Skeletal System Bones And Bone Tissue Test Bank Answers Ch.6 - Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology 12e Complete Test Bank by Cinnamon VanPutte. DOCX document preview.
Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 12e (VanPutte)
Chapter 6 Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue
1) A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a/an ________.
A) aponeurosis
B) ligament
C) bursa
D) epimysium
E) tendon
2) Ligaments attach
A) muscle to muscle.
B) bone to bone.
C) muscle to bone.
D) nerve to bone.
E) nerve to muscle.
3) Important functions of the skeletal system include
A) protection of the brain and soft organs.
B) storage of water.
C) production of Vitamin E.
D) regulation of acid-base balance.
E) integration of other systems.
4) Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?
A) Support
B) Movement
C) Immunity
D) Calcium storage
E) Blood cell formation
5) Chondroblasts produce
A) ligaments.
B) cartilage matrix.
C) bone tissue.
D) blood cells.
E) synovial fluid.
6) The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the ________.
A) matrix
B) chondrocyte
C) ligamentous cord
D) lacuna
E) perichondrium
7) The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is ________.
A) elastic cartilage
B) fibrocartilage
C) hyaline cartilage
D) interstitial cartilage
E) osteocartilage
8) Cartilage
A) is composed of osteons.
B) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum.
C) contains chondrocytes located in lacunae.
D) does not need nutrients and oxygen, so it has no blood vessels.
E) is well vascularized.
9) A connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the ________.
A) endosteum
B) perichondrium
C) periosteum
D) epiphyseal line
E) ligament
10) Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage
A) replace collagen fibers in the matrix.
B) give cartilage its resilient nature.
C) fill the lacunae.
D) make the perichondrium very stretchable.
E) make cartilage hard and compact.
11) Which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water?
A) Collagen
B) Proteoglycan
C) Hyaluronic acid
D) Elastin
E) Chondrocytes
12) In appositional growth of cartilage,
A) chondroblasts within the tissue proliferate and add more matrix from the inside.
B) new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
C) osteoblasts replace the chondroblasts.
D) the tissue becomes vascularized in order to grow.
E) the cartilage is replaced with another kind of connective tissue.
13) Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of ________.
A) bone matrix
B) hyaline cartilage
C) fibrocartilage
D) ligaments
E) blood
14) The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of ________.
A) elastin fibers
B) collagenase
C) hydroxyapatite crystals
D) collagen fibers
E) bone marrow
15) Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed ________.
A) proteoglycans
B) hydroxyapatite
C) calcium
D) collagen
E) osteoblasts
16) Rickets is
A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; this occurs because of insufficient collagen development.
17) Brittle bone disorder is another name for ________.
A) osteoporosis
B) osteogenesis imperfecta
C) osteomalacia
D) scurvy
E) osteomyelitis
18) Which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix?
A) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
B) Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.
C) The protein components of bone matrix are digested.
D) Ca2+ is actively transported from bone matrix to the blood.
E) Blood calcium is elevated.
19) The primary mineral in bone is ________.
A) sodium
B) oxygen
C) calcium
D) potassium
E) iron
20) The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the
A) thickness of the bone.
B) length of the bone.
C) strength of the bone.
D) ability of the bone to heal.
E) growth rate of bone.
21) The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the ________.
A) osteoclast
B) osteoblast
C) chondrocyte
D) osteocyte
E) chondroblast
22) Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?
A) Chondroclast
B) Osteoclast
C) Chondroblast
D) Fibroblast
E) Osteocyte
23) Which of the following are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?
A) Osteocytes
B) Osteoblasts
C) Osteoclasts
D) Chondrocytes
E) Osteochondral progenitor cells
24) The primary function of osteoblasts is to
A) prevent osteocytes from forming.
B) resorb bone along the epiphyseal plate.
C) inhibit the growth of bone.
D) stimulate bone growth.
E) lay down bone matrix.
25) Which of the following is correctly matched?
