Ch.17 Social Psychology Complete Test Bank

Student name:__________

1) Social psychology is the scientific study of

A) changes in humans over their lifespan.
B) how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
C) unconscious processes.
D) how people's perceptions are affected by their environment.

2) Dr. Garza is a social psychologist. Which of the following is she most likely to study?

A) the heritability of mental illness
B) determining whether genetics or the environment has more influence over a child's development
C) how attitudes about global warming have been formed
D) the efficacy of person-centered therapy

3) Which of the following is TRUE of factors that determine changes in attitudes?

A) Two-sided messages are less effective than one-sided messages.
B) Fear-producing messages are generally less effective when they provide the audience with a means for reducing the fear.
C) The communicator's expertise and trustworthiness are related to the impact of a message.
D) There is no existence of gender differences in persuadability.

4) Persuasion involves changing attitudes, and the ease with which attitudes are likely to be changed depends on a number of factors. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in successful persuasion?

A) Jack persuades his students by arousing strong fear and creating a do-or-die situation.
B) Tina persuades a group of men in a shopping mall to buy the latest in television technology.
C) Sara persuades a group of highly intelligent people to start a habit that may or may not be helpful.
D) Ralph persuades his students by arousing fear and also suggesting ways to overcome the fear.

5) Which of the following occurs when the recipient thoughtfully considers the issues and arguments involved in persuasion?

A) central route processing
B) cognitive dissonance
C) peripheral route processing
D) emotional appeal

6) Which of the following statements is TRUE of central route processing?

A) Central route processing occurs when people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message.
B) In central route processing, people are swayed in their judgments by the logic, merit, and strength of arguments.
C) In central route processing, people are persuaded on the basis of factors that are extraneous to the issue.
D) People who are disinterested, unmotivated, bored, or distracted use central route processing to comprehend a message.

7) ________ occurs when people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message.

A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Logical conclusion
C) Peripheral route processing
D) Central route processing

8) HealthDrink Inc., a beverage company, plans to launch a new health drink for children and needs to design marketing techniques before the launch. The company's marketing team consider casting a film celebrity in the television commercials for the drink. In addition, the team decides to write an emotionally appealing slogan for the drink's print advertisements. In this scenario, which of the following persuasion techniques is HealthDrink's marketing team most likely using to persuade the company's target audience?

A) hindsight bias
B) central route processing
C) peripheral route processing
D) confirmation bias

9) Amelia, a homemaker, wants to buy a microwave. In the context of information-processing routes to persuasion, which of the following factors is most likely to influence Amelia's decision if she favors central route processing?

A) the product's print advertisements being highly sentimental
B) the product being endorsed by her favorite actor
C) the product being rated positively by other consumers
D) the product's television commercials being slightly longer than other commercials

10) Who among the following is most likely to use peripheral route processing?

A) an individual who finds little satisfaction when thinking about small, daily projects than long-term ones
B) an individual who is highly patient and enjoys philosophizing and reflecting on the world
C) an individual who really enjoys a task that is difficult, intellectual, and important
D) an individual who finds little satisfaction in deliberating hard and for long hours

11) Richard, a venture capitalist, funds budding entrepreneurs on the basis of their business plans. When a business plan is complex and presented in a detailed, logical manner, Richard is convinced and provides funding to the entrepreneur. This implies that Richard

A) has a low need for cognition.
B) is most likely persuaded by using central route processing.
C) becomes impatient when forced to spend too much time thinking about an issue.
D) does not enjoy thinking and reflecting on the world, and hence uses peripheral route processing.

12) A person who enjoys thinking, reflecting, and philosophizing is most likely to score high on the need for

A) achievement.
B) ideation.
C) affiliation.
D) cognition.

13) Unlike central route processing, peripheral route processing

A) is unlikely to lead to attitude change.
B) is likely to be used by people who are disinterested.
C) enables people to thoughtfully consider arguments in persuasion.
D) uses complex, logical, and detailed messages for persuasion.

