discuss the three components of religion—belief, ritual, and experience—and describe how they depend on each other. Give examples to support your answer.

133) Explain the characteristics of a new religious movement (NRM), or cult. How is a cult similar to and different from a sect?

134) Discuss charter schools via the sociological perspectives.