Reproduction & Birth – Ch8 | Test Bank – 2nd Ed

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Student name:__________

TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) Pronatalism is a cultural bias that discourages childbearing.

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) In the United States, the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 guarantees paid family leave for new parents.

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) Tranquilizers have been associated with cleft palate or other congenital malformations when taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

4) Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can have a negative impact on pregnancy and the developing fetus.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) During pregnancy, it is ideal for a woman of normal weight to double her calorie intake.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) Walking and swimming are considered healthy activities to engage in during pregnancy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) Sexual activity should be avoided during pregnancy, as it can harm the fetus.

⊚ true
⊚ false

8) An average pregnancy is divided into four trimesters.

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) The embryonic period is the first phase of prenatal development.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) The fertilized ovum is known as the blastocyst.

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) Alcohol and nicotine are able to pass through the placenta to the developing embryo.

⊚ true
⊚ false

12) Pregnant women always experience morning sickness in the morning.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) The sex of the baby can be detected by ultrasound by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

14) Fingerprints develop during the second trimester of pregnancy.

⊚ true
⊚ false

15) Compared to countries with similar GDPs, the United States has the highest infant mortality rate.

⊚ true
⊚ false

16) Pregnant women who are 30 years or older are at risk of developing gestational diabetes.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) In the childbirth process, the work of labor is done through a series of contractions.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) Constant worry and anxiety about the baby are a symptom of postpartum depression.

⊚ true
⊚ false

19) Artificial insemination is a means for a woman to conceive when she does not have a male partner, when she does not want a male partner, or when a male partner's sexual inhibition or physical limitation impedes his ability to impregnate her.

⊚ true
⊚ false

20) In a private adoption, the adoptive parents must assume the expensive court and attorney costs that are necessary to finalize the adoption.

⊚ true
⊚ false

21) Private adoption is a much more cost-effective way to start a family than public adoption.

⊚ true
⊚ false

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
22) Which of the following is the belief system that promotes childbearing?

A) naturism
B) couvade
C) pronatalism
D) antinatalism
E) nativism

23) In some societies, if females do not bear children, they may be viewed negatively or even treated with shame and stigma. This an expression of

A) pronatalism.
B) couvade.
C) naturism.
D) antinatalism.
E) nativism.

24) Which of the following effects is associated with the use of nicotine during pregnancy?

A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) withdrawal symptoms
C) cleft palate
D) congenital heart defects
E) low birth weight

25) Which of the following is a possible effect of cocaine use during pregnancy?

A) withdrawal symptoms at birth
B) fetal alcohol syndrome
C) cleft palate
D) high birth weight
E) low birth weight

26) Jos has extra skinfolds on his eyelids, a small head, and a flat upper lip. He often displays behavioral difficulties and has difficulty with social interaction. Based on this description, which of the following was Jos most likely exposed to prenatally?

A) high levels of alcohol
B) chlamydia
C) low levels of folic acid
D) insulin
E) nicotine

27) Which of the following can lead to premature birth as well as neonatal eye infections?

A) fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
B) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
C) scabies
D) chlamydia
E) ischemic heart disease

28) Which of the following is an accurate statement about sexual behavior while pregnant?

A) Anal sex is generally not recommended during pregnancy.
B) Pregnant women should refrain from all sexual activity after the first trimester.
C) Sexual partners must take care to ensure that the penis does not invade the baby's space during intercourse.
D) There is no risk in oral sex for any pregnant woman.
E) All women lose their sexual desire during pregnancy.

29) _____ refers to a potentially painful and dangerous medical condition caused when endometrial cells grow outside of the uterus into the abdominal cavity.

A) Adenomyosis
B) Endometriosis
C) Parametritis
D) Cervicitis
E) Vaginitis

30) Which of the following is the first phase of prenatal development?

A) incubation period
B) postpartum period
C) fetal period
D) embryonic period
E) germinal period

31) From conception through day 14 marks the _____ period of pregnancy.

A) fetal
B) germinal
C) gestation
D) embryonic
E) postpartum

32) _____ refers to the thick, protective layer on the outer part of the ovum.

A) Zona pellucida
B) Endoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) Chorion
E) Endometrium

33) _____ refers to the period of time between conception and birth.

