Integumentary System Full Test Bank Chapter 5

Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 12e (VanPutte)

Chapter 5 Integumentary System

1) Which of the following functions is associated with the skin?

A) Lipid production

B) Vitamin C production

C) Regulation of body pH

D) Protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun

E) Vitamin A production

2) The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is

A) destruction of cancer cells.

B) production of Vitamin E.

C) detection of heat and touch.

D) regulation of acid-base balance.

E) prevention of albinism.

3) The superficial layer of epithelium of the skin is called the ________.

A) dermis

B) epidermis

C) hypodermis

D) mesodermis

E) papillary layer

4) This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales.

A) Psoriasis

B) Decubitus ulcer

C) Bullae

D) Vitiligo

E) Eczema

5) Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

A) Basal cell carcinoma

B) Squamous cell carcinoma

C) Melanoma

D) Kaposi sarcoma

E) Psoriasis

6) Melanoma can be detected early and treated with the application of a special rule. Which of the following is NOT a test used to determine if a mole is cancerous?

A) Color

B) Border

C) Asymmetry

D) Freckles

E) Diameter

7) Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

A) Basal cell carcinoma

B) Squamous cell carcinoma

C) Melanoma

D) Kaposi sarcoma

E) Psoriasis

8) Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

A) The dermis is superficial to the epidermis.

B) The epidermis contains numerous blood vessels.

C) The most numerous cells in the epidermis are the melanocytes.

D) The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis.

E) The epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules.

9) The epidermis

A) is thicker than the dermis.

B) contains no blood vessels.

C) is composed of loose connective tissue.

D) is made up mostly of melanocytes.

E) is composed of the reticular and papillary layers.

10) Which cells of the epidermis are part of the immune system?

A) Keratinocytes

B) Melanocytes

C) Langerhans cells

D) Merkel cells

E) Fibroblasts

11) Friction ridges of the hands and feet are produced by projections into the epidermis called ________.

A) dermal striae

B) cleavage lines

C) reticular lines

D) melanocytes

E) dermal papillae

12) Parallel curving ridges of dermis that shape the overlying epidermis into friction ridges

A) are associated with thin skin.

B) improve the grip of the hands.

C) decrease friction on surfaces where they are located.

D) are caused by the pattern of the reticular layer of the dermis.

E) tend to make the surface smooth.

13) Keratinocytes

A) produce skin pigments in cell organelles called melanosomes.

B) are found in both the dermal and the epidermal layers of the skin.

C) are special cells of the immune system.

D) are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin.

E) determine thickness of the skin.

14) Keratinization

A) occurs in the dermis.

B) results in the formation of new epidermal cells.

C) produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion.

D) determines skin color.

E) does not affect permeability characteristics of the epidermis.

15) As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called ________.

A) pollination

B) keratinization

C) melaninization

D) germination

E) desquamation

16) A malfunction of the process of keratinization results in the condition known as ________.

A) psoriasis

B) cyanosis

C) jaundice

D) impetigo

E) acne

17) The layer of epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the ________.

A) stratum basale

B) stratum granulosum

C) stratum lucidum

D) stratum corneum

E) stratum dermum

18) The stratum basale

A) is easily shed when you rub your hands together.

B) has a mixture of living and dead cells—mostly dead.

C) contains many blood vessels that nourish the epidermis.

D) contains cells that undergo mitosis to form new epidermal cells.

E) contains cells that undergo meiosis to form new epidermal cells.

19) The term "stratum germinativum" is sometimes used to refer to the ________.

A) stratum basale

B) stratum corneum

C) stratum spinosum

D) stratum granulosum

E) stratum lucidum

20) In which layer of the epidermis are lamellar bodies formed inside keratinocytes?

A) Stratum basale

B) Stratum spinosum

C) Stratum granulosum

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum corneum

21) In which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed?

A) Stratum basale

B) Stratum spinosum

C) Stratum granulosum

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum corneum

22) Which layer of the epidermis is found in only a few areas of the body?

A) Stratum basale

B) Stratum spinosum

C) Stratum granulosum

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum corneum

23) This layer of skin is composed of keratinocytes.

A) Epidermis

B) Reticular layer

C) Papillary layer

D) Dermis

E) Subcutaneous layer

24) Excessive shedding of this layer of the epidermis of the scalp is responsible for dandruff.