14) Carter loves philosophical discussions and theoretical debates; Dante becomes impatient with hypothetical speculations. Carter is most likely to be persuaded via ________ processing, and Dante is most likely to be persuaded via ________.

A) peripheral route; peripheral route processing as well
B) peripheral route; central route processing
C) central route; central route processing as well
D) central route; peripheral route processing

15) Andrea and Lily went together to watch a movie. Andrea was very excited to watch the movie, whereas Lily was absolutely bored and disinterested. While Andrea liked the script and the message of the movie, Lily liked only the location and the clothes worn by the lead actors in the movie. Based on this information, one can infer that Lily

A) has a high need for cognition.
B) reflects on persuasive messages by employing central route processing.
C) makes judgments based on logical and complex messages.
D) is persuaded by using peripheral route processing.

16) An advertising agency creates two television commercials for a line of kitchen and laundry appliances. Commercial A emphasizes the sleek styling of the appliances, whereas Commercial B focuses on the reliability and energy efficiency of the appliances. Will the effectiveness of the two commercials vary as a function of the viewers' need for cognition?

A) Commercials A and B should be equally effective, regardless of the viewers' need for cognition.
B) Commercial A should be more effective than Commercial B, regardless of the viewers' need for cognition.
C) Commercial A should be more effective than Commercial B for viewers with a low need for cognition, whereas Commercial B should be more effective than Commercial A for viewers with a high need for cognition.
D) Commercial B should be more effective than Commercial A for viewers with a low need for cognition, whereas Commercial A should be more effective than Commercial B for viewers with a high need for cognition.

17) Social psychologist Leon Festinger is associated with the study of

A) the routes to persuasion.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) conformity.
D) obedience.

18) The mental conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts is known as

A) social cognition.
B) the halo effect.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) schema.

19) Sets of cognitions about people and social experiences are called

A) images.
B) algorithms.
C) halo effects.
D) schemas.

20) Which of the following is TRUE of schemas?

A) A schema occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.
B) Schemas are never susceptible to accuracy errors.
C) Schemas are absolutely accurate as our moods affect how we perceive others, and we make judgments based on our moods.
D) Schemas help us predict what others are like on the basis of relatively little information.

21) Unusually important characteristics that help people form an initial overall impression of another individual are called ________ traits.

A) primary
B) cardinal
C) central
D) schematic

22) One forms an impression of another individual

A) remarkably quickly, within a few seconds.
B) very quickly, within a few minutes.
C) gradually, over time.
D) within the first several encounters.

23) In the context of attribution theory, the causes of behavior that are external to a person are

A) dispositional causes.
B) situational causes.
C) internal causes.
D) personality causes.

24) Fiona receives an email from her manager, Robert, asking her to meet and discuss a past project. Unfortunately, Fiona is struggling to complete a project that is due that afternoon and replies stating that she is too busy to meet that day. Robert is not pleased with Fiona's refusal to meet him and tells another coworker that he thinks Fiona is very arrogant. Robert is making a(n) _________ attribution of Fiona.

A) situational
B) dispositional
C) primary
D) secondary

25) In the context of attribution theory, the causes of behavior that are brought about by a person's traits or personality characteristics are

A) situational causes.
B) circumstantial causes.
C) environmental causes.
D) dispositional causes.

26) "He cheated on the test probably because he is a dishonest person." This is a(n) ________ attribution.

A) dispositional
B) situational
C) central
D) peripheral

27) A phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive or negative traits is used to infer other uniformly positive or negative characteristics is known as the

A) halo effect.
B) self-serving bias.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) assumed-similarity bias.

28) Sharon is selected as the captain of her school's softball team because of her excellent playing skills. However, she has not displayed good team management skills and has not been very cooperative with her teammates. These facts are ignored while making her the captain. Which of the following biases is illustrated in this instance?