A) Germinal period
B) Embryonic period
C) Gestation
D) Fetal period
E) Lactation

34) The fertilized ovum, also known as a(n) _____, is the product of the fusion of an egg and a sperm.

A) fetus
B) embryo
C) blastocyst
D) amnion
E) zygote

35) The term _____ refers to the developing zygote prior to implantation in the uterine wall.

A) fetus
B) blastocyst
C) embryo
D) ovum
E) sperm

36) Which of the following is a blastocyst that has implanted in the uterine wall?

A) embryo
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) ovum
E) sperm

37) In humans, a(n) _____ is the product of conception from the time of implantation until the eighth week of development.

A) ovum
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) embryo
E) sperm

38) A developing baby is called a(n) _____ from the eighth week of pregnancy until birth.

A) ovum
B) zygote
C) sperm
D) embryo
E) fetus

39) Which of the following is the hormone, released by the embryo, that signals the corpus luteum to release progesterone?

A) follicle stimulating hormone
B) human chorionic gonadotropin
C) estrogen
D) luteinizing hormone
E) testosterone

40) Which of the following is a hormone that helps to sustain the pregnancy?

A) thyroxin
B) human chorionic gonadotropin
C) progesterone
D) adrenaline
E) testosterone

41) Carrie took a home pregnancy test and found that she was pregnant. Identify the hormone, present in Carrie's bloodstream, that led to the positive result.

A) follicle stimulating hormone
B) testosterone
C) estrogen
D) luteinizing hormone
E) human chorionic gonadotropin

42) Which of the following structures nourishes the embryo and fetus and helps to remove waste?

A) amnion
B) placenta
C) chorion
D) zona pellucida
E) uterine sac

43) Nutrients and oxygen pass from the mother to the embryo through the

A) placenta.
B) amnion.
C) chorion.
D) zona pellucida.
E) uterine sac.

44) The placenta is a

A) freely permeable layer of cells.
B) protective covering for the fetus.
C) sac in which the fetus develops.
D) semipermeable membrane.
E) barrier that prevents the transfer of nutrients to the fetus.

45) Which of the following refers to the sac in which the fetus develops?

A) placenta
B) zona pellucida
C) amnion
D) chorion
E) umbilical cord

46) Which of the following is the layer of the embryo that becomesthe nervous system, skin, endocrine glands, and sensory receptors?

A) ectoderm
B) zona pellucida
C) endoderm
D) mesoderm
E) chorion

47) Which of the following is the layer of the embryo that becomesthe respiratory and digestive system?

A) ectoderm
B) zona pellucida
C) endoderm
D) mesoderm
E) chorion

48) Which of the following is the layer of the embryo that becomesthe reproductive, circulatory, and skeletal systems?

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) zona pellucida
E) chorion

49) Which of the following is a membrane that separates the fetus from the mother?

A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) zona pellucida
E) chorion

50) _____ refers to a structure that transports oxygen, waste, and nutrients between the fetus and the placenta.

A) Placenta
B) Umbilical cord
C) Amnion
D) Chorion
E) Zona pellucida

51) _____ refers to a form of screening used to monitor development of the fetus throughout a pregnancy.

A) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
B) X-ray imaging
C) Magnetic resonance imaging
D) Ultrasound
E) Amniocentesis

52) If women do not remember the exact date of their last menstrual period (LMP) or when they might have conceived, doctors are able to pinpoint fetal development through the use of

A) an ultrasound.
B) X-ray imaging.
C) magnetic resonance imaging.
D) chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
E) an amniocentesis.

53) Which of the following refers to the fine, soft hair that covers a fetus's body?

A) couvade
B) vernix
C) lanugo
D) zona pellucida
E) ectoderm

54) _____ refers to a protective waxy substance on a fetus's body.

A) Couvade
B) Vernix
C) Lanugo
D) Zona pellucida
E) Ectoderm

55) Which of the following is the syndrome in which male partners experience pregnancy symptoms similar to those of their pregnant partners?

A) nativism
B) labor pain
C) naturism
D) pronatalism
E) couvade

56) Identify the month of pregnancy during which lung development finalizes.