A) Stratum basale

B) Stratum spinosum

C) Stratum granulosum

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum corneum

25) Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

A) Stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum

B) Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

C) Stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, and stratum spinosum

D) Stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, and stratum granulosum

E) Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

26) This stratum contains many layers of dead squamous cells.

A) Stratum basale

B) Stratum spinosum

C) Stratum granulosum

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum corneum

27) The layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount of mitotic activity is the ________.

A) stratum basale

B) stratum spinosum

C) stratum granulosum

D) stratum lucidum

E) stratum corneum

28) The epidermal stratum that is composed of several layers of living cells held together by desmosomes is the ________.

A) stratum basale

B) stratum spinosum

C) stratum granulosum

D) stratum lucidum

E) stratum corneum

29) Which durable protein is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis?

A) Melanin

B) Keratin

C) Carotene

D) Elastin

E) Collagen

30) The epidermal layer found only in thick skin is ________.

A) stratum basale

B) stratum spinosum

C) stratum granulosum

D) stratum lucidum

E) stratum corneum

31) Thick skin

A) has three different epidermal strata.

B) has fewer layers of cells in the stratum corneum than thin skin.

C) is found covering most of the body.

D) is found in areas subject to pressure or friction, such as the palms.

E) is determined by the thickness of the dermis.

32) Thin skin has only four epithelial strata. It lacks which of the following?

A) Stratum spinosum

B) Stratum granulosum

C) Stratum lucidum

D) Stratum corneum

E) Stratum basale

33) What will develop when the skin is subjected to excess friction or pressure?

A) Carcinoma

B) Melanoma

C) Papillae

D) Stretch marks

E) Callus

34) Skin color is the result of the

A) quantity of melanin in the skin.

B) number of keratinocytes in the skin.

C) amount of adipose in the subcutaneous layer.

D) thickness of the stratum basale.

E) number of melanocytes in the skin.

35) Melanin production can be influenced by

A) genetics.

B) hormones.

C) exposure to sunlight.

D) pregnancy.

E) All of the choices are correct.

36) Melanin

A) is transferred to other cells by osmosis.

B) is increased with exposure to infrared light.

C) is absent in individuals with albinism.

D) is a pigment produced by cells in the stratum corneum.

E) makes the skin lighter.

37) Which of the following statements regarding melanin is true?

A) During pregnancy, melanin production is increased.

B) Both melanocytes and keratinocytes produce melanin.

C) In Addison disease, less melanin is produced.

D) Men produce more melanin than women.

E) Melanin is a white pigment.

38) Light-skinned individuals have

A) more melanocytes than individuals with darker skins.

B) fewer melanocytes than individuals with darker skins.

C) approximately the same number of melanocytes as individuals with darker skins.

D) more melanin in their skin.

E) a different kind of melanin in their skin.

39) The blue color of superficial blood vessels results from

A) a lack of melanin in the area.

B) the light-scattering properties of collagen.

C) the superficial location of skin pigments.

D) an increase in arterial blood circulating in the area.

E) a lack of oxygen in the blood.

40) The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called ________.

A) hemolysis

B) desquamation

C) cyanosis

D) carotenosis

E) albinism

41) Exposure to ultraviolet light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the

A) breakdown of carotene.

B) breakdown of melanin.

C) buildup of bilirubin.

D) activity of the enzyme tyrosinase.

E) activity of the keratinocytes.

42) The condition involving the development of white patches on the skin caused by the loss of melanocytes is ________.

A) psoriasis

B) decubitus ulcer

C) bullae

D) vitiligo

E) eczema

43) A yellow pigment derived from plants that can impart a yellow color to the skin is ________.

A) melanin

B) keratin

C) collagen

D) carotene

E) elastin

44) A genetic disease characterized by the inability to produce melanin is ________.

A) psoriasis

B) albinism

C) dermatitis

D) melanoma

E) cyanosis

45) The vesicles that contain melanin are ________.

A) melanosomes

B) lamellar bodies

C) keratohyaline

D) carotenoids

E) lysosomes

46) Melanin is produced only by ________.

A) keratinocytes

B) basal cells

C) Langerhans cells

D) melanocytes

E) Merkel cells

47) A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will

A) become pale.

B) have a reddish hue.

C) develop a yellow tint.

D) become bright red.

E) not change color.

48) The skin discoloration most likely to result from liver disease is ________.

