Ch9 – Gender & Identity | Complete Test Bank – 2e

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Student name:__________

TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) Sex is based on external social, cultural, and environmental elements.

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) Gender is based primarily on biological elements.

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) A cisgender person is considered to be gender nonconforming.

⊚ true
⊚ false

4) A person's biological sex is determined at the moment of birth.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) Intersex conditions involve chromosomal, genital, and gonadal variations.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) Females with triple X syndrome typically do not have any unusual physical features and experience normal sexual development.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) The term transgender implies same-sex attraction.

⊚ true
⊚ false

8) The hormone for female-to-male (FTM) procedures is estrogen.

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) Surgical procedures available to MTF individuals are more complicated than the FTM procedures.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) A feminine individual rates high on expressive traits and low on instrumental ones.

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) In many societies gender roles are the foundation for ideas of what constitutes masculinity and femininity.

⊚ true
⊚ false

12) Every society has cultural meanings that surround gender roles, and these meanings stay constant.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) Gender expectations are conveyed through the toys that parents give their children.

⊚ true
⊚ false

14) Conformity in the social sphere is looked down upon by many adolescents, and adhering to traditional gender roles tends to jeopardize social acceptance by peers.

⊚ true
⊚ false

15) The causes of gender variance are the interaction of biology, culture, and individual characteristics such as personality and temperament.

⊚ true
⊚ false

16) What was once believed to be gender nonconforming behavior is now regarded by many people as less so, or perhaps even normal, especially for boys.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) Adolescent peers, males especially, are sensitive to gender nonconformity and may react against it with bullying, aggression, hazing, and sexual coercion.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) Women athletes with DSD suffer from a gender disorder.

⊚ true
⊚ false

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
19) Which of the following refers to a person whose behaviors are congruent with more traditional gender roles, such as a man with a masculine identity or a woman with a feminine identity?

A) cisgender
B) transgender
C) intersexed
D) agender
E) genderqueer

20) The sense that one is a boy/man or a girl/woman is referred to as

A) one's sex.
B) one's gender schema.
C) gender identity.
D) one's gender role.
E) sexual dimorphism.

21) Desmond believes that women become nurses and men become doctors. This belief is based on culturally patterned

A) sexual differentiation.
B) gender identities.
C) intersexualities.
D) gender roles.
E) sexual dimorphism.

22) The social differentiationinto masculine and feminine, based upon institutions, roles, and meanings of a particular culture, is referred to as

A) gender.
B) sex.
C) intersexuality.
D) gender roles.
E) gender identity.

23) According to researchers, the primary determinant(s) of gender is/are

A) biological sex.
B) heredity.
C) psychology.
D) individual preferences.
E) biopsychosocial factors.

24) Many researchers have suggested that sexuality is determined

A) by social learning.
B) entirely by biology.
C) entirely by culture.
D) by an interaction of biology, social learning, and culture.
E) entirely by psychological preferences.

25) A person's _____ is determined at the moment of conception.

A) gender
B) sex
C) sexual orientation
D) gender role
E) gender identity

26) Which of the following is true regarding intersexuality?

A) All fetuses go through these multiple processes of sexual differentiation.
B) It results when the fetus has anatomy that is either female or male.
C) It may result when sexual differentiation follows a typical path.
D) It occurs at the chromosomal level, but not at the gonadal level.
E) It refers to those whose anatomy or genes do not fit typical definitions of male and female.

27) Which of the following statements is true of sexual differentiation?

A) It begins before conception and continues through puberty.
B) It determines whether the individual will socialize as a male or a female.
C) It is limited to the production of hormones and does not feature of the development of reproductive structures.
D) It begins with the sex differentiation of the brain and culminates with development of gonads.
E) It begins and ends at the moment of conception.

28) Sexual differentiation is the

A) social activity of selecting a partner.
B) social activity of differentiating male or female traits.
C) psychological differentiation of the brain as male or female.
D) socialization of people as males or females.
E) biological process of developing into a male or a female.

29) When a female fetus has XY chromosomes or when a male fetus has XX chromosomes, which of the following conditions is said to have occurred?

A) intersexuality
B) transgender
C) sexual dimorphism
D) sexual differentiation
E) absence of conception

30) Which of the following describes a case of an intersex fetus?