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the assumed-similarity bias
C) the self-serving bias
D) the halo effect

29) George and Paul meet at a seminar for the first time. When Paul expresses his political interests, George feels that Paul is very much like him because they share similar opinions on political ideals. George's inference is an example of

A) selective perception.
B) the self-serving bias.
C) the assumed-similarity bias.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

30) Shaun is angry at the way a coworker has treated him. Shaun feels justified in his anger because "surely, anybody would feel the same way if the same thing happened to them." This example reveals Shaun's susceptibility to the

A) halo effect.
B) assumed-similarity bias.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental attribution error.

31) The tendency to attribute personal success to personal factors (skill, ability, or effort) and to attribute failure to factors outside oneself is known as the

A) assumed-similarity bias.
B) halo effect.
C) self-serving bias.
D) fundamental attribution error.

32) If you are exhibiting the self-serving bias, which statement would be your most likely explanation for a poor grade on the test?

A) "The professor does not know how to teach."
B) "I am not very good at this subject."
C) "I did not study hard to get a good grade."
D) "In general, I am not very smart."

33) If we do well on a test, we say, "I got an A!" If we do poorly, we say, "She gave me an F." This best illustrates

A) the assumed-similarity bias.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) the self-serving bias.
D) the halo effect.

34) When people tend to exaggerate the importance of personality characteristics (dispositional causes) in producing others' behavior and minimize the influence of the environment (situational factors), they are engaging in the

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) assumed-similarity bias.
C) self-serving bias.
D) halo effect.

35) In determining the causes of others' behavior, we overemphasize ________ factors; this is the ________.

A) dispositional; self-serving bias
B) dispositional; fundamental attribution error
C) situational; self-serving bias
D) situational; fundamental attribution error

36) The fundamental attribution error is very common because

A) when we view another person's behavior in a particular setting, the most conspicuous information is the person's immediate surroundings.
B) we center on an individual's immediate surroundings, which change rapidly without focusing on the person's behavior.
C) of the nature of information available to the people making an attribution.
D) we tend to exaggerate the importance of environmental factors in producing others' behavior and minimize the influence of personality characteristics.

37) While making a fundamental attribution error, we center our attention on the person whose behavior we are considering because

A) we are more likely to make attributions based on personal situational factors and less likely to make attributions relating to the dispositional factors.
B) the individual's immediate surroundings remain relatively unchanged and less attention grabbing.
C) we tend to exaggerate the importance of environmental factors in producing others' behavior and minimize the influence of personality characteristics.
D) when we view another person's behavior in a particular setting, the most conspicuous information is the person's immediate surroundings.

38) ________ is concerned with how economic conditions are affected by individuals' biases and irrationality.

A) Forensic psychology
B) Economic psychology
C) Industrial-organizational psychology
D) Behavioral economics

39) Behavioral economists

A) focus on the irrationality of judgments.
B) view people as rational beings.
C) view people as thoughtful decision makers.
D) see people as decision makers who impartially weigh choices to draw conclusions.

40) ________ is the process by which communal groups and individuals exert pressure on an individual, either deliberately or unintentionally.

A) Central interaction
B) Altruism
C) Diffusion of responsibility
D) Social influence

41) Which of the following statements is TRUE of a group?

A) The existence of a person in a group does not affect any other group member.
B) People in a group do not perceive themselves as part of a group.
C) A group consists of two or more people who are interdependent.
D) The behavior of members does not have any significant consequence for the success of the group in meeting its goals.

42) Dahlia wants to work at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates work till at least 7 or 8 p.m. daily. This is an element of the firm's group

A) role.
B) schema.
C) norms.
D) attitude.

43) ________ refers to a change in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people.

A) Dissonance
B) Conformity
C) Schema
D) Incongruity

44) Which of the following statements is TRUE of conformity?

A) People working on ambiguous tasks and questions (those with no clear answer) are less susceptible to conformity.
B) The less attractive a group appears to its members, the greater its ability to produce conformity.
C) Conformity is considerably lower when people must respond publicly.
D) Subtle or even unspoken social pressure results in conformity.

45) Classic experimental studies of conformity were conducted in the 1950s by

A) Solomon Asch.
B) Stanley Milgram.
C) Philip Zimbardo.
D) Leon Festinger.

