Global Inequality Test Bank Chapter 9

Sociology: Brief, 13e (Schaefer)

Chapter 9 Global Inequality

1) The ways in which the desperately poor attempt to control their hunger is referred to as

A) coping mechanisms.

B) dependency.

C) colonialism.

D) therapy.

2) Extreme inequality of resources in the world was initiated by

A) the Spanish-American War.

B) the Great Depression.

C) World War II.

D) the Industrial Revolution.

3) In what terms does the developing country of Zambia define poverty?

A) Whether or not the breadwinner of a family holds consistent work

B) The inability to afford specific foods on a subsistence diet

C) The ability to pay for schooling for at least one child

D) Whether or not the breadwinner of a family is unemployed

4) Which of the following forces are particularly responsible for the domination of the world marketplace by a few nations?

A) The advent of multinational corporations

B) Global inequality

C) The legacy of capitalism

D) Industrialization

5) Colonialism is defined as

A) the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period.

B) an approach that contends industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain.

C) the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.

D) continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries.

6) Neo-colonialism is defined as the

A) maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a power for an extended period of time, such as French control over major parts of northern Africa.

B) continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries.

C) invasion of Third World countries by the military forces of the U.S. or Russia since 1965.

D) approach by which industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain.

7) World systems analysis is

A) Karl Marx's view that the bourgeois nations such as England would dominate the proletarian nations such as India.

B) Erving Goffman's view that world peace would result from many types of nations interacting with one another.

C) Talcott Parsons's view that the inequality that exists among nations is necessary for world stability.

D) Immanuel Wallerstein's view that nations exist in an interdependent global economy resting on unequal economic and political relationships.

8) In Immanuel Wallerstein's view, the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. This view is referred to as

A) neo-colonialism.

B) colonialism.

C) world systems analysis.

D) the world exploitation model.

9) According to world systems analysis, a core nation is a nation that

A) controls and exploits, along with its multinational corporations, noncore nations.

B) has a marginal economic status.

C) is a poor, developing nation exploited by more powerful nations and corporations.

D) is considered a third-world nation.

10) Which of the following is an example of a core nation?

A) Germany

B) South Korea

C) Egypt

D) Ireland

11) According to world systems analysis, a nation that has a marginal economic status would be referred to as a nation at the

A) periphery.

B) core.

C) semiperiphery.

D) superperiphery.

12) Which of the following is an example of a semiperiphery nation?

A) Germany

B) South Korea

C) Bolivia

D) United States

13) According to world systems analysis, poor and developing nations are

A) at the core.

B) on the periphery.

C) on the semiperiphery.

D) on the marginality.

14) According to world systems analysis, a periphery nation is a nation that

A) along with its multinational corporations dominates all other nations socially, economically, and politically, such as the U.S. and Germany.

B) has a marginal economic status, such as Israel and South Korea.

C) is a poor, developing nation, such as Haiti or Chad, that is exploited by more powerful nations and corporations.

D) does not quite exert control, but is considered of marginal economic status.

15) Which of the following is an example of a periphery nation?

A) Germany

B) South Korea

C) Egypt

D) United States

16) According to world systems analysis, which type of nation is relatively independent of outside control?

A) Core

B) Periphery

C) Semiperiphery

D) Marginality

17) Dependency theory is defined as

A) a functionalist approach proposing that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in peripheral nations.

B) a far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.

C) an approach contending that as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations.

D) applying to the interactionist perspective.

18) According to Immanuel Wallerstein's analysis, the United States is considered at the ________, whereas neighboring Mexico remains on the semiperiphery of the world economic system.

A) core

B) periphery

C) semiperiphery

D) multiperiphery

19) The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as

A) globalization.

B) dependency.

C) colonialism.

D) neo-colonialism.

20) According to the text, the global poor can be found in

A) sub-Sahara Africa and the West Bank.

B) Eastern Europe.

C) Japan and the Philippines.

D) Latin America and South America.

21) Developing nations define poverty as

A) the total number of people on welfare.

B) the average salary wage.

C) the number of people in the nation divided by the total income earned.