A) A female fetus is born with XX chromosomes.
B) A male fetus is born with XY chromosomes.
C) A typical path of sexual differentiation has occurred.
D) A fetus does not develop a clear set of male or female genitals.
E) Anatomical and biological characteristics of either male or female develop.

31) Which of the following is generally true in the process of conception?

A) Each ovum normally carries an X chromosome.
B) Each ovum may carry either an X or a Y chromosome.
C) A typical combination that produces a female child is XY.
D) Both the ovum and sperm cells carry sex chromosomes.
E) An XX combination will typically produce a male child.

32) In the case of a developing fetus, which of the following is true?

A) The anatomy and physiology present at birth is neither male nor female.
B) The genitals are distinguishable as male or female right from early pregnancy.
C) The genitals of the fetus tend toward the default condition of being male.
D) The presence of androgens activates female development.
E) The genitals of typical male and female humans emerge from the same tissues.

33) Which of the following is true regarding developing fetuses?

A) The Wolffian ducts differentiate into fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina.
B) The Müllerian ducts are dependent on the presence of androgens (testosterone) and become the vas deferens system and seminal vesicles.
C) In the female fetus, the Wolffian ducts degenerate.
D) The development of the Wolffian ducts is dependent on the presence of estrogen.
E) The Müllerian ducts begin to differentiate in the human embryo at around 9 months.

34) Which of the following may occur with individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

A) Those who are assigned females develop sex-typical behaviors.
B) Those who are assigned males engage in many sex-atypical behaviors.
C) High levels of hormones feminize the male body.
D) Those who are assigned females show high levels of aggression.
E) CAH is present in persons with XY chromosomes.

35) Which of the following is a feature of progestin-induced virilization?

A) absence of ovaries
B) lack of menstruation
C) absence of urethra
D) retarded breast development
E) development of female sex characteristics at puberty

36) When virilization occurs,

A) the uterus or uterine tract degenerate.
B) the ovaries are absent.
C) masculinization of the human body and genital structures takes place.
D) it is not apparent on a physical, structural level.
E) it is typically apparent only in persons with XY sex chromosomes.

37) Which of the following conditions occurs when a mother-to-be uses progestin during pregnancy?

A) Turner syndrome
B) virilization
C) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D) Klinefelter syndrome
E) androgen insensitivity syndrome

38) Which of the following is true of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

A) Individuals with XY sex chromosomes cannot have CAH.
B) CAH enhances breast development and pubic hair growth.
C) It is a disorder in which the ovaries produce abnormally low levels of hormones.
D) The body is masculinized due to the production of abnormally high levels of hormones.
E) Researchers have found boys typically develop sex-atypical behaviors while girls show sex-typical behaviors.

39) Androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs when

A) a woman uses progestin during pregnancy.
B) the adrenal glands produce abnormally high levels of hormones.
C) a fetus with XX sex chromosomes develops female genitalia.
D) estrogen is converted into testosterone.
E) a fetus with XY sex chromosomes is unable to respond to androgens.

40) Which of the following is a feature of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A) presence of XXY chromosomes
B) presence of reversed chromosomes
C) missing Y chromosome
D) inability to respond to androgens
E) high sensitivity to testosterone

41) When people inherit an extra X chromosome from either the father or the mother, the condition that occurs is called

A) Turner syndrome.
B) progestin-induced virilization.
C) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
D) Klinefelter syndrome.
E) androgen insensitivity syndrome.

42) The presence of XXY sex chromosomes indicates which of the following conditions?

A) Turner syndrome
B) progestin-induced virilization
C) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome
E) Klinefelter syndrome

43) Which of the following is an effect of Klinefelter syndrome?

A) overgrowth of facial and body hair
B) absence of sperm in the ejaculate
C) large penis and masculine body
D) excessive height
E) well-developed muscles

44) XYY syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects males, usually causing them to

A) be very tall.
B) grow breasts.
C) have ambiguous genitalia.
D) feel female.
E) produce excess testosterone.

45) A child is born with ambiguous genitalia. It has a small penis, which doctors determine to be capable of ejaculation, but it looks like a clitoris at birth. When additional sex hormones are released during puberty, the genitalia look more like an adult male penis and testes, though smaller. Which of the following conditions is the child said to have?