46) In Asch's classic conformity studies, participants thought they were taking part in a study of

A) learning.
B) perceptual skills.
C) prison life.
D) visual learning.

47) In Asch's study on conformity, what percentage of the subjects conformed at least once when they knew their answer to be FALSE?

A) 10%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 75%

48) The social rank held within a group is termed

A) social support.
B) status.
C) groupthink.
D) social pressure.

49) Which of the following was a significant finding in the studies conducted by Asch on conformity?

A) Conformity is considerably high when people must respond publicly.
B) People working on ambiguous tasks and questions (those with no clear answer) are less susceptible to conformity.
C) Groups that unanimously support a position show the least pronounced conformity pressures.
D) Tasks at which an individual is less competent than others in the group make conformity less likely.

50) Which of the following is TRUE of the findings made by Asch on conformity?

A) The more attractive a group appears to its members, the lesser its ability to produce conformity.
B) Conformity is considerably higher when people must respond privately than it is when they can do so publicly.
C) There is less chance for conformity when an individual is less competent at a task than others in the group.
D) Groups that unanimously support a position show the most pronounced conformity pressures.

51) According to Asch's pioneering work on conformity, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Groups that unanimously support a position show the least pronounced conformity pressures.
B) Having just one person present who shares the minority point of view is sufficient to reduce conformity pressures.
C) Conformity refers to behavior that occurs only in response to direct social pressure.
D) The more attractive a group appears to its members, the lesser its ability to produce conformity.

52) In the context of conformity, which of the following statements is true of social supporters?

A) They yield to conformist pressures when asked questions of fact.
B) They tend to find their group highly attractive.
C) They agree with people who have dissenting views within a group.
D) Their presence most likely increases conformity pressures.

53) Which of the following statements is TRUE of groupthink?

A) Groupthink typically leads to excellent decisions.
B) In groupthink, members lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view.
C) Groupthink is most likely to occur when a weak leader is surrounded by people of powerful status.
D) In groupthink, groups increase the list of possible solutions and spend maximum time considering various alternatives.

54) ________ refers to a circumstance in which commitments to a failing point of view or course of action are increased to justify investments in time and energy that have already been made.

A) Catharsis
B) Fundamental attribution
C) Door-in-the-face effect
D) Entrapment

55) A petroleum company enacts a plan to stop the flow of oil from a broken rig. The plan is largely unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the company continues to promote and finance the plan. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example?

A) cognitive dissonance
B) foot-in-the-door effect
C) self-serving bias
D) entrapment

56) Which of the following statements is TRUE of social roles and social norms?

A) Social role refers to behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure.
B) Social roles are the expectations for people who occupy a given social position.
C) Conforming to a social role does not induce people to change their behavior in undesirable ways.
D) Social norms are less specific than social norms because they do not apply to particular social positions.

57) The influential "prison" study of the power of social roles was conducted by

A) Solomon Asch.
B) Stanley Milgram.
C) Philip Zimbardo.
D) Leon Festinger.

58) Which alternative below correctly defines a social influence concept?

A) conformity—a change in behavior in response to commands
B) compliance—a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure
C) obedience—a change in behavior or attitudes in order to follow social norms
D) conformity—a change in behavior or attitudes in response to direct social pressure

59) As a sales executive, Samuel usually tries to attract customers by convincing them to buy small electronic items, such as speakers or a DVD player. When he captures his customers' attention, he persuades them to buy larger, more expensive items, such as a television or a home theater system. In the context of the specific techniques that represent attempts to gain compliance, Samuel is most likely using the ________ in this scenario.

A) not-so-free sample
B) foot-in-the-door technique
C) door-in-the-face technique
D) that's-not-all technique

60) A magazine publisher asks you to commit to a brief trial subscription. Having committed to the trial subscription, you may be more likely to buy a full year-long subscription. This exemplifies the ________ compliance technique.