A) Osteocyte - functions in bone remodeling
B) Osteoclast - responsible for reabsorption
C) Osteoblast - breaks down bone tissue
D) Endosteum - lines central canal of the osteon
E) Periosteum - lines the medullary cavity
26) Which type of bone cell incorporates calcium and phosphate ions into bone tissue?
A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast
27) Which type of bone cell combines hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?
A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast
28) Which type of bone cell gives rise to osteoblasts?
A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast
29) Which type of bone cell has a ruffled border and secretes acids?
A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast
30) Which type of bone cell is a large cell that forms from fusion of several precursor cells?
A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast
31) Which type of bone cell possesses extensive ER and ribosomes?
A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast
32) Which type of bone cell lies in a lacuna?
A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast
33) Which type of bone cell has processes that lie in canaliculi?
A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast
34) Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?
A) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
B) Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.
C) The protein components of bone matrix are synthesized.
D) Calcium ions are actively transported from blood to bone matrix.
E) Blood calcium is decreased.
35) Osteoclasts have projections called ________ that cause bone reabsorption.
A) canaliculi
B) lacunae
C) ruffled borders
D) lamellae
E) crossroads
36) The stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts are ________.
A) osteocytes
B) osteoclasts
C) chondrocytes
D) the same cells that give rise to monocytes
E) osteochondral progenitor cells
37) The stem cells of osteoclasts are ________.
A) osteocytes
B) osteoclasts
C) chondrocytes
D) the same cells that give rise to monocytes
E) osteochondral progenitor cells
38) Lamellar bone
A) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
B) has a porous appearance.
C) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
D) is very light in weight.
E) is not easily restructured.
39) Woven bone
A) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
B) has a porous appearance.
C) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
D) is very light in weight.
E) is not easily restructured.
40) Spongy bone tissue
A) is very dense.
B) contains concentric lamellae.
C) contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae.
D) has many spaces and lacks osteocytes.
E) is the primary component of compact bone.
41) Osteons or haversian systems
A) are found in spongy bone tissue.
B) lack concentric lamellae.
C) are the basic units in compact bone tissue.
D) do not contain osteocytes.
E) are avascular.
42) A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a ________.
A) central canal
B) lamella
C) canaliculus
D) lacuna
E) osteocanal
43) The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is ________.
A) circumferential
B) concentric
C) interstitial
D) appositional
E) oppositional
44) You would look for concentric lamellae
A) around the central canal of an osteon.
B) in between osteons.
C) on the outer surface of compact bone tissues.
D) as components of the cartilage.
E) in the bone marrow.
45) The type of lamellae found between osteons (haversian systems) is ________.
A) circumferential
B) concentric
C) interstitial
D) appositional
E) oppositional
46) The type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is ________.
A) circumferential
B) concentric
C) interstitial
D) appositional
E) oppositional
47) Small channels extending through the bone matrix are ________.
A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) canaliculi
D) periosteum
E) trabeculae
48) Interconnecting rods of bone are ________.
A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) canaliculi
D) periosteum
E) trabeculae
49) Thin sheets of bone matrix are ________.
A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) canaliculi
D) periosteum
E) trabeculae
50) The covering of the outer surface of bone is the ________.
A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) canaliculi
D) periosteum
E) trabeculae
51) Spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are ________.
A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) periosteum
D) trabeculae
52) ________ run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and contain blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon.
A) Haversian canals
B) Perforating canals
C) Lamellar canals
D) Osteochondral canals
E) Canaliculi
53) In which type of bonet tissue are osteons present?
A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.
54) In which type of bone tissue are trabeculae present?
A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.
55) Which type of bone tissue is considered dense bone?
A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.
56) In which type of bone tissue are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?
A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.
57) Which type of bone tissue has concentric lamellae?
A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.
58) Which type of bone tissue appears porous?
A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.
59) Canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue.
A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.
60) Which of the following correctly matches the bone type with an example?