A) pallor

B) erythema

C) hematoma

D) jaundice

E) cyanosis

49) Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the subcutaneous layer. The deepest layer penetrated was the ________.

A) stratum spinosum

B) stratum granulosum

C) stratum basale

D) stratum corneum

E) papillary layer of the dermis

50) Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis or ________.

A) psoriasis

B) decubitus ulcer

C) bullae

D) vitiligo

E) eczema

51) Stretch marks develop on the abdomen of pregnant women because of stretching and rupture of the ________.

A) dermis

B) epidermis

C) melanocytes

D) stratum corneum

E) subcutaneous tissue

52) Which of the following is an inflammatory condition of the skin?

A) Melanoma

B) Albinism

C) Dermatitis

D) Cyanosis

E) All of the choices are correct.

53) The dermis

A) contains no blood vessels.

B) functions as padding and insulation.

C) is divided into three distinct layers.

D) is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength.

E) does not contain connective tissue.

54) Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

A) Reticular layer of dermis

B) Stratum corneum

C) Stratum granulosum

D) Epidermis

E) Stratum basale

55) Rupturing the dermis may cause ________ to develop.

A) Moles

B) Freckles

C) Calluses

D) Stretch marks

E) Cleavage lines

56) The dermal layer closest to the epidermis is the ________.

A) stratum basale

B) reticular layer

C) papillary layer

D) stratum lucidum

E) subcutaneous tissue

57) The main fibrous layer of the dermis is the ________.

A) epidermis

B) reticular layer

C) papillary layer

D) subcutaneous layer

E) hypodermis

58) When comparing the dermis with the subcutaneous tissue, the dermis

A) has more adipocytes than the subcutaneous layer.

B) is a more vascular tissue than the subcutaneous layer.

C) is divided into two layers; the subcutaneous layer is not.

D) contains melanocytes; the subcutaneous layer does not.

E) and the subcutaneous layer do not contain collagen.

59) If you accidentally cut your arm and see adipose tissue, which layer(s) was/were cut?

A) Stratum corneum

B) Stratum basale

C) Dermis

D) Subcutaneous layer

E) All of the choices are correct.

60) A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the ________.

A) epidermis

B) dermis

C) subcutaneous layer

D) muscle

E) joint

61) Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer

A) serves as a storage site for lipids, which can be used for energy.

B) helps to lower body temperature.

C) provides protection against infection.

D) is absent in infants.

E) connects the dermis with the epidermis.

62) Which of the following statements concerning the subcutaneous layer is false?

A) The subcutaneous layer can also be referred to as the hypodermis.

B) The subcutaneous layer is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

C) The main cell types of the subcutaneous layer are fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages.

D) The subcutaneous layer attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle.

E) The subcutaneous layer is a site of lipid storage.

63) The ________ is a major site of lipid storage in the body.

A) epidermis

B) reticular layer

C) papillary layer

D) dermis

E) subcutaneous layer

64) Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called ________ hairs.

A) terminal

B) primary

C) lanugo

D) vellus

E) secondary

65) At birth the hairs of the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows are replaced by coarser pigmented hairs called ________ hairs.

A) terminal

B) primary

C) lanugo

D) vellus

E) pubic

66) Which of the following statements concerning hair is true?

A) In males, the hairs of the beard are vellus hairs.

B) Both vellus and terminal hairs are pigmented.

C) The majority of hair on the chest is vellus hair.

D) At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair.

E) Hair in the axillary region is vellus hair after puberty.

67) The portion of a hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the ________.

A) hair bulb

B) hair root

C) hair shaft

D) hair follicle

E) dermal papilla

68) Which of the following statements concerning hair structure is true?

A) Both the hair root and hair shaft contain living cells.

B) Undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium.

C) The hair follicle has a hypodermal root sheath.

D) The matrix forms the hair surface.

E) The hair follicle is not associated with sebaceous glands.

69) The length of hair is determined by the

A) size of the hair bulb.

B) angle of the hair root.

C) rate of hair growth.

D) length of the resting stage.

E) age of the person.

70) Baldness

A) occurs only in men.

B) is related to estrogen levels.

C) is related to levels of growth hormone.

D) is not genetic.

E) is more common in men than in women.

71) All of the following statements concerning hair are true except one. Identify the exception.

A) The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.

B) Hair growth occurs in cycles, with growth and resting stages.

C) In pattern baldness, those hair follicles present begin to produce vellus hair.