A) door-in-the-face
B) foot-in-the-door
C) foot-in-the-mouth
D) that's-not-all

61) The foot-in-the-door technique works because

A) of the effectiveness of the norm of reciprocity.
B) an incentive, discount, or bonus is always offered.
C) the first large request is always refused, and the smaller request is accepted.
D) involvement with the small request is likely to lead to an interest in an issue.

62) In the ________ technique, someone makes a large request, expects it to be refused, and follows it with a smaller one.

A) not-so-free
B) foot-in-the-door
C) door-in-the-face
D) that's-not-all

63) A man asks you for $10 as you walk down the street. You refuse. He then asks for $2. You give it to him. The man has used the ________ compliance technique.

A) door-in-the-face
B) foot-in-the-door
C) foot-in-the-mouth
D) that's-not-all

64) Suan, a 10-year-old, asks his mother for $15 to buy a new toy car. He knows that his mother will refuse. When she does refuse, he happily convinces her to give him $3 to buy his favorite chocolate milkshake. In the context of the specific techniques that represent attempts to gain compliance, Suan is most likely using the ________ technique in this scenario.

A) door-in-the-face
B) foot-in-the-door
C) foot-in-the-mouth
D) that's-not-all

65) Amelia owns a bakery. One of her selling strategies involves her offering to sell baked goods to customers at $2 apiece. She tells her customers that the baked goods actually cost $2.50 apiece, but she is offering to sell them at $2. She is able to convince her customers that she is selling them the baked items at a discounted price. In the context of the specific techniques that represent attempts to gain compliance, Amelia is most likely using the ________ in this scenario.

A) foot-in-the-door technique
B) door-in-the-face technique
C) that's-not-all technique
D) not-so-free sample

66) Filip loves to shop online. When browsing through retail websites, he usually buys products with deals that guarantee a reduction in the original prices of the products. However, what he does not realize is that retailers increase the prices of products and then display reduced prices on their websites to trick online shoppers. In the context of the specific techniques that represent attempts to gain compliance, such retail websites are most likely using the ________ in this scenario.

A) door-in-the-face technique
B) foot-in-the-door technique
C) not-so-free sample
D) that's-not-all technique

67) The ________ is based on the "norm of reciprocity."

A) that's-not-all technique
B) door-in-the-face technique
C) not-so-free-sample
D) foot-in-the-door technique

68) Dr. Greene studies ways to increase the safety of workers on offshore oil platforms. Dr. Greene is a(n) ________ psychologist.

A) developmental
B) social
C) cognitive
D) industrial-organizational

69) The classic "shock" study of obedience is associated with

A) Solomon Asch.
B) Stanley Milgram.
C) Philip Zimbardo.
D) Leon Festinger.

70) Milgram's participants were told that the study concerned

A) obedience.
B) visual perception.
C) learning.
D) problem solving.

71) Approximately ________ of the participants in Milgram's experiment eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator—450 volts—to shock the learners.

A) 35%
B) 50%
C) 65%
D) 75%

72) Which alternative correctly names the psychologist often associated with a given social influence concept?

A) conformity—Cialdini
B) compliance—Asch
C) obedience—Festinger
D) obedience—Milgram

73) ________ refers to a negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members.

A) Discrimination
B) Prejudice
C) Diffusion of responsibility
D) Reciprocity-of-liking effect

74) Discrimination refers to

A) a negative (or positive) evaluation of a particular group and its members.
B) a set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a particular group and its members.
C) behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
D) the consideration of individuals for their personal qualities and not their membership in a group.

75) Neil was selected for his college baseball team because of his racial origin. Which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

A) discrimination
B) reciprocity-of-liking effect
C) acculturation
D) diffusion of responsibility

76) Which of the following is an expectation about the occurrence of a future event or behavior that acts to increase the likelihood the event or behavior will occur?

A) reciprocity-of-liking effect
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy
C) diffusion of responsibility
D) entrapment

77) In Juanita's community, girls are not expected to enjoy or excel at mathematics. Juanita's algebra grades drop; by the time she is a high school junior, she enrolls only in consumer mathematics courses. Which concept does Juanita's example best illustrate?