D) the minimum income a person needs to survive.

22) The Millennium development goals targeted which of the following areas?

A) Minority crime

B) Education

C) Global dominance

D) Paternal health

23) Which sociological perspective would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletariat class?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

24) Commercial organizations headquartered in one country that own or control other corporations or subsidiaries throughout the world are referred to as

A) international companies.

B) multinational corporations.

C) megacorps.

D) world system enterprises.

25) Which of the following is an example of a multinational corporation?

A) A Swiss bank with many international customers but without foreign branches.

B) A hardware store that sells hammers from France and saws from Switzerland, as well as many products made in the U.S.

C) Coca-Cola, which has bottling plants throughout the world.

D) A bank that has locations in only the pacific northwest.

26) Which of the following statements about multinational corporations is true?

A) The 10 largest multinational corporations all have their headquarters in the U.S.

B) Foreign sales represent an important source of profit for multinational corporations.

C) They are all state-owned—or public as opposed to private—businesses.

D) Corporate giants do not play a key role in neo-colonialism.

27) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations help create social stability within a society by creating jobs and global enterprise?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Feminist perspective

28) Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits?

A) Functionalist perspective

B) Conflict perspective

C) Interactionist perspective

D) Global perspective

29) Conflict theorists contend that multinational corporations are attracted to developing countries because developing countries

A) have a small pool of cheap labor.

B) encourage strong trade unions.

C) often create a favorable "climate for investment."

D) they protect local workers, rather than exploit them.

30) Which of the following sociological perspectives points out that multinationals invest in limited economic sectors and restricted regions of a nation?

A) Global perspective

B) Interactionist perspective

C) Conflict perspective

D) Functionalist perspective

31) Modernization refers to the

A) elimination of old housing and its replacement with modern skyscrapers.

B) process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.

C) colonial domination of Third World nations by Western powers.

D) process of development that, at this time, has occurred only in core nations such as England, France, Japan, and the U.S.

32) The process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called

A) world systems analysis.

B) developmental theory.

C) reconstructionism.

D) modernization.

33) Who among the following has noted that modern societies tend to be urban, literate, and industrial, with sophisticated transportation and media systems, and families in such societies are organized within the nuclear family unit rather than the extended family model?

A) Wendell Bell

B) Immanuel Wallerstein

C) Karl Marx

D) None of these answers is correct.

34) Members of societies that undergo modernization must shift their allegiance from traditional authorities to newer authorities, such as

A) government officials.

B) parents.

C) priests.

D) peers.

35) Sociologists are quick to note that terms such as modernization and development contain a(n) ________ bias.

A) economic

B) class

C) ethnocentric

D) scientific

36) The notion that peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed nations is known as

A) dependency.

B) regional analysis.

C) modernization.

D) colonialism.

37) Current modernization studies generally take a(n) ________ perspective, which focuses on how societies are moving closer together.

A) conflict

B) interactionist

C) dramaturgical

D) convergence

38) Modernization theory—as an explanation of global inequality—falls under which sociological perspective?

A) Functionalist

B) Conflict

C) Interactionist

D) Feminist

39) Stratification in developing nations is closely related to their weak and dependent position in

A) ensuring the health of their citizens.

B) providing adequate education.

C) the global economy.

D) the military size.

40) Which of the following is considered a pattern revealed by studies of intergenerational mobility in industrialized nations?

A) There is a common pattern toward agriculture-based occupations.

B) Parental positions tend to have little effect on the social mobility of children.

C) Mobility opportunities are strongly influenced by structural factors.

D) Intergenerational mobility has been decreasing in most countries.

41) Which of the following statements about the patterns of intergenerational mobility in industrial nations is true?

A) Structural factors influence opportunities for social mobility.

B) Immigration does not play a significant part in mobility patterns.

C) There is consistent migration from urban to rural areas.

D) Most women resist mobility.

42) Cross-cultural studies have suggested which of the following about industrialized and developing nations?

A) Spain has an informal economy.

B) Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries.

C) Modernization has benefited Kenya.

D) Mobility exists only in non-industrialized societies.