D) Some loss of hair is normal and indicates old hairs are being pushed out by new hairs.

E) Genetic factors and testosterone cause pattern baldness.

72) The outer surface of the hair is called the ________.

A) shaft

B) cuticle

C) hair bulb

D) medulla

E) root

73) The central axis of the hair is the ________.

A) shaft

B) cuticle

C) hair bulb

D) medulla

E) root

74) An expanded knob at the base of the hair root is the ________.

A) shaft

B) cuticle

C) hair bulb

D) medulla

E) root

75) The portion of the hair below the surface of the skin is the ________.

A) shaft

B) cuticle

C) hair bulb

D) medulla

E) root

76) The portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the ________.

A) shaft

B) cuticle

C) hair bulb

D) medulla

E) root

77) Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin?

A) Black

B) Brown

C) Red

D) White

E) Auburn

78) Lead poisoning can be detected by doing an analysis of ________.

A) sweat

B) skin folds

C) nails

D) hair

E) skin

79) Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations?

(1) He has fewer functional hair follicles now.

(2) He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now.

(3) He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now.

(4) He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now.

A) 1, 2, 3, 4

B) 1, 2, 3

C) 1, 2, 4

D) 1, 3, 4

E) 1, 2

80) When the arrector pili muscles contract,

A) the body is able to lose heat.

B) "goose bumps" form on the skin.

C) the hair on your arms and legs begins to curl.

D) the sweat glands empty their contents onto the surface of the skin.

E) no change is noted on the skin surface.

81) Which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false?

A) Most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the upper portion of the hair follicle.

B) Secretions from sebaceous glands provide protection against bacteria.

C) Secretions from sebaceous glands oil the hair and skin.

D) Sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands.

E) Sebaceous secretions are lipid soluble.

82) The activity of apocrine sweat glands

A) produces cerumen.

B) leads to body odor.

C) gives the skin a healthy glow.

D) produces sweat on the palm of the hand.

E) produces an oily secretion.

83) Eccrine sweat glands

A) aid in cooling the body.

B) serve as "anchors" for the arrector pili muscles.

C) produce a secretion that oils the hair and skin.

D) produce a secretion that protects the body from growth of bacteria.

E) are not involved in the homeostasis of body temperature.

84) Sweat

A) is a hypertonic fluid.

B) is produced by a merocrine or apocrine gland.

C) contains only water.

D) reaches the body only through the hair follicles.

E) is not associated with emotions.

85) Which of the following is not considered a type of skin gland?

A) Sebaceous glands

B) Salivary glands

C) Ceruminous glands

D) Mammary glands

E) Sweat glands

86) Body odor results from secretions from the ________ sweat glands.

A) apocrine

B) merocrine

C) ceruminous

D) sebaceous

E) eccrine

87) Nails

A) protect the ends of digits.

B) alternate between growing and resting stages.

C) grow from their free edges.

D) are part of the dermis.

E) are soft keratin.

88) The nail root and the nail body attach to the ________.

A) lunula

B) nail bed

C) nail groove

D) hyponychium

E) subcutaneous tissue

89) The epidermal layer that is present in the nail bed and the nail matrix is the ________.

A) stratum corneum

B) stratum lucidum

C) stratum basale

D) stratum spinosum

E) stratum granulosum

90) Nail cells are produced by the ________.

A) lunula

B) cuticle

C) nail body

D) nail matrix

E) nail groove

91) The nail is composed of cells of the ________.

A) stratum corneum

B) stratum lucidum

C) stratum basale

D) stratum spinosum

E) All of the choices are correct.

92) The stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail is the ________.

A) nail root

B) nail body

C) nail fold

D) eponychium

E) hyponychium

93) The skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail is the ________.

A) nail root

B) nail body

C) nail fold

D) eponychium

E) hyponychium

94) The proximal portion of the nail is the ________.

A) nail root

B) nail body

C) nail fold

D) eponychium

E) hyponychium

95) The distal portion of the nail is the ________.

A) nail root

B) nail body

C) nail fold

D) eponychium

E) hyponychium

96) Which term is synonymous with the cuticle of the nail?

A) Nail root

B) Nail body

C) Nail fold

D) Eponychium

E) Hyponychium

97) One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

A) Proteins

B) Water-soluble substances

C) Lipid-soluble substances

D) Carbohydrates

E) Amino acids

98) Impetigo is caused by the bacterium ________.