A) month 2
B) month 5
C) month 7
D) month 8
E) month 9

57) _____ refers to the surgical removal of a fetus from the mother's uterus through an incision in the abdomen.

A) Episiotomy
B) Vacuum extraction
C) Forceps delivery
D) Cesarean (C-section) birth
E) Water birth

58) _____ refers to a complication in which a fertilized ovum grows outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.

A) Ectopic pregnancy
B) Miscarriage
C) Stillbirth
D) Preterm birth
E) Effacement

59) Which of the following complications involves the unintentional loss of an embryo or fetus during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy?

A) ectopic pregnancy
B) stillbirth
C) miscarriage
D) preterm birth
E) effacement

60) Which of the following refers to the unintentional loss of a pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation?

A) ectopic pregnancy
B) stillbirth
C) miscarriage
D) preterm birth
E) effacement

61) _____ refers to the birth of an infant less than 37 weeks after conception.

A) Ectopic pregnancy
B) Stillbirth
C) Miscarriage
D) Preterm
E) Effacement

62) Charlotte gave birth to her son Mark during week 35 of her pregnancy. Mark is considered a(n)

A) preterm birth.
B) stillbirth.
C) miscarriage.
D) ectopic pregnancy.
E) effacement.

63) Which of these chemicals, when present in high levels in a woman's saliva, indicates a possible preterm birth?

A) estriol
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) testosterone
E) adrenaline

64) Which of the following occurs when a woman's body does not produce enough insulin or when her pregnant body does not use insulin properly?

A) ectopic pregnancy
B) toxoplasmosis
C) effacement
D) gestational diabetes
E) chromosomal abnormality

65) Which of the following is a risk factor for developing gestational diabetes?

A) structural problems with the uterus
B) a previous baby weighing over 9.5 pounds
C) carrying twins or more
D) chromosomal abnormalities
E) high fever early in the pregnancy

66) Which of the following is a risk factor for developing gestational diabetes?

A) high levels of estriol
B) substance use
C) syphilis infection
D) toxoplasmosis
E) obesity

67) _____ refers to a procedure done between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation in which a doctor removes a small amount of amniotic fluid via a needle in the abdomen to test for genetic abnormalities.

A) Ultrasound
B) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
C) Amniocentesis
D) Fetal magnetic resonance imaging
E) CT scan

68) Judy, who is 39 years old, is in the 18thweek of her pregnancy. Her doctor recommends that Judy should get an amniocentesis. Which of the following best explains the doctor's reason for recommending this procedure?

A) to test for a genetic abnormality
B) to test for an HIV infection
C) to test for gestational diabetes
D) to test for the baby's heart rate
E) todetermine the sex of the baby

69) Identify the mother for whom a doctor would most likely recommend amniocentesis.

A) 25-year-old Becky who is 16 weeks pregnant
B) 40-year-old Jennifer who is 19 weeks pregnant
C) 34-year-old Helen who is 37 weeks pregnant
D) 20-year-old Mary who is 10 weeks pregnant
E) 30-year-old Claire who is 30 weeks pregnant

70) _____ refers to a procedure in which a small amount of tissue from the placenta is analyzed for genetic abnormalities.

A) Ultrasound
B) CT scan
C) Amniocentesis
D) Fetal magnetic resonance imaging
E) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

71) _____ refers to the expansion of the cervical opening (to approximately 10 cm) in preparation for birth.

A) Contraction
B) Effacement
C) Dilation
D) Vacuum extraction
E) Aspiration

72) _____ refers to the thinning of cervical tissue that occurs in preparation for birth.

A) Contraction
B) Effacement
C) Dilation
D) Vacuum extraction
E) Aspiration

73) Effacement occurs during

A) delivery of the placenta.
B) the third stage of birth.
C) the fourth month of pregnancy.
D) the first stage of birth.
E) the second stage of birth.

74) Stage 1 of birth

A) prepares the cervix for delivery of the baby.
B) involves the actual birth of the baby.
C) involves the birth of the placenta.
D) is characterized by Braxton-Hicks contractions.
E) begins when the mother experiences morning sickness.