A) Short bone - carpal bone
B) Long bone - vertebra
C) Irregular bone - femur
D) Flat bone - phalanges of the toes
E) Short bone - humerus
61) An example of a long bone would be ________.
A) the sternum
B) a rib
C) a carpal bone
D) the tibia
E) the clavicle
62) An x-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the ________ of the bone.
A) epiphysis
B) epiphyseal line
C) diaphysis
D) growth plate
E) articular surface
63) Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?
A) Perimysium
B) Perichondrium
C) Peritendineum
D) Peritoneum
E) Periosteum
64) Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to
A) manufacture blood cells.
B) manufacture tissue cells for the skin.
C) store adipose tissue.
D) store bone-forming cells.
E) make vitamin D.
65) Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to
A) manufacture blood cells.
B) manufacture tissue cells for the skin.
C) store adipose tissue.
D) store bone-forming cells.
E) make vitamin D.
66) What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?
A) Epiphysis
B) Fibers
C) Growth plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum
67) What is the area where marrow is located?
A) Periosteum
B) Sharpey fibers
C) Growth plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum
68) What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?
A) Epiphysis
B) Sharpey's fibers
C) Epiphyseal plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum
69) What strengthens the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to bone?
A) Epiphysis
B) Sharpey fibers
C) Growth plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum
70) What is the end of a long bone?
A) Epiphysis
B) Sharpey's fibers
C) Growth plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum
71) The medullary cavity is
A) empty in adult bones.
B) the site where osteoblasts are found.
C) lined with endosteum.
D) filled with fibrocartilage and elastin fibers.
E) dead space in the bone.
72) These collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum of the bone.
A) Endosteal fibers
B) Sharpey fibers
C) Golgi fibers
D) Haversian fibers
E) Purkinje fibers
73) Which type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?
A) Articular cartilage
B) Periosteum
C) Elastic cartilage
D) Spongy bone
E) Fibrocartilage
74) Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called ________.
A) epiphyseal spaces
B) medullary cavities
C) lacunae
D) sinuses
E) trabeculae
75) The flat bones of the skull develop from ________.
A) hyaline cartilage
B) areolar tissue
C) compact bone
D) fibrous connective tissue
E) fibrocartilage
76) Intramembranous ossification
A) forms the bones of the roof of the skull.
B) is the process that produces most of the skeletal system.
C) occurs when bones develop from cartilage models.
D) occurs when osteoblasts invade the spaces left by dying cartilage cells.
E) occurs on the outer surface of the membrane.
77) Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?
A) Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts.
B) A membrane of delicate collagen fibers develops.
C) Spongy bone is formed.
D) Periosteum is formed.
E) Many tiny trabeculae of woven bone develop.
78) The locations where ossification begin in intramembranous ossification are known as
A) secondary ossification centers.
B) membranous ossification centers.
C) centers of ossification.
D) medullary cavity ossification centers.
E) epiphyseal ossification centers.
79) The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called ________.
A) epiphyseal plates
B) articular cartilages
C) fontanels
D) bone collars
E) medullary cavities
80) The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
A) Both processes form woven bone.
B) Both processes require a precursor of connective tissue membranes.
C) In both processes, bone replaces cartilage.
D) Both only form flat bones.
E) Chondrocytes participate in both processes.
81) Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is ________.
A) intramembranous
B) endochondral
C) interstitial
D) appositional
E) osteomalacia
82) Arrange the following events of endochondral ossification in the proper sequence:
(1) Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die.
(2) Chondrocytes hypertrophy.
(3) Cartilage model is formed.
(4) Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage of the primary ossification center.
(5) Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
A) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
B) 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
C) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
D) 3, 5, 2, 4, 1
E) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
83) Which of the following events of endochondral ossification occurs last?
A) Blood vessels grow into the primary ossification center.
B) Cartilage is calcified in the cartilage model.
C) A cartilage model is formed by chondroblasts.