A) Turner syndrome
B) progestin-induced virilization
C) 5-alpha-reductase deficiency
D) androgen insensitivity syndrome
E) Klinefelter syndrome

46) Which of the following factors is responsible for an increased rate of occurrence of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency?

A) use of progestin during pregnancy
B) increased incidences of circumcision
C) increased acceptance of intersexuality
D) inbreeding among communities
E) estrogen replacement therapy

47) Which of the following is true of Turner syndrome?

A) It occurs only in males.
B) Cells are missing all or part of an X chromosome.
C) It does not affect breast growth.
D) It is characterized by undescended or partially descended testes.
E) People inherit an extra X chromosome.

48) Which of the following is a characteristic of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency?

A) inability of a fetus to convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
B) cells with partial or missing X chromosome
C) inability to ejaculate
D) absence of sperm in the ejaculate
E) swollen hands and feet

49) A form asks people what their gender is and gives them two choices: male or female. This is a reflection of

A) the gender binary.
B) transphobia.
C) gender dysphoria.
D) sexism.
E) gender stereotypes.

50) Which of the following is true regarding gender identity?

A) An intersex identity does not exist.
B) Gender identity is expressed through the sex organs but not through outward personality, dress, and behavior.
C) A person can freely alter his or her gender identity.
D) Gender identity does not impact how one interacts with the world.
E) Biological and cultural factors influence the internal experience of gender identity.

51) Which of the following is true of gender identity?

A) Gender identity is something a child is born with, right at the moment of conception.
B) Gender identity cannot be developed and learned.
C) Gender identity is not influenced by biological sex.
D) Gender identity develops from internal cues and external environmental forces.
E) Gender identity does not influence one's idea who one is.

52) People who describe themselves as _____ resonate with the gender they were assigned to at birth.

A) cisgender
B) gender-variant
C) agender
D) gender-expansive
E) transgender

53) Max, a genetic female, identifies and behaves like a male. He exhibits characteristics, preferences, and behaviors of males and is attracted to females. However, he does not feel the need to have his body altered or to undergo surgery. Max can be referred to as a _____ person.

A) transsexual
B) transgender
C) transphobic
D) misogynistic
E) bisexual

54) Which of the following is true of transgender persons?

A) Their behavior conforms to that typically associated with the sex assigned to them at birth.
B) They are attracted to people of the same sex.
C) They share a specific form of sexual orientation.
D) They invariably wish to have their genitals and bodies altered and undergo surgery.
E) They have typical genitals at birth, and they do not require reassignment.

55) The term cis-sexismrefers to

A) the gender binary privilege and the oppression of transgender people.
B) prejudice toward those with a cisgender identity.
C) reverse sexism against men and masculinity.
D) the discomfort and distress caused by living life as a transgender person.
E) the recognition of the fear and hatred faced by transgender people.

56) Which of the following best describes the "re-becoming" process that many transgender people undergo in order to change their biological sex?

A) gender confirmation
B) gender dysphoria
C) virilization
D) gender binary
E) intersexuality

57) To his great distress, Katie's gender identity does not match the sex that he was assigned to at birth. This is referred to as

A) gender dysphoria.
B) gender binary.
C) androgyny.
D) genderism.
E) sexual differentiation.

58) Curtis, a genetic male, has a female gender identity. She decides that she would like to undergo a procedure to obtain a body that more closely reflects her gender identity. Which of the following procedures is she likely to opt for?

A) bilateral mastectomy
B) estrogen therapy
C) vaginectomy
D) metoidioplasty
E) oophorectomy

59) Which of the following is one of the potential side effects of female-to-male (FTM) procedures?

A) reduced muscle mass
B) decreased aggression
C) development of acne
D) decrease in facial and body hair
E) softening of the skin

60) Which of the following is an example of a surgery that occurs to the bottom half of the body, or a "bottom surgery"?

A) bilateral mastectomy
B) chest reconstruction
C) reduction thyroid chondroplasty
D) voice surgery
E) phalloplasty

61) The phenomenon of having characteristics of a male or female who has a high degree of both feminine (expressive) and masculine (instrumental) characteristics is known as

A) misogyny.
B) androgyny.
C) sexual dimorphism.
D) gender stereotyping.
E) homonegativity.