75) Which of the following refers to the muscular movement that causes the upper part of the uterus to tighten and thicken while the cervix and lower portion of the uterus stretch and relax, helping the baby pass from the uterus into the birth canal for delivery?

A) extractions
B) effacement
C) dilation
D) contractions
E) aspiration

76) Stage 2 of birth

A) involves dilation of the cervix.
B) involves the actual birth of the baby.
C) involves the birth of the placenta.
D) occurs when the baby is in breech position.
E) begins with the rupture of the amniotic sac.

77) Stage 3 of birth

A) is characterized by the beginning of contractions.
B) begins when the cervix is dilated to 10 cm.
C) involves the birth of the placenta.
D) involves the passage of the baby through the birth canal.
E) begins when the baby's head appears.

78) A(n) _____ is a person who has been trained in most aspects of pregnancy, labor, and delivery but who is not a physician.

A) labor coach
B) doula
C) gynecologist
D) obstetrician
E) midwife

79) Which of the following are labor coaches that have extensive training to assist a pregnant woman and her partner in the labor and delivery process?

A) surrogates
B) doulas
C) gynecologists
D) obstetricians
E) midwives

80) Mary is certified as a childbirth assistant. She helps couples through the process of labor and delivery. Her job often entails assisting the midwife and acting as the mother's advocate when decisions concerning possible interventions arise. Which of the following identifies Mary's profession?

A) doula
B) surrogate
C) gynecologist
D) obstetrician
E) nurse

81) Which of the following is a form of pain management in which a doctor passes pain medication through a small tube that has been inserted at the base of a woman's spine?

A) enema
B) nebulizer
C) hydrotherapy
D) epidural
E) suppository

82) Identify the procedure in which a plastic or metal cup is placed on the baby's head to allow suction to assist in delivering the baby.

A) episiotomy
B) vacuum extraction
C) forceps delivery
D) cesarean (C-section) birth
E) water birth

83) Identify the procedure in which an incision is made to the perineum to create a larger space to deliver a baby.

A) forceps delivery
B) vacuum extraction
C) episiotomy
D) cesarean (C-section) birth
E) epidural

84) Which of following is a reason for performing an episiotomy?

A) to reduce to the opening of the birth canal
B) to increase the frequency of contractions
C) to minimize pain for the mother during delivery
D) to avoid the baby going into breech position
E) to avoid having the vaginal opening tear

85) Identify the reason for performing an episiotomy.

A) to reduce the pain during contractions
B) to provide a route for delivering pain medication
C) to provide a larger opening to birth the infant
D) to reduce the risk of skull fractures
E) to induce labor in postterm pregnancies

86) According to research, which of the following is a risk of episiotomy?

A) It can cause skull fractures or intracranial hemorrhage in the baby.
B) It can lead to vaginal tearing.
C) It can cause injuries to infant facial nerves.
D) It can injure the bladder.
E) It can prolong the birth process.

87) _____ refers to a psychological depressive disorder that may occur within 4 weeks following the birth of a child.

A) Melancholic depression
B) Catatonic depression
C) Atypical depression
D) Postpartum depression
E) Seasonal affective disorder

88) Which of the following is/are a symptom of postpartum depression?

A) panic attacks
B) nausea
C) fever
D) increased focus
E) feelings of elation

89) _____ refers to the fluid that is expelled following the birth of a child.

A) Zona pellucida
B) Afterbirth
C) Lochia
D) Amnion
E) Vernix

90) Which of the following refers to the ability of sperm to move when ejaculated?

A) mobility
B) motility
C) viability
D) sustainability
E) fertility

91) Harriet is undergoing a procedure in which mature eggs are removed from her ovaries. These eggs are fertilized by sperm from her husband in a laboratory dish. Several of these fertilized eggs are then introduced into her uterus in the hopes that at least one of them will attach to the uterine wall. Identify the assisted reproductive technique that Harriet and her husband are using.

A) surrogacy
B) artificial insemination
C) zygote intrafallopian transfer
D) gamete intrafallopian transfer
E) in-vitro fertilization

92) John and Kendra are having problems with infertility. Their doctor suggests a procedure in which the sperm and egg are placed directly into the fallopian tube in the hope that their proximity will aid in the process of fertilization. Which of the following describes this technique?