A) cognitive dissonance
B) social identification
C) entrapment
D) the self-fulfilling prophecy

78) The ________ theory suggests that people tend to be ethnocentric, viewing the world from their own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership.

A) social identity
B) resource competition
C) observational learning
D) social neuroscience

79) As an adolescent, Travis realizes that he is gay. Immediately on coming out, he withdraws from his heterosexual friends and promotes positions that are more radical than those he formerly endorsed. He favors the "outing" of closeted public figures under all circumstances, and he argues that gays who wish to marry are imitating heterosexual values. Which account of prejudice does Travis' example illustrate most clearly?

A) cognitive categorization
B) resource competition
C) observational learning
D) social identity

80) The use of group membership to provide social respect produces an unfortunate outcome because we are likely to

A) inflate the negative aspects of our ingroup and, at the same time, devalue outgroups.
B) start thinking that our own group is better than groups to which we don't belong.
C) start viewing members of outgroups as superior to members of our group.
D) start prejudicing members of our ingroup and inflate the positive aspects of outgroups.

81) Dr. Neilson examines the structures in the human brain regarding social behavior. Dr. Neilson's work exemplifies the emerging field of

A) social cognition.
B) social neuroscience.
C) neuro-social psychology.
D) behavioral neuroscience.

82) The Implicit Association Test was developed because

A) people may not be consciously aware of their own racial attitudes.
B) people are very direct and frank while reporting their racial attitudes.
C) existing measures failed to tap into the emotional aspect of racial attitudes.
D) people do not censor their responses regarding their own racial attitudes.

83) Research using the Implicit Association Test reveals that ________% of participants show a pro-white bias. This ________ the results of research examining the activation of the amygdala in response to black faces.

A) 50; supports
B) 50; refutes
C) 90; supports
D) 90; refutes

84) Which of the following statements is TRUE of the Implicit Association Test?

A) The test is based on questions such as, "Would you prefer interacting with a member of Group X rather than Group Y?" that typically identify the most blatant prejudices.
B) The test makes use of the fact that people's automatic reactions often provide the most valid indicator of what they actually believe.
C) The test was developed in part, as a reaction to the frank and uncensored responses of people regarding their racial attitudes.
D) The test proves that people cannot be prejudiced if they do not know that they are engaged in it.

85) Which of the following statements reflects a criticism that has been leveled against the Implicit Association Test?

A) The test measures only conscious racial attitudes.
B) The test requires people to directly report their racial feelings.
C) The test suggests that having an implicit bias means that people will overtly discriminate.
D) The test proves that people cannot be prejudiced if they do not know that they are engaged in it.

86) Psychologists have found that prejudice and discrimination may be reduced by

A) decreasing contact among ingroup and outgroup members.
B) making values and norms against prejudice less conspicuous.
C) educating people about other groups.
D) encouraging stereotype vulnerability.

87) Courtney is enrolled in an advanced physics class at her high school. She is one of the three girls in the class, and she is aware of the notion that girls are poorer at math and science than boys. This knowledge may actually hinder Courtney's performance in the class as a result of

A) entrapment.
B) stereotype threat.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) diffusion of responsibility.

88) Which of the following is TRUE of the factors that initially attract two people to each other?

A) Chances are that one becomes bored of those who live geographically closest to him or her.
B) The less similar others are, the more we like them.
C) Repeated exposure to a person is often not sufficient to produce attraction.
D) Proximity leads to liking.

89) The reciprocity-of-liking effect means that we like

A) people we have seen repeatedly.
B) people who live nearby.
C) people similar to ourselves.
D) people who like us.

90) ________ involves a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another.

A) Companionate love
B) Affectionate love
C) Passionate love
D) Cathartic love

91) "But are you in love?" Lynette asks her friend. Lynette is trying to determine whether her friend is experiencing ________ love.

A) companionate
B) passionate
C) physical
D) cathartic

92) The love we feel for family members and close friends is termed ________ love.