62) Which of the following is the main argument presented by skeptics of Bem's description of androgyny?

A) An androgynous person is psychologically unhealthy.
B) An androgynous person is low on both expressive and instrumental traits.
C) Androgyny is a culture-bound issue, relative to the historical period and society in which one grows up.
D) An androgynous gender role is less desirable because of the expressive nature of close relationships.
E) In individuals who are considered androgynous, there is a compelling need to change their gender identity or body.

63) In psychological terms, an individual who is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive ones is

A) masculine.
B) feminine.
C) undifferentiated.
D) androgynous.
E) intersex.

64) Which of the following is generally true regarding androgyny?

A) As people age, many become less androgynous than when they were younger.
B) Males in the second half of life become more androgynous.
C) Lifespan development has no effect on androgyny.
D) Cultural gender traits used to judge androgyny have remained constant.
E) Judgment of androgyny is independent of cultural variations.

65) Which of the following is true regarding androgyny?

A) Androgyny rarely involves a person's appearance.
B) Androgyny is a phenomenon in which a person's self-identification and behavior do not match the traditional gender role for his or her assigned sex.
C) As people age, many become less androgynous than when they were younger.
D) Cultural variations in androgyny have no importance.
E) Androgyny affects lifespan development, and both females and males may become more "feminine" with age.

66) Traditional notions about being masculine or feminine and simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups are collectively referred to as

A) gender identity.
B) gender stereotypes.
C) androgyny.
D) transsexualism.
E) intersexuality.

67) Most cultures divide gender roles into masculine roles and feminine roles because

A) the number of transgender incidences has reduced over time.
B) they are concerned with security, reproduction, and economic production.
C) heterosexism has increased.
D) society rejects gender and its variations.
E) gender roles and their meanings remain constant over time.

68) Which of the following is an example of how parents and caregivers influence gender roles?

A) Tim takes his male child to the doctor.
B) Martha likes to dress her female child in pink.
C) Ben rocks his baby niece to sleep.
D) Gina throws a birthday party for her baby daughter.
E) Ron loves photographing his baby son.

69) Which of the following demonstrates how parents and caregivers influence gender roles?

A) A girl child is given a feminine name.
B) A girl child is given a gender-neutral name.
C) A girl child observes other girls in her neighborhood playing with dolls.
D) A girl is encouraged to participate in math class.
E) A TV programs shows a lot of boy children playing with stuffed animals.

70) Which of the following is a case of peers influencing gender roles?

A) A boy's father encourages him to play more outdoor sports.
B) A boy is encouraged by his playmates to engage in fist-fighting.
C) A boy's kindergarten teacher punishes him for crying when he gets hurt.
D) A boy watches a show in which girls and boys bully other children at school.
E) A boy is encouraged to play more with his sister at home than with other boys.

71) Which of the following is a case of a school influencing gender roles?

A) A girl is not allowed to enter the playground by her protective mother.
B) A girl is gifted a tea set to play with by her mother.
C) A girl is always dressed in pink.
D) A girl gets bullied by her male playmates.
E) A girl gets a bad grade in sports even when she performs well.

72) Which of the following is a case of religion influencing gender roles?

A) A woman is required to give up her education, as all her girl classmates have also dropped out of school.
B) A woman cannot study to become a pastor, as her parish does not allow it.
C) A woman decides to join a nursing course because her mother was a nurse.
D) A woman joins a feminist movement after being inspired by an Internet survey.
E) A woman is convinced by her friends to drop out of her softball team.

73) Which of the following is a case of media influencing gender roles?

A) A girl shares her parents' dreams of becoming an artist.
B) A girl is inspired by her grandmother to become a nurse.
C) A boy is inspired by his professor to become a scientist.
D) A boy takes a more aggressive stance with his sister after watching his favorite cartoon.
E) A girl joins a missionary group with the encouragement of her congregation.

74) Which of the following is a scenario in which gender roles are emphasized?

A) A school takes its students out on a picnic.
B) A group of girls and boys play basketball together.
C) A football coach teaches boys but not girls.
D) A movie depicts women as equal with men in making music.
E) A religion teaches that both men and women are equal before God.