A) dilation and evacuation (D&E)
B) artificial insemination
C) gamete intrafallopian transfer
D) zygote intrafallopian transfer
E) in-vitro fertilization

93) Identify the assisted reproductive technique in which an ovum is fertilized in a laboratory dish and then placed in the fallopian tube.

A) dilation and evacuation (D&E)
B) artificial insemination
C) gamete intrafallopian transfer
D) zygote intrafallopian transfer
E) in-vitro fertilization

94) _____ is the deliberate introduction of semen into a female for the purpose of fertilization, by means other than ejaculation directly into the vagina or uterus.

A) Dilation and evacuation (D&E)
B) Artificial insemination
C) Gamete intrafallopian transfer
D) Zygote intrafallopian transfer
E) In-vitro fertilization

95) Tom and Bill want to have baby and they have chosen a nonmedical option. They have asked a woman to carry a fetus to term, deliver it, and turn the baby over to the couple to adopt and raise. Which of the following identifies this process of parenthood?

A) surrogacy
B) closed adoption
C) open adoption
D) artificial insemination
E) in-vitro fertilization

96) _____ refers to an elective termination of a pregnancy.

A) Miscarriage
B) Surrogacy
C) Abortion
D) Stillbirth
E) Adoption

97) _____ refers to an abortive procedure using suction to remove an embryo or fetus from the uterus.

A) Dilation and evacuation
B) Aspiration
C) Episiotomy
D) Vacuum extraction
E) Cesarean section

98) _____ refers to an abortion procedure used after the first trimester in which medication is administered to ensure fetal death prior to removing it from the uterus.

A) Vacuum extraction
B) Aspiration
C) Episiotomy
D) Dilation and evacuation
E) Cesarean section

99) _____ refers to medications used to prevent the progression of pregnancy and induce uterine contractions to remove embryonic or fetal tissue.

A) Combinations pills
B) Emergency contraception
C) Aspirants
D) Teratogens
E) Abortifacients

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
100) Family _____ refers to an absence from work, either paid or unpaid, granted so that an employee can give care to a family member, such as a new baby.

101) _____ is the acronym that refers to a pattern of mental and physical defects that can develop in a fetus in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

102) A(n) _____ society is one in which descent and inheritance come through the mother's kinship line.

103) A(n) _____ society is one in which descent and inheritance come through the father's kinship line.

104) The three periods of approximately 3 months that make up a full-term pregnancy are referred to as _____.

105) The _____ is an organ attached to the uterine wall that joins the embryo to the mother's bodily systems to transfer nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the fetus and the mother.

106) A fetus that is emerging with buttocks or legs first rather than head first is in _____ position.

107) A condition of glucose intolerance that may occur during pregnancy is referred to as _____ diabetes.

108) _____ refers to the use of a warm tub of water in the birth process to encourage relaxation.

109) The _____ period refers to the months following the birth of a child, which create flux for the entire family as everyone gets used to new routines, including older siblings.

110) A(n) ______ adoption is one in which birth parents remain connected to the adoptive family through periodic updates and other communication.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
111) Describe changes in pregnant women who are nearing the end of the third trimester.

112) Describe the impact of race, ethnicity, and poverty on pregnancy outcomes in the United States. How can increased sexual literacy help address issues related to the high rate of pregnancy complications?

113) Janet is 40 years old and pregnant with her second child. Her doctor tells her that there is a risk that her baby might have a genetic abnormality. Describe two procedures that may be used to determine the presence of genetic abnormalities. Outline the risks, if any, that are involved.

114) Describe the stages of birth.

115) Discuss the different forms of birth assistance that are available.

116) Outline the most common symptoms of postpartum depression. What are some of the available treatments?

117) What are some of the factors that may cause infertility?

118) Explain the different types of adoption.

119) What is abortion? Illustrate the reasons a woman may consider abortive procedures.

120) U.S. citizens have voted for or against propositions that require parental notification and permission for a pregnant minor to receive an abortion. What are some of the positive and negative effects of such propositions? Are they necessary?

121) Discuss reasons for the political opposition to reproductive rights and the effects of Supreme Court decision in the case of Roe v. Wade. Illustrate your answer with examples.