A) Propionibacterium

B) Staphylococcus

C) Streptococcus

D) Herpes

E) Luteus

99) Ringworm is an infection of the skin, hair, and nails caused by a/an ________.

A) bacterium

B) virus

C) parasite

D) fungus

E) inflammation

100) Another name for a bedsore is ________.

A) psoriasis

B) decubitus ulcer

C) bullae

D) vitiligo

E) eczema

101) Intact skin provides protection because

A) it forms a physical barrier against the entry of microbes.

B) its secretions keep the skin slightly alkaline.

C) the skin contains components of the excretory system.

D) the skin enhances water loss from the body.

E) macrophages roam in the epidermis.

102) By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in ________.

A) excretion

B) immunity

C) circulation

D) respiration

E) digestion

103) An abrasion of the skin results in which of the following?

A) Fluid retention by the kidney

B) Increased melanin production

C) Portal of entry for microorganisms

D) Loss of cell regeneration ability

E) Irreversible damage to the epidermis

104) Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,

A) the blood vessels become dilated.

B) body heat is conserved.

C) more blood enters into the heart.

D) body temperature tends to drop in that area.

E) more blood flows to the skin.

105) An increase in body temperature causes

A) sweating.

B) arterioles in the dermis to constrict.

C) arrector pili muscles to contract.

D) an increase in keratinization of the skin.

E) an increase in melanin production.

106) Which of the following will help cool the body?

A) Absorption of ultraviolet light rays by the skin

B) Evaporation of sweat from the skin's surface

C) Contraction of the arrector pili muscles

D) Decreased blood flow to the skin

E) Absorption of excess sweat

107) On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from

A) constriction of the blood vessels in the epidermis of the cheeks.

B) dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks.

C) damage to the epidermis by the cold.

D) constriction of the sweat glands in the cheeks.

E) increased permeability of superficial vessels.

108) By reducing body temperature during hot weather, skin helps to maintain

A) homeostasis.

B) body structure.

C) blood volume.

D) brain activity.

E) blood pH.

109) Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?

A) Vitamin A

B) Vitamin B

C) Vitamin C

D) Vitamin D

E) Vitamin E

110) Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false?

A) Vitamin D begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light.

B) Vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium.

C) Vitamin D is necessary for the uptake of calcium from the intestine.

D) Vitamin D is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth.

E) Vitamin D is important for calcium homeostasis.

111) Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to ultraviolet light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is

A) they do not need vitamin D.

B) their exposure to ultraviolet light in the summer will last for a year.

C) they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals.

D) they do not require sunlight for vitamin D formation.

E) their bodies produce vitamin D another way.

112) Barney sat on a hot camp stove while on a camping trip. The burn was painful and blistered. What type of burn did Barney experience?

A) First degree

B) Second degree

C) Third degree

D) Fourth degree

E) Fifth degree

113) Which of the following is NOT a type of burn?

A) Primary burn

B) Partial-thickness burn

C) Second-degree burn

D) Third-degree burn

E) Full-thickness burn

114) The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the

A) color of the skin.

B) amount of pain.

C) rule of nines.

D) cause of the burn.

E) ABCDE rule.

115) Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn?

A) Local edema

B) Shock

C) Increased immunity

D) Decreased heart pumping ability

E) Venous thrombosis

116) All of the following are complication of a major burn except

A) fever.

B) electrolyte imbalance.

C) hypermetabolic state.

D) weight loss.

E) decreased protein demand.

117) Which type of burn appears white or black with no immediate pain?

A) First-degree

B) Second-degree

C) Third-degree

D) Fourth-degree

E) Partial-thickness

118) Which type of burn involves damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue?

A) First-degree

B) Second-degree

C) Partial-thickness

D) Full-thickness

E) Total-dermal-thickness

119) A slight sunburn is an example of a ________ burn.

A) first-degree

B) second-degree

C) third-degree

D) fourth-degree

E) partial-thickness

120) Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?

A) Skin becomes thicker.

B) There is an increase in the number of elastic fibers in the skin.

C) Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.

D) Localized increase in sebaceous glands leads to dry skin.

E) The amount of collagen in the dermis increases.

121) With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. This is probably because the elderly

A) no longer experience hot flashes at night.

B) exhibit a decrease in melanin production.

C) experience a decrease in the thickness of their subcutaneous layer.