D) Osteoblasts produce trabeculae and lamellae on the surface of calcified cartilage.
E) Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.
84) Osteoblasts involved in bone growth in length come primarily from
A) chondrocytes.
B) endothelium of blood vessels.
C) osteocytes.
D) periosteum.
E) connective tissue surrounding blood vessels of the endosteum.
85) Which of the following statements about bone growth is TRUE?
A) Most growth in long bones results from interstitial growth.
B) Appositional bone growth results in increased bone length.
C) Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
D) In the epiphyseal plate, osteoblasts degenerate to form chondrocytes.
E) Bones cannot grow by appositional growth.
86) The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is
A) hypertrophy, proliferation, calcification, ossification, and remodeling.
B) proliferation, hypertrophy, cell death, calcification, ossification, and remodeling.
C) hypertrophy, calcification, proliferation, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.
D) calcification, hypertrophy, proliferation, ossification, cell death, and remodeling.
E) proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.
87) Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone tissue
A) on the surface of the bone.
B) in the epiphyseal plate of long bones.
C) in the secondary ossification center of the epiphyses.
D) in interstitial areas.
E) on spongy bone, but not compact bone.
88) If an x-ray shows a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate,
A) the bone is fractured.
B) growth of the bone is complete.
C) marrow is forming in the spongy bone.
D) the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified.
E) the cartilage is absent.
89) Long bones grow in length at the ________.
A) epiphyseal plate
B) articular cartilage
C) center of the shaft
D) endosteum-periosteum junction
E) center of the epiphysis
90) The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when
A) chondroblasts take over mitosis of osteoblasts.
B) the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.
C) the epiphysis becomes separated from the diaphysis.
D) the bone marrow forms.
E) the periosteum is completed.
91) Bone growth of the epiphysis occurs at the ________.
A) articular cartilage
B) joint cavity
C) perichondrium
D) epiphyseal plate
E) diaphysis
92) Bone growth at the articular cartilage is responsible for bone growth of ________.
A) short bones
B) long bones
C) flat bones
D) irregular bones
E) only the cartilage
93) When blood vessels become surrounded by concentric lamella forming osteons, the bone will grow in ________.
A) length
B) diameter
C) the epiphyseal plate
D) the articular cartilage
E) All of the choices are correct.
94) Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of certain substance from the diet. Which of the following list three of the dietary needs for normal bone growth?
A) Sodium, calcium, and vitamin E
B) Potassium, calcium, and vitamin D
C) Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
D) Vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
E) Vitamin E, vitamin B, and vitamin A
95) Which of the following substance is mismatched with its role in the body?
A) Vitamin D - aids calcium absorption
B) Vitamin C - necessary for collagen synthesis
C) Vitamin D - obtained by synthesis or ingestion
D) Sex hormones - cause spurt of growth at puberty
E) Parathyroid hormone - increases calcium loss in the kidneys
96) The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by ________.
A) parathyroid hormone
B) sex hormones
C) growth hormone
D) thyroid hormone
E) calcitonin
97) A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following likely caused his condition?
A) Hypersecretion of growth hormone
B) Hypersecretion of testosterone
C) Hypersecretion of estrogen
D) Hyposecretion of estrogen
E) Hypersecretion of vitamin D
98) Twelve-year old Madeline has not yet experienced a bone growth spurt, meaning she is not yet producing which particular chemicals necessary for this to occur?
A) Growth hormone
B) Sex hormones
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) Calcitonin
E) Vitamin D
99) A boy grew rapidly and reached a height of 6'2" by the time he was 13. He had normal body proportions and sexual development but had below normal mental cognition. Which of the following likely caused his condition?
A) An adrenal tumor that secretes androgens
B) Hypersecretion of testosterone
C) Elevated vitamin D synthesis
D) Hypersecretion of growth hormone
E) Hyposecretion of growth hormone
100) Which chemical stimulates interstitial cartilage and appositional bone growth?
