Prenatal Development And Birth Complete Test Bank Chapter 4

Student name:__________

1) As a toddler, Megan’s head size is disproportionately large in comparison to the rest of her body. This illustrates what principle of growth?

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) hierarchical
D) independence of systems

2) Like most infants, Jordan learns to throw before he learns to kick. Which principle best explains this developmental pattern?

A) proximodistal
B) dominant-recessive
C) cephalocaudal
D) biodynamic

3) Which of the following is the correct sequence of the cephalocaudal pattern of development?

A) head, neck, shoulders, middle trunk
B) middle trunk, shoulders, neck, head
C) trunk, arms and legs, hands, fingers and toes
D) fingers and toes, hands, arms and legs, trunk

4) Since development occurs in a cephalocaudal sequence, what can Sarah, an infant, control first?

A) legs
B) arms
C) head
D) hands

5) The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities is referred to as

A) the proximodistal pattern.
B) the cephalocaudal pattern.
C) hierarchical integration.
D) independence of systems.

6) When Roberto observes his two children drawing, he notes a striking difference in their motor behaviors. Two-year-old Mona makes crude drawings utilizing mostly upper-arm movements, whereas 6-year-old Mary makes very precise strokes utilizing fine finger movements. This difference is best explained by the ________ principle.

A) proximodistal
B) dominant-recessive
C) cephalocaudal
D) hierarchical

7) What is the average weight of a North American newborn?

A) 6 pounds
B) 7½ pounds
C) 8½ pounds
D) 9 pounds

8) What is the average length of a North American newborn?

A) 15 inches
B) 18 inches
C) 19 inches
D) 20 inches

9) At birth, Kelley weighed 8 pounds. Her mother became concerned when Kelley lost body weight, but her obstetrician assured her that most newborns do lose weight before they learn to adjust to neonatal feeding. About what percentage of body weight is lost before they make this adjustment?

A) 5–7 percent
B) 6–8 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 16 percent

10) Infants double their birth weight by 4 months of age. By what age do infants triple their birth weight?

A) 6 months of age
B) 10 months of age
C) 12 months of age
D) 18 months of age

11) Infants grow approximately 12 inches during their first year of life. How is this growing spread out over the year?

A) approximately 3 inches every other month
B) most of the 12 inches in the last 6 months
C) approximately 1 inch per month
D) in unpredictable spurts

12) Who is likely closest to half of her adult height?

A) Kara, who is 5 years old
B) Heather, who is 7 years old
C) Victoria, who is 4 years old
D) Ryan, who is 2 years old

13) In the preschool years, both boys and girls

A) slim down as the trunks of their bodies lengthen.
B) put on additional weight as the trunks of their bodies lengthen.
C) slim down, but the trunks of their bodies do not change.
D) put on additional weight, but the trunks of their bodies do not change.

14) Two important contributors to height and weight differences in children around the world are

A) environment and nutrition.
B) ethnic origin and gender.
C) environment and level of exercise.
D) gender and level of exercise.

15) To correct the problem of unusual shortness that results from congenital factors, the child is often treated with

A) nutritional supplements and injections.
B) hormones directed at bones and tissues.
C) hormones directed at the pituitary gland.
D) a program of physical exercise and nutrition.

16) The period of middle and late childhood—from about 6 to 11 years of age—involves

A) slow and consistent growth for both boys and girls.
B) a huge growth spurt for girls.
C) a huge growth spurt for boys.
D) slow and consistent growth for boys only.

17) Which of the following is the most pronounced physical change in middle and late childhood?

A) head circumference
B) waist circumference
C) leg length
D) proportional changes in relation to height

18) ________ is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that takes place in early adolescence for both boys and girls.

A) Growth hormone
B) Puberty
C) Physical challenge
D) Menarche

19) There are wide variations in the onset and progression of puberty. Which of the following is true?

A) Girls go through puberty, on average, between the ages of 10 and 14.
B) Boys go through puberty, on average, between the ages of 9 and 16.
C) There is no prediction of when puberty will begin or end—not even within a range of years or months.
D) There is an exact prediction of when puberty will begin.

20) In the United States, the average age of menarche, a girl’s first menstruation, is approximately ________ old.