A) committed
B) compassionate
C) companionate
D) consummate

93) Ten-year-old Joanne expresses her love for her mother every morning before she leaves to school. This is an example of ________ love.

A) romantic
B) passionate
C) consummate
D) companionate

94) According to Sternberg, the ________ component of love involves the initial thoughts that one loves someone and the longer-term feelings of commitment to maintain love.

A) intimacy
B) passion
C) decision
D) closeness

95) According to Sternberg, the ________ component of love includes feelings of closeness and connectedness.

A) intimacy
B) passion
C) decision
D) commitment

96) According to Sternberg, the ________ component of love includes the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance.

A) intimacy
B) passion
C) decision
D) closeness

97) Which of the following is suggested by Sternberg in his theory of love?

A) Different combinations of the three components vary over the course of relationships.
B) Sternberg proposes that love is not a necessary ingredient of marriage.
C) The love we feel for our parents, other family members, and even some close friends belongs to the category of passionate love.
D) Relationships are happiest in which the strength of the various components are different between the two partners.

98) Based on Sternberg's theory of love, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Relationships are happiest in which the strength of the various components is similar between the two partners.
B) Companionate love includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, and caring for the needs of another.
C) The intimacy component of love includes the initial thoughts that one loves someone and the longer-term feelings of commitment to maintain love.
D) The different combinations of the three components of love remain stable over the course of relationships.

99) According to instinct theories of aggression, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The shorter the energy builds up, the greater the amount of the aggression displayed when it is discharged.
B) Aggression is primarily the outcome of innate—or inborn—urges.
C) Aggression includes both intentional and unintentional injury to another person.
D) Instinct theories note the prevalence of aggression in animals but not in humans.

100) Which of the following was suggested by ethologist Konrad Lorenz regarding aggression?

A) Lorenz argued that aggression is a primary instinctual drive observed only in animals.
B) Lorenz believed that society should offer people acceptable ways of permitting catharsis.
C) Lorenz said that the shorter the energy builds up, the greater the amount of the aggression displayed when it is discharged.
D) Lorenz suggested that participation in aggressive sports and games would encourage the discharge of aggression in less socially desirable ways.

101) According to instinct theories of aggression, which of the following statements is most likely to be TRUE regarding aggression?

A) We have pent-up aggression that needs to be released on a regular basis.
B) Most children are not influenced by watching violent shows on TV.
C) We have very little influence over our own aggressive behavior.
D) Certain stimuli act as aggressive cues, making aggressive acts much more likely when the cues are present than when they are absent.

102) The likelihood that an individual will help someone in an emergency situation is ________ correlated with the number of other people present.

A) negatively
B) positively
C) not
D) curvilinearly

103) Which of the following is TRUE of people's tendency to help someone in an emergency?

A) When more than one person witnesses an emergency situation, the sense of diffusion of responsibility reduces among the bystanders.
B) The more people present in an emergency, the less personally responsible each individual feels.
C) When there are many potential helpers in an emergency situation, each individual feels substantial personal responsibility.
D) If there are many people present in an emergency situation, they believe that responsibility for intervening cannot be shared.

104) Roger screams for help as he is being beaten up by a goon on a street. There are about 15 people standing nearby. However, none of the bystanders comes forward to help Roger. This scenario representing lack of help illustrates

A) catharsis.
B) altruism.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) frustration.

105) The notion of a diffusion of responsibility is most usually applied to the study of

A) group decision making.
B) prosocial behavior.
C) aggression.
D) social influence.

106) While Jonathan is jogging in a park, he sees a small girl crying for help. He also sees many people standing nearby but not taking any action. This makes Jonathan wonder if the girl really needs help. According to the basic steps of helping, which of the following steps is not followed by Jonathan that eventually affects his helping behavior?

A) noticing a person, event, or situation that may require help
B) interpreting the event as one that requires help
C) deciding on and implementing the form of helping
D) assuming responsibility for helping

107) According to the basic steps of helping, during which of the following steps is there a possibility for the diffusion of responsibility to occur if others are present?