A) Growth hormone
B) Sex hormones
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) Calcitonin
E) Vitamin D
101) Which chemical, ingested or synthesized by the body, is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines?
A) Growth hormone
B) Sex hormones
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) Calcitonin
E) Vitamin D
102) Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?
A) Bone remodeling involves removal of old bone by osteoblasts.
B) As a long bone increases in diameter, the size of the marrow cavity decreases.
C) The rate of bone remodeling increases in the elderly.
D) Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling.
E) Bone remodeling does not involve the activity of the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts.
103) The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of
A) osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
B) osteoclast and osteocyte activity.
C) chondroblast and osteoclast activity.
D) chondrocyte and osteocyte activity.
E) fibroblast and chondroblast activity.
104) Bone remodeling may occur
A) as bones grow.
B) as bones adjust to stress.
C) as fractures heal.
D) constantly during a person's lifetime.
E) All of the choices are correct.
105) In which of the following locations in a growing bone would the greatest osteoclast activity be found?
A) Epiphysis
B) Epiphyseal plate
C) Medullary cavity
D) Articular cartilage
E) Perichondrium
106) The proper sequence of events in bone repair is
A) callus formation, hematoma formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone.
B) remodeling of bone, callus ossification, hematoma formation, callus formation.
C) hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone.
D) callus ossification, callus formation, remodeling of bone, hematoma formation.
E) hematoma formation, callus ossification, callus formation, remodeling of bone.
107) Which structure forms between the ends of a broken bone as well as the marrow cavity?
A) Hematoma
B) Internal callus
C) External callus
D) Compact bone
108) An incomplete bone fracture generally found in children is a/an ________.
A) complicated fracture
B) hairline fracture
C) spiral fracture
D) avulsion fracture
E) greenstick fracture
109) Miguel fell out of a tree and broke his fall by putting his arm out, fracturing his radius and ulna. The bones were still aligned at the fracture site. Which specific type of bone fracture is Miguel most likely to have?
A) Stress fracture fracture
B) Nondisplaced fracture
C) Spiral fracture
D) Avulsion fracture
E) None of the choices are correct.
110) The radiologist informs Matthew that his fracture has not penetrated the skin, meaning Matthew has a/an ________ fracture.
A) open
B) closed
C) displaced
D) composite
E) irregular
111) A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is a/an ________ fracture.
A) open
B) closed
C) avulsion
D) complete
E) nondisplaced
112) The collar that forms around the opposing ends of bone fragments is called a/an ________.
A) osteon
B) external callus
C) hematoma
D) epiphysis
E) internal callus
113) When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this?
A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteoblasts
C) Osteons
D) Matrix cells
E) Osteocytes
114) When blood calcium levels are low
A) ostoclast activity increases.
B) calcitonin secretion increases.
C) calcium absorption is reduced.
D) bones produce more bone tissue.
E) osteoblast activity increases.
115) Sam, an older man, has been diagnosed with osteoporosis, and his blood calcium levels are above normal. The pathologiste found cancer cells that were oversecreting ________ causing Sam's symptoms.
A) vitamin D
B) parathyroid hormone
C) calcitonin
D) thyroid hormone
E) growth hormone
116) Osteoclast activity is increased by ________.
A) parathyroid hormone
B) vitamin D
C) calcitonin
D) growth hormone
E) vitamin C
117) Osteoclast activity would decrease when ________ levels are elevated.
A) parathyroid hormone
B) vitamin D
C) calcitonin
D) growth hormone
E) vitamin C
118) Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?
A) Parathyroid hormone inhibits osteoclast activity.
B) When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.
C) Increased osteoblast activity increases blood calcium levels.
D) Parathyroid hormone increases calcium loss from the kidney.
E) Calcitonin elevates blood calcium levels.
119) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes
A) increased RANKL and increased OPG.
B) increased RANKL and decreased OPG.
C) decreased RANKL and increased OPG.