43) In large developing nations, the most socially significant mobility is

A) the movement out of poverty.

B) the employment of women.

C) property ownership.

D) proof of a confirmed dowry.

44) In Kenya and Tanzania, it is illegal for women to

A) own a house.

B) walk alone in public.

C) socialize with men.

D) go to school.

45) Many aspects of modernization in developing countries, such as migration to urban centers,

A) have not had a necessarily positive effect on the social standing of women.

B) have increased the vital role of women in food production.

C) have strengthened women's ties to relatives.

D) have decreased the role of women in all industries.

46) Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in mobility?

A) Women are usually fed more than males.

B) Women are denied educational opportunities.

C) Women and men are hospitalized for the same types of injuries.

D) Women and men have equal employment opportunities.

47) Through the establishment of the Pan-Cordillera Women's Network for Peace and Development in the Philippines, which of the following have the women volunteers accomplished?

A) Negotiated thousands of peace pacts among community members.

B) Reduced incidences of infanticide by half.

C) Provided microfinancing for the majority of small farmers.

D) Largely ended incidences of extreme poverty.

48) The tax breaks, bailouts, direct payments, and grants that the government gives to corporations are referred to as

A) corporate welfare.

B) business welfare.

C) welfare reform.

D) reverse welfare.

49) The federal bailouts of the banking and auto industries are an example of

A) unemployment.

B) corporate welfare.

C) welfare reform.

D) None of these answers is correct.

50) Which perspective would study how "welfare scapegoating" ignored federal handouts to individuals and families?

A) Functionalist

B) Interactionist

C) Conflict

D) Feminist

51) Inequality exists only within the United States and other developed countries.

52) Around the world, inequality is a significant determinant of human behavior.

53) According to world systems analysis, the United States, Japan, and Germany are all examples of core nations.

54) Developing nations define poverty based on the minimum income a person needs to survive.

55) The purpose of the Millennium Project was to halve extreme poverty worldwide by the year 2015.

56) Many of the Millennium development goals were achieved.

57) Living Goods agents walk what poverty workers refer to as the "last mile" to reach remote areas that are inaccessible to conventional aid organizations.

58) Multinational corporations have established "global offices" as well as global factories in nations all over the world.

59) Total revenues of multinational businesses are on par with the total value of goods and services exchanged in entire nations.

60) Conflict theorists conclude that, on the whole, multinational corporations have a positive social impact on workers in both industrialized and developing nations.

61) A bonus for multinational corporations is that in general, the developing world discourages strong trade unions.

62) Contemporary modernization studies generally take a convergence perspective in which researchers focus on how societies are moving closer together despite traditional differences.

63) The term modernization suggests positive change.

64) According to modernization theory, even though nations develop at uneven rates, the development of peripheral nations will be assisted by innovations transferred from the industrialized world.

65) The richest 2 percent of adults own more than 50 percent of the world's household wealth.

66) Immigration continues to be a significant factor in shaping a society's level of intergenerational mobility.

67) Generally, the poorer the country, the more optimistic people are that their children will grow up to be financially better off than they are themselves.

68) Women in Kenya and Tanzania are prohibited from driving, walking alone in public, and socializing with men outside their families.

69) The challenges to girls and women are not limited to any one continent.

70) Corporate welfare is limited to federal actions.

71) Explain the global divide. What led to global inequality in the world?

72) What does it mean to be well off and to be poor?

73) Discuss the forces that are particularly responsible for the domination of the world marketplace by a few nations.

74) Compare and contrast colonialism and neo-colonialism, and describe their impact on social stratification. Give examples to support your answer.

75) Discuss Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems analysis. Define dependency theory as it relates to Wallerstein's views. Give examples to support your answer.

76) Explain the view of multinational corporations from a functionalist and conflict perspective. How do they differ?

77) Define and explain modernization.

78) Explain why terms such as modernization and developed have an ethnocentric bias.

79) Discuss how stratification within the United States compares with stratification in other nations. What factors appear to be consistent within all nations?

80) Explain mobility in developing nations.

81) Explain why the processes of modernization in developing countries have often had a negative impact on the well-being of women and their levels of social mobility.