D) have less blood flowing to the skin.

E) have an increase in shedding of stratum corneum cells.

122) Acne is caused by

A) testosterone.

B) sebum.

C) abnormal keratinization of hair follicles.

D) Propionibacterium.

E) All of the choices are correct.

123) What does structure "A" represent on the diagram?

A) Hair follicle

B) Arrector pili

C) Epidermis and dermis

D) Subcutaneous tissue

E) Sebaceous gland

124) What does structure "B" represent on the diagram?

A) Hair follicle

B) Arrector pili

C) Epidermis and dermis

D) Subcutaneous tissue

E) Sebaceous gland

125) What does structure "C" represent on the diagram?

A) Hair follicle

B) Arrector pili

C) Epidermis and dermis

D) Subcutaneous tissue

E) Sebaceous gland

126) What does structure "D" represent on the diagram?

A) Hair follicle

B) Arrector pili

C) Epidermis and dermis

D) Subcutaneous tissue

E) Sebaceous gland

127) What does structure "E" represent on the diagram?

A) Hair follicle

B) Arrector pili

C) Epidermis and dermis

D) Subcutaneous tissue

E) Sebaceous gland

128) The figure illustrates the layers of the epidermis. Which layer of the epidermis is "A"?

A) Stratum spinosum

B) Stratum corneum

C) Stratum basale

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum granulosum

129) The figure illustrates the layers of the epidermis. Which layer of the epidermis is "B"?

A) Stratum spinosum

B) Stratum corneum

C) Stratum basale

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum granulosum

130) The figure illustrates the layers of the epidermis. Which layer of the epidermis is "D"?

A) Stratum spinosum

B) Stratum corneum

C) Stratum basale

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum granulosum

131) The figure illustrates the layers of the epidermis. Which layer of the epidermis is "E"?

A) Stratum spinosum

B) Stratum corneum

C) Stratum basale

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum granulosum

132) The figure illustrates the layers of the epidermis. Which layer of the epidermis is "C"?

A) Stratum spinosum

B) Stratum corneum

C) Stratum basale

D) Stratum lucidum

E) Stratum granulosum

133) The diagram illustrates accessory structures of the skin. What does "A" represent?

A) Sebaceous gland

B) Eccrine sweat gland

C) Duct of eccrine sweat gland

D) Sweat pore

E) Hair follicle

134) The diagram illustrates accessory structures of the skin. What does "C" represent? 

A) Sebaceous gland

B) Eccrine sweat gland

C) Duct of eccrine sweat gland

D) Sweat pore

E) Hair follicle

135) The diagram illustrates accessory structures of the skin. What does "D" represent? 

A) Sebaceous gland

B) Eccrine sweat gland

C) Duct of eccrine sweat gland

D) Sweat pore

E) Hair follicle

136) The diagram illustrates accessory structures of the skin. What does "E" represent?

A) Sebaceous gland

B) Eccrine sweat gland

C) Duct of eccrine sweat gland

D) Sweat pore

E) Hair follicle

137) The diagram illustrates accessory structures of the skin. What does "B" represent?

A) Sebaceous gland

B) Eccrine sweat gland

C) Duct of eccrine sweat gland

D) Sweat pore

E) Hair follicle

138) Identify the functions of the integumentary system. (Check all that apply.)

A) Blood cell production

B) Resistance to infection

C) Sensation of environmental stimuli

D) Thermoregulation

E) Vitamin E synthesis

139) Melanin is found in which cells?

A) Only melanocytes

B) Both melanocytes and keratinocytes

C) Only keratinocytes

D) Both melanocytes and Langerhans cells

140) Describe the movement of melanin in the skin.

A) Melanin is transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes.

B) Melanocytes carry melanin with them as they migrate toward the skin surface.

C) Melanin is transferred from keratinocytes to melanocytes.

D) Melanin is transferred from melanocytes to Merkel cells.

141) The vesicles that contain melanin are called ________.

A) melanosomes

B) melanocytes

C) keratinocytes

D) Golgi apparatus

142) Describe the effect of exposure to UV rays on the skin.

A) Decreased cancer risk

B) Increased melanin synthesis

C) Improved skin tone

D) Increased vitamin B production

143) When the skin develops a reddish color due to a temporary increase in blood flow, the condition is called ________.