75) Which of the following is an example of gender stereotypes?

A) Many unisex hairstyles are extremely trendy.
B) Men paint their fingernails in bright colors when performing on stage.
C) Hiring women is discouraged because they may leave their jobs for their children.
D) A group of women join a trekking course to break away from monotony.
E) Healthcare professionals are chosen based on their ability to provide service.

76) Prejudice directed toward women is called

A) feminism.
B) sexism.
C) chauvinism.
D) heterosexism.
E) cis-sexism.

77) In the context of sexism in the United States, which of the following observations is valid?

A) Male workers make more money compared to female workers in comparable positions.
B) Female workers make more money compared to male workers in comparable positions.
C) Female workers are promoted more quickly than male workers with equivalent qualifications.
D) Unmarried female workers make more money compared to unmarried male workers in comparable positions.
E) There is a gender gap but no marriage inequity among workers.

78) Which of the following is true of sexism?

A) Sexism brings hatred of, or prejudice toward, only females.
B) Gender stereotypes and sexism rarely escalate to violence in any culture.
C) In the United States, sexism is an ideology of male supremacy.
D) Gender roles and standards of masculinity and femininity have no moral considerations.
E) Gender roles and standards of masculinity and femininity are independent of culture.

79) Individuals who manifest gender behaviors that go beyond or against the norm of their community are referred to as

A) transgender.
B) transsexual.
C) transphobic.
D) gender nonconforming.
E) intersex.

80) A gender nonconformist is someone who adopts

A) gendered traits that are associated with gender roles and standards of neither masculinity nor femininity.
B) unisex traits.
C) gendered traits derived from the influence of parents and caregivers.
D) gendered traits derived from the influence of the media.
E) gendered traits that are stereotypically associated with members of the opposite sex.

81) Nonconforming gender behavior that may result from the interaction of biology, culture, and individual characteristics, such as personality and temperament, is known as

A) gender identity.
B) gender variance.
C) gender role adoption.
D) transsexuality.
E) sexual dimorphism.

82) Which of the following is true with regard to nonconforming behavior in children?

A) Children were once encouraged to exhibit gender-variant behaviors.
B) Parents in conservative communities are more at ease with the fact that their child's actions may become permanent expressions of gender variance in adulthood.
C) By the 1980s in the United States, children who exhibited gender-variant behaviors were typically supported by parents and grandparents, teachers, family, friends, and others.
D) Behavior that is thought of as gender nonconforming has not changed much at all between the 1950s and today.
E) Boys who engage in gender nonconforming behaviors still provoke strong reactions today.

83) Bullying as a reaction among insecure boys toward gender nonconformity may be due to

A) fear that the actions may become permanent expressions of gender variance in adulthood.
B) strong feelings of shame, humiliation, fear, and anxiety among those who behave in nonconformist ways.
C) the influence of their less-conservative communities.
D) the need to mask weakness or fear in their own sense of self.
E) girls being allowed to have much more freedom to engage in such activities than boys.

84) The labels of "tomboy" for a girl and "sissy" or "fag" for a boy are

A) used to match their gender identity.
B) terms that reinforce young people's self-confidence.
C) used to indicate young people's sexual orientation.
D) slang terms that promote a healthy body image.
E) powerful gender stereotypes.

85) Which of the following is a reason parents punish a child for exhibiting gender-variant behaviors?

A) They fear that their child's actions may become permanent expressions of gender variance in adulthood.
B) They fear that the child may develop prejudice based on biological sex.
C) They fear that the child may not attain physical forms of biological development.
D) They fear that their child may become less androgynous as he or she ages.
E) They fear that their child's actions may become a hindrance to health in later life.

86) Which of the following would have been considered nonconforming behavior in the past?

A) a girl showing interest in recitation
B) a boy going to a pond to fish
C) a girl wanting to be a doctor when she grows up
D) a boy wanting to learn kick-boxing
E) a girl showing a talent for sewing

87) Studies of _____ reveal how adolescent boys may use bullying against gender nonconformity.

A) sexual orientation
B) gender identity
C) intersexuality
D) sexual dissatisfaction
E) masculinity

88) Karen feels female and socializes as a female. She likes to race on her bike and is quite a sporty girl at school. In later life, she is attracted to men and leads a fulfilling life with her male partner. Which of the following statements is true about Karen?