D) decreased RANKL and decreased OPG.
E) PTH has no effect on RANKL and OPG.
120) Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
A) Increased Ca2+ uptake by the small intestine
B) Increased vitamin D formation in the kidneys
C) Increased Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys
D) Decreased Ca2+ loss by the kidneys
E) All of the choices are direct effects of PTH.
121) Which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true?
A) PTH causes decreased uptake of Ca2+ from the small intestine.
B) PTH causes decreased vitamin D formation in the kidneys.
C) PTH causes increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys.
D) PTH causes increased loss of Ca2+ from the kidneys.
E) PTH causes increased Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys.
122) Calcitonin
A) decreases osteoblast activity.
B) decreases osteocyte activity.
C) decreases osteochondral progenitor cell activity.
D) is associated with decreased osteoclast activity.
E) has no effect on bone cells.
123) Sally has elevated blood calcium levels. Which substance would you expect to find in high levels in response to this condition?
A) Growth hormone
B) Sex hormones
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) Calcitonin
E) Vitamin D
124) Which substance causes an increase in the blood calcium level?
A) Growth hormone
B) Sex hormones
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) Calcitonin
E) Vitamin D
125) One effect of aging on the skeletal system is
A) decreased bone matrix.
B) increased bone density.
C) decreased collagen fibers.
D) increased elastic fibers.
E) Both "decreased bone matrix" and "decreased collagen fibers" are correct.
126) The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is
A) fractures.
B) bone thickening.
C) luxations and subluxations.
D) fusion of bones.
E) remodeling of bone.
127) Osteomyelitis is
A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development.
128) Osteomalacia is
A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; this occurs because of insufficient collagen development.
129) Osteoporosis is
A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; this occurs because of insufficient collagen development.
130) How does the muscular system contribute to osteoporosis?
A) It is impacted by inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.
B) Lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone.
C) Pain following injury helps prevent further injury.
D) Blood clotting starts repair process.
E) Calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis.
131) Which of the following is an example of how the endocrine system affects osteoporosis?
A) It is impacted by inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.
B) Lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone.
C) Pain following injury helps prevent further injury.
D) Blood clotting starts repair process.
E) Calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis.
132) How does the digestive system contribute to osteoporosis?
A) It is impacted by inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.
B) Lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone.
C) Pain following injury helps prevent further injury.
D) Blood clotting starts repair process.
E) Calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis.
133) Which of the following is an example of how the cardiovascular system works to counteract the effects of osteoporosis?
A) Improve the absorption of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.
B) Increase exercise to increase muscle stress on bone.
C) Reduce pain following injury.
D) Blood clotting starts repair process.
E) Calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis.
134) How does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis in individuals suffering from osteoporosis?
A) Address inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet.
B) Stimulate exercise to reduce muscle stress on bone.
C) The sense of pain following injury helps prevent further injury.
D) Inhibit blood clotting to halt the repair process.
E) Reduce calcitonin secretion.
135) Which of the following involves respiratory system activity that contributes to osteoporosis?
A) Lack of oxygen reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption.
B) Mucosal cells of the respiratory tract release chemicals that inhibit tissue repair.
C) Excessive smoking lowers estrogen levels, which increases bone loss.
D) Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted through exhaled air.
E) Decreased oxygen levels contribute to the disease.
136) How does the reproductive system contribute to osteoporosis?
A) Lack of sex hormone production reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption.
B) Immune cells decrease in number after puberty and reduce bone repair.
C) Excessive smoking lowers estrogen levels, which increases bone loss.
D) Calcium ions released from the bones are necessary for gamete production.
E) Decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease.
137) How do the lymphatic and immune systems contribute to osteoporosis?
A) Macrophages in the skin destroy the precursor to vitamin D.
B) Immune cells resist infections and release chemicals that promote tissue repair.
C) Excessive smoking stimulate immune cells to attack bones, which increases bone loss.
D) Calcium ions are excreted by immune cells at the lymph nodes.