A) erythema

B) cyanosis

C) jaundice

D) albinism

144) A parent of a baby visits the pediatrician because the baby's skin is turning orange. Fortunately, the baby's lab tests indicate no abnormality. What could be causing the orange coloration?

A) The baby was in the sun too long.

B) The parent has been feeding the baby orange soda.

C) The baby's diet consists of mostly sweet potatoes and carrots.

D) There is no logical explanation for this coloration change.

145) Indicate the statements that describe erythema. (Check all that apply.)

A) It can be caused by emotions such as anger.

B) It occurs during pregnancy when estrogen and melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels have increased.

C) It may occur in response to exposure to the cold.

D) It results from an inflammatory response.

E) It can be caused by emotions such as embarrassment.

146) Which of the following factors do NOT directly determine the amount nor rate of melanin production in an individual?

A) Exposure to light

B) Genetic factors

C) Hormones levels

D) Ingestion of dark, leafy vegetables

E) Physical fitness

147) Select the regions that are composed of loose connective tissue. (Check all that apply.)

A) Epidermis of the skin

B) Papillary layer of dermis

C) Reticular layer of the dermis

D) Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

148) True or False? The subcutaneous tissue is part of the skin and the integumentary system.

149) Subcutaneous tissue contains of all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) collagen and elastin fibers

B) macrophages

C) loose connective tissue

D) fibroblasts and adipocytes

E) stratified squamous epithelial tissue

150) Indicate the statements that apply to the arrector pili. (Check all that apply.)

A) They consist of smooth muscle tissue.

B) They are associated with hair follicles.

C) They extend from the dermal root sheath to the papillary layer of the dermis.

D) They extend from the root sheath to the basement membrane of the epidermis.

151) The contraction of the arrector pili

A) pulls the follicle into a more perpendicular position in relation to the skin surface

B) pulls the follicle into a more oblique angle in relation to the skin surface

C) does not affect the position of the hair relative to the epidermis.

152) Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.

A) Dermis

B) Epidermis

C) Subcutaneous tissue

153) Fingernails are comprised of

A) epithelial and collagen fibers produced in the dermis.

B) thin, dead scaly cells.

C) collagen deposited by the lunula and the matrix.

D) proteins secreted by the nail groove from the matrix.

154) Which region of the nail contains the stratum basale layer?

A) The matrix

B) The free edge

C) The hyponychium

D) The cuticle

155) Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except

A) in the dermis.

B) in the epidermis.

C) in the dermal papillae.

D) around the base of the hair follicle.

E) within the hair of the dermis and epidermis.

156) The dermis contains receptors that detect which of the following sensations? (Check all that apply.)

A) Changes in pressure

B) pH differences

C) Pain

D) Touch

E) Variations in temperature

157) A burn classified as partial thickness could be ________.

A) first or second degree

B) second or third degree

C) epidermal or dermal

D) thin or deep

158) Indicate the statements that correctly describe partial thickness burns. (Check all that apply.)

A) They are subdivided into first- and second-degree burns.

B) They may involve only the epidermis.

C) They are also called third degree burns.

D) They involve the complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis.

159) The effects of aging on the skin include all of the following except

A) thinner epidermis.

B) reduction in collagen and elastin.

C) loss of adipose from the subcutaneous tissue.

D) increases in sebaceous gland activity.

160) Which of the following is the most common form of skin cancer?

A) Melanoma

B) Basal cell carcinoma

C) Squamous cell carcinoma

D) Small cell carcinoma

161) Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of developing skin cancer?

A) A 31-year old dark-skinned male

B) A 68-year old male with blond hair and blue eyes

C) A 23-year old female with blond hair and hazel eyes

D) A 55-year old male with brown hair and brown eyes

162) Antibiotics are often used to treat acne by reducing the number of bacteria on the skin.  Knowing there are both 'good' and 'bad' forms of Propionibacterium acnes, which of the following statements about using antibiotics is true? (Check all that apply.)

A) Some "good" bacteria are reduced.

B) Some "bad" bacteria are reduced.

C) Only "bad" bacteria are reduced.

D) Some new bacterial infections can begin.

E) Some new bacterial infections can be prevented.

F) Only old infections can be controlled.

G) Some "good" bacteria can become resistant and therefore lead to more infections.

H) Some "bad" bacteria can become resistant and therefore lead to more infections.

163) True or False?  The acne-associated bacterium Propionibacterium acnes are found in sebum-rich areas of the skin, such as the arms, palms, and axillary regions.