A) Karen is transgender.
B) Karen's gender identity is consistent with her genetic sex.
C) Karen is experimenting with her sexual orientation.
D) Karen is transitioning from male to female gender roles.
E) According to today's standards, Karen displays gender nonconforming behaviors.

89) The bodies and behaviors of female athletes with _____ have challenged traditional gender roles, religious beliefs, and notions of masculinity and femininity and caused them to be stigmatized.

A) DSD
B) DOD
C) gender dysphoria
D) transphobia
E) genderism

90) Which of the following is an identity label that would be used by intersex activists to describe their condition?

A) differences in sex development
B) disorders of disease
C) abnormal sexual development
D) condition of sexual ambiguity
E) irregular sexual pathology

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
91) The social differentiation into masculine or feminine, based in a historical culture, is referred to as _____.

92) _____ refers to the genes and biological development that determine whether we are male or female.

93) Gender _____ is the way people exhibit their gender by behavior, clothes, hair, voice, or gait.

94) The state of being either female or male is called sexual _____.

95) In the United States, mothers were given progestin in the 1950s and 1960s to prevent miscarriage, which, if the timing was right, caused _____, the masculinization of the human body and genital structures in their fetuses.

96) The discomfort or distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person's gender identity and that person's sex assigned at birth is referred to as gender _____.

97) In _____ syndrome, which occurs only in females, the cells are missing all or part of an X chromosome.

98) _____ is an umbrella term for persons whose self-identification and behavior do not match the traditional gender role for their assigned sex.

99) _____ is a term that describes the fear and hatred of transgender people.

100) The belief that people need to be cisgender and that all gender nonconformity is bad or unacceptable is referred to as _____.

101) Gender _____ is nonconforming gender behavior that may result from the interaction of biology, culture, and individual characteristics, such as personality and temperament.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
102) Explain the biological process of sexual differentiation.

103) Explain the various intersex conditions that impact specific genetic and physical structures.

104) How important is gender identity? Explain with a relevant example.

105) Describe the issues surrounding surgical interventions to treat problems in infancy that involve genitalia. Provide examples using the story of Dr. Money and David Reimer.

106) Explain the relevance of biology in gender identity development.

107) Explain what it means to be transgender. What is the relationship between sexual orientation and transgender identity?

108) Explain the challenges faced by transgender individuals.

109) Explain the phenomenon of androgyny and how it relates to culture.

110) Describe the five major social institutions that influence gender roles.

111) What are the factors of gender nonconformity? How have they changed over time?

SECTION BREAK. Answer all the part questions.
112) Marlon is a boy of 15 with a talent for drawing. He makes fine sketches using just pencil and paper. Marlon's parents are supportive of his talent. But Marlon's playmates urge him to get out of the house and play outdoor games; and they laugh at him when he shows a preference to stay home and sketch. Marlon's teacher at school, instead of giving him drawing lessons, prefers to have him work on math problems. Instead of using his teacher's help, Marlon takes an art course online. He is greatly inspired by the record of achievements made by others of his age who have a forum for art discussion online. The forum upholds the participation of boys and girls irrespective of gender.As he grows up, Marlon is urged by his parents to use his sketching time for studying other subjects or sports, as they feel sketching and drawing are not suitable hobbies for a growing boy.

112.1) Marlon's friends' behavior can be said to be an example of

A) media influencing gender roles.
B) parents influencing gender roles.
C) religion influencing gender roles.
D) peers influencing gender roles.
E) school influencing gender roles.

112.2) Marlon's teacher's behavior can be said to be an example of

A) media influencing gender roles.
B) parents influencing gender roles.
C) religion influencing gender roles.
D) peers influencing gender roles.
E) school influencing gender roles.

112.3) Marlon's participation in the online art forum is an example of

A) media influencing gender roles.
B) parents influencing gender roles.
C) religion influencing gender roles.
D) peers influencing gender roles.
E) school influencing gender roles.

112.4) Marlon's parents' behavior as he grows up can be said to be an example of

A) media influencing gender roles.
B) parents influencing gender roles.
C) religion influencing gender roles.
D) peers influencing gender roles.
E) school influencing gender roles.