E) Decreased estrogen levels following a viral infection contribute to the disease.
138) How does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis?
A) Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption.
B) Lack of exposure to sunlight increases calcitonin secretion leading to reduced calcium storage in the bones.
C) Estrogen produced in the dermis reduces calcium excretion in the kidneys.
D) Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted through sweat.
E) Decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease.
139) How does the urinary system contribute to osteoporosis?
A) Lack of exposure to sunlight increases vitamin D production at the kidneys and decreases calcium absorption.
B) Immune cells of the kidneys absorb excess calcium under the direction of PTH.
C) Excessive smoking lowers calcitriol levels, which decreases bone loss.
D) Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted as part of urine.
E) Decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease.
140) Osteogenesis imperfecta is
A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; this occurs because of insufficient collagen development.
141) What does structure "A" represent on the bone diagram?
A) Spongy bone
B) Diaphysis
C) Epiphyseal lines
D) Articular cartilage
E) Epiphysis
142) What does structure "B" represent on the bone diagram?
A) Spongy bone
B) Diaphysis
C) Epiphyseal lines
D) Articular cartilage
E) Epiphysis
143) What does structure "C" represent on the bone diagram?
A) Spongy bone
B) Diaphysis
C) Epiphyseal lines
D) Articular cartilage
E) Epiphysis
144) What does structure "D" represent on the bone diagram?
A) Spongy bone
B) Diaphysis
C) Epiphyseal lines
D) Articular cartilage
E) Epiphysis
145) What does structure "E" represent on the bone diagram?
A) Spongy bone
B) Diaphysis
C) Epiphyseal lines
D) Articular cartilage
E) Epiphysis
146) This figure illustrates bone growth in length at the epiphyseal plate. Zone "A" represents
A) bone tissue of the diaphysis.
B) the zone of calcification.
C) the zone of hypertrophy.
D) the zone of proliferation.
E) the zone of resting cartilage.
147) This figure illustrates bone growth in length at the epiphyseal plate. Zone "B" represents
A) bone tissue of the diaphysis.
B) zone of calcification.
C) zone of hypertrophy.
D) zone of proliferation.
E) zone of resting cartilage.
148) This figure illustrates bone growth in length at the epiphyseal plate. Zone "C" represents
A) bone tissue of the diaphysis.
B) zone of calcification.
C) zone of hypertrophy.
D) zone of proliferation.
E) zone of resting cartilage.
149) This figure illustrates bone growth in length at the epiphyseal plate. Zone "D" represents
A) bone tissue of the diaphysis.
B) zone of calcification.
C) zone of hypertrophy.
D) zone of proliferation.
E) zone of resting cartilage.
150) This figure illustrates bone growth in length at the epiphyseal plate. Zone "E" represents
A) bone tissue of the diaphysis.
B) zone of calcification.
C) zone of hypertrophy.
D) zone of proliferation.
E) zone of resting cartilage.
151) Identify the components of the skeletal system. (Check all that apply.)
A) Bones
B) Cartilage
C) Ligaments
D) Muscles
E) Tendons
152) Select the functions of the skeletal system. (Check all that apply.)
A) Production of blood cells and platelets
B) Protection of internal organs
C) Storage of glycogen
D) Storage of minerals
153) Bones that are thin and have a broad curved shape are classified as ________ bones.
A) flat
B) irregular
C) long
D) short
154) Bones are classified as one of four types, based on their shapes. The bones of the cranium are examples of ________ bones.
A) flat
B) irregular
C) long
D) short
155) Bones that are longer than they are wide and generally have enlarged ends for articulations are classified as ________ bones.
A) flat
B) irregular
C) long
D) short
156) Name the air-filled spaces lined by mucous membranes found within flat and irregular bones.
A) Foramina
B) Medullary cavities
C) Sinuses
D) Short bone
157) During development, some bones arise from thick connective tissue membranes in a process known as ________ ossification, and other bones arise from a hyaline cartilage model in a process known as ________ ossification.