164) A recent study demonstrated that there are three unique strains of Propionibacterium acnes; two strains are more prevalent in people with acne; however, one of which appears not to be pathogenic to humans and is more prevalent in people with 'clear' skin. Additionally, the strain of P. acnes found in healthy skin kills invading bacteria, including the pathogenic P. acnes. Which of the following statements about the targeted removal of 'bad' P. acnes and addition of 'good' P. acnes is INCORRECT?

A) After "bad" P. acnes is removed, the applications of "good" P. acnes should be able to grow and kill invasive bacteria.

B) Once removed, the invading pathogenic P. acnes cannot regrow on the skin.

165) Scientists, studying skin microbes, have identified three unique strains of the bacterium  P. acnes., all of which are found on the skin.  These bacteria break down lipids, resulting in a low skin pH.  This low pH is alkaline in nature and makes the environment unfavorable to invading bacteria.

166) Which factors are believed to be responsible for acne? (Check all that apply.)

A) Overproduction of sweat by eccrine glands

B) Bacteria, including Propionibacterium acnes

C) Hormone levels

D) Viruses, including Herpes virus

E) Sugary and fried food

F) Overproduction of sebum by sebaceous glands

G) Abnormal production of cells

167) Accutane (Isotretinoin) is a prescriptive drug used to treat severe acne by reducing sebum production. What would be the side effects of decreased sebum production for the integumentary system? (Check all that apply.)

A) Increased infections

B) Brittle hair

C) Oily skin

D) Increased water loss from skin

E) Cracked skin

168) Some acne drugs include peroxides that increase 'peeling' or shedding of skin. The main side effects include drying of the skin, redness, rashes, bleaching and possible hair loss at contact areas. Do these drugs have an effect on the sebum-production?

A) Yes, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

B) No, the effect is on the epidermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

C) No, the effect is on the dermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

D) Yes, the effect is on the epidermis and the sebaceous glands are located there.

169) Which of the following statements explains why decubitus ulcers are of concern in elderly patients?

A) Elderly individuals have higher amounts of collagen in the skin that increases the likelihood of bacterial infection.

B) Elderly individuals have more fragile skin due to loss of collagen fibers in the dermis, increasing the likelihood of tissue damage.

C) Elderly individuals are more likely to fall and experience abrasions due to loss of balance.

D) Elderly individuals have increased sebum secretion that provides more nutrients to the bacteria that cause decubitus ulcers.

170) Which of the following is an example of sensation function of the integumentary system?

A) Temperature receptors detecting a warm cloth placed on the skin

B) The secretion of sweat to increase evaporative cooling when an individual's body temperature begins to rise

C) The development of a callus due to continuous abrasion at a particular site on the epidermis

D) The release of urea and uric acid in sweat

171) Which factors can be used to differentiate between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

A) Location in the body

B) Substance secreted

C) Life stage of function

D) All of the choices are correct.

172) Damage to which portion of a hair follicle will most affect hair growth?

A) Hair shaft

B) Dermal root sheath

C) Hair bulb

D) All of the choices are correct.

173) After her last check-up, Harriet was informed that her active Vitamin D levels were low.  Which of the following conditions may explain why this is so?

A) Melanin production has increased due to sun exposure, reducing Vitamin D activation.

B) Liver dysfunction has reduced the conversion of cholecalciferol to the intermediate for calcitriol production.

C) An increase in Vitamin D absorption at the intestines has overwhelmed the homeostasis of vitamin production at the kidneys.

174) A skin cell in the stratum granulosum has experienced a mutation that altered its ability to produce keratin. Should this be a health concern for the individual?

A) No, because cells of the stratum granulosum are dying cells that do not reproduce, so the mutation will be isolated to the one cell.

B) Yes, because cells of the stratum granulosum divide by mitosis to produce keratin to protect the skin.

C) No, cells of the stratum granulosum only produce the waterproofing material in the skin.

D) Yes, without normal cell function in the stratum granulosum, the skin will lose color due to lack of melanin production.

175) True or False? Papercuts do not bleed because the cuts do not damaged the durable blood vessels of the stratum spinosum.

176) True or False?  Sun exposure increases the production of keratin by skin cells, resulting in an orange hue to the skin.

177) True or False?  A mutation that alters collagen production could render the dermis less effective at maintaining the strength of the skin.