A) deciding on and implementing the form of helping
B) noticing a person, event, or situation that may require help
C) assuming responsibility for helping
D) interpreting the event as one that requires help

108) Behavior meant to help another person without regard for self-interest is known as

A) altruism.
B) reciprocity.
C) catharsis.
D) resilience.

109) Mark is a 25-year-old who is always willing to help people. He helps his colleagues at work, he helps his younger siblings with their homework, and he is always ready to help his relatives and friends. Mark helps everyone selflessly and does not expect any favors in return. In this scenario, Mark's behavior best illustrates

A) altruism.
B) reciprocity.
C) catharsis.
D) resilience.

110) Generally, which of the following is TRUE of moral decisions made by people?

A) There is no relation between moral decisions made by people and situational factors.
B) Most social psychologists agree that no single set of attributes differentiates helpers from nonhelpers.
C) Most psychologists believe that prosocial behavior always contains an element of self-sacrifice.
D) Psychologists using a neuroscience perspective believe that if the rational side wins out, we are less likely to take a logical view of moral situations.

111) Which of the following strategies is the most effective means of dealing with anger?

A) Never take another person's perspective on the situation.
B) Use language effectively by saying "you," not "I."
C) Fantasize about expressing your anger and act on it.
D) Minimize the importance of the situation.

112) Distinguish between the central and peripheral routes to persuasion.

113) Define cognitive dissonance. Review Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic demonstration of cognitive dissonance, being sure to identify the independent and dependent variables in their study. Suggest one real-world example potentially involving cognitive dissonance and indicate several ways that dissonance may be reduced in the situation you describe.

114) Social psychologists who are interested in the way people understand and make sense of others and themselves have learned that individuals have highly developed schemas. Describe the concept of schemas.

115) Identify and describe three attribution biases. Provide illustrative examples.

116) Discuss the characteristics of social influence and groups.

117) Define groupthink. Relate how groupthink might have contributed to the 2003 shuttle disaster. Suggest how groupthink and entrapment might have contributed to the decision to send American troops to Iraq in 2003 and to the decision to remain in Iraq.

118) Discuss the significant findings made by Asch on conformity.

119) Identify and define three compliance techniques. Provide examples of their potential use in advertising and sales.

120) Describe industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology.

121) Briefly outline the procedure of Milgram's classic obedience study. What were the results? Evaluate Milgram's procedure with respect to the ethical guidelines of contemporary psychology.

122) In the context of Milgram's classic experiment on obedience, explain why so many individuals complied with the experimenter's demands. Also, discuss the criticisms, if any, associated with Milgram's experiment.

123) Review the observational learning and social identity approaches to the origin of prejudice.

124) Determine whether the observational learning approach or the social identity approach provides a full explanation for stereotyping and prejudice. Explain social neuroscience as an increasingly important area in social psychology.

125) Describe the Implicit Association Test, or IAT.

126) Explain the results and the criticism of the Implicit Association Test, or IAT.

127) Identify and describe any three strategies for reducing prejudice and discrimination that psychologists have found to be effective.

128) Psychologists have developed several strategies that have proved effective in diminishing the effects of prejudice and discrimination. In the context of stereotype threat, describe the stereotypes faced by African Americans as suggested by social psychologist Claude Steele and the remedial action suggested by Steele.

129) Identify and describe three of the factors that contribute to one's initial liking for another person. Provide illustrative examples where appropriate.

130) Explain the two main types of love: passionate love and companionate love. Explain psychologist Robert Sternberg's differentiation between types of love.

131) Discuss the two major psychological theories regarding aggression. To what extent can we lessen human aggression, given these accounts?

132) Explain the frustration-aggression approaches and aggressive cues. Determine the kinds of stimuli that act as aggressive cues.

133) According to one of the models of the helping process, describe the four basic steps involved in the decision to give aid.

134) Identify several strategies that psychologists have suggested for the effective management of anger.