A) endochondral; intramembranous
B) intramembranous; endochondral
158) Bone formation associated with cartilage is called ________ ossification while bone formed in connective tissue membranes is called ________ ossification.
A) endochondral; intramembranous
B) intramembranous; endochondral
C) woven, spongy
D) spongy, woven
159) True or False? The two types of bone development formation include endochondral and endosteal bone.
160) What is the type of ossification that forms the flat bones of the skull?
A) Endochondral ossification
B) Intramembranous ossification
161) The epiphysis of the clavicle is formed by ________ ossification.
A) endochondral
B) intramembranous
162) The inferior portion of the occipital bone is formed by ________ ossification.
A) endochondral
B) intramembranous
163) The parietal bone is formed by ________ ossification.
A) endochondral
B) intramembranous
164) The ethmoid and sphenoid bones are formed by ________ ossification.
A) endochondral
B) intramembranous
165) The process of ________ is important to change shapes of bones, adjust to bone stress, replace old bone matrix and to facilitate repair of broken bones.
A) bone remodeling
B) endochondral ossification
C) intramembranous ossification
D) appositional bone growth
166) True or False? Bone remodeling stops during puberty.
167) Name the process that changes the shapes of bones to adjust to bone stress, replaces old bone matrix and facilitates the repair of broken bones.
A) Bone remodeling
B) Bone reabsorption
C) Osteomalacia
D) Appositional bone growth
168) The term basic multicellular unit (BMU) refers to
A) group of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that work together during bone remodeling.
B) the osteoblasts found in the deepest layer of the periosteum, which are involved in appositional growth.
C) the clusters of chondrocytes within the metaphysis that will be converted to bone.
169) Osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travel through or across the bone surface removing and replacing old bone matrix are collectively called a(n) ________.
A) basic multicellular unit
B) osteogenic repair unit
C) bone reformation unit
D) callus multicellular unit
E) osteon
170) True or False? The application of small electrical charges to broken bones are sometimes used to enhance healing.
171) True or False? The application of pressure creates a slight electrical charge on osteoblasts.
172) Which effect can be attributed to increased pressure on a bone?
A) Increased osteoblast activity
B) Increased osteoclast activity
173) The zygomatic bone is an example of a(n) ________ bone.
A) long
B) flat
C) short
D) irregular
174) It is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the ________.
A) diaphysis
B) medullary cavity
C) epiphyseal plate
D) articular cartilage
175) A young woman is in a car accident. When she regains consciousness, she notices a sharp pain in her left arm. Looking down, she sees a bone sticking out. This is a open (compound) fracture.
176) Sixty-five year old Stephen has knee replacement surgery which requires a thin section of his distal femur to be removed. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Due to the invasive nature of the surgical procedure, Stephen is at risk for osteomyelitis, a bacterial infection of bone.
B) Stephen has no risk of osteomyelitis because he tests negative for Staphylococcus aureus when given a skin swab.
C) The health care team informs Stephen he is at high risk for osteomyelitis due to his age.
D) As long as the surgery has minimal bleeding, Stephen will have no risk for developing osteomyelitis.
177) Which of the following is true of the condition osteomyelitis? (Check all that apply.)
A) It is caused by the normal skin bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus.
B) The condition involves inflammation of the bone, which is stimulated by osteoblasts releasing the chemical RANKL.
C) Osteoclasts are inhibited by the bacterium that causes the condition.
D) Prognosis for those affected is poor, even with excellent medical care.
178) Osteomyelitis causes destruction of bone tissue primarily by
A) promoting inflammation and overstimulation of osteoclast activity.
B) inhibiting bone marrow production of osteoclasts.
C) suppressing the production of RANKL by osteoblasts.
D) stimulating apoptosis in osteoclast cells.
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Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology 12e Complete Test Bank
By Cinnamon VanPutte