A) 10 years
B) 12½ years
C) 15½ years
D) 18 years

21) The timing for the emergence of puberty is

A) environmentally determined.
B) completely related to stress.
C) completely related to nutrition.
D) programmed into the genes of every human being.

22) ________ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

A) Gonads
B) Structures
C) Hormones
D) Pituitary glands

23) Which of the following does NOT control the secretion of key hormones?

A) hypothalamus
B) menarche
C) gonads
D) pituitary gland

24) What group appears to be the LEAST happy with their own body image?

A) adolescent males
B) adolescent females
C) late-childhood males
D) late-childhood females

25) A major component of the neuroconstructivist view is that

A) both biological and environmental conditions influence brain development.
B) the brain has plasticity.
C) brain development is closely linked to a child’s cognitive development.
D) All answer choices are correct.

26) What makes up about 80 percent of the brain’s volume and covers the lower portions of the brain like a large cap, playing critical roles in many important human functions?

A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) cerebral cortex
D) myelin sheath

27) What area of the cerebrum is involved in hearing?

A) frontal lobe
B) parietal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) occipital lobe

28) A neuron is a(n) ________ cell that handles ________ at the cellular level.

A) transmission; information adaptation
B) underdeveloped; information transmission
C) nerve; information processing
D) nerve; interpretation of information

29) ________ are the tiny gaps between neurons where connections between axons and dendrites take place; as the infant develops, these connections between axons and dendrites proliferate.

A) Cerebrums
B) Synapses
C) Myelin sheaths
D) Nuclei

30) The layer of fat cells that encases most axons and helps nerve impulses travel faster is called the

A) cerebrum.
B) myelin sheath.
C) neurons.
D) dendrites.

31) ________ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.

A) Temporalization
B) Lateralization
C) Occipital divide
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

32) An injury that includes brain swelling and hemorrhaging and that affects hundreds of babies in the United States every year is called

A) neonatal mortality syndrome.
B) shaken baby syndrome.
C) post-traumatic stress syndrome.
D) attention decreasing syndrome.

33) It is difficult to study brain development in infants because

A) scans pose a radiation risk.
B) infants wiggle too much for the examinations.
C) the latest brain-imaging technologies can’t make out fine details.
D) All answer choices are correct.

34) A test that measures the brain’s electrical activity is called what?

A) PET
B) MRI
C) EEG
D) EKG

35) When are neural connections formed?

A) entirely at birth
B) early in life
C) around 10 years of age
D) around 25 years of age

36) Which of the following is true of brain growth in early childhood?

A) It involves no loss of tissue.
B) It is slower than it was in infancy.
C) It grows in a smooth arc without distinct bursts.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

37) Depressed brain activity has been found in children who grow up in a(n)

A) enriched environment.
B) large family.
C) deprived environment.
D) inflexible environment.

38) At birth, the newborn’s brain is about what percentage of its adult weight?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

39) The key developments of the brain in the first two years include the

A) personal contact cerebellum.
B) environment and genetics.
C) myelin sheath and dendrite connections.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

40) Myelination in the areas of the brain related to focusing attention is not complete until

A) middle or late childhood.
B) infancy.
C) infancy and middle to late childhood.
D) late adolescence.

41) When a 2-month-old can reach out and grab a small toy, what part of the brain is at work?

A) the prefrontal cortex
B) the cognitive control centers
C) the language control centers
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

42) From age 6 through puberty, the most dramatic growth in the brain takes place in the

A) temporal lobe.
B) parietal lobe.
C) temporal and parietal lobes.
D) frontal lobe.

43) In children from 6 years old to puberty, the most dramatic growth is in the areas of

A) language and spatial relations.
B) spatial relations and mathematics.
C) language and mathematics.
D) language and comprehension.

44) The region of the brain that controls judgment and continues to grow through early adulthood is the

A) corpus callosum.
B) cerebrum.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) cerebellum.

45) Which of the following is a brain development change during adolescence?

A) The prefrontal cortex finishes maturing.
B) The corpus callosum thickens.
C) The amygdala matures after the prefrontal cortex.
D) The amygdala reduces in volume.

46) Leading researcher Charles Nelson points out that while adolescents are capable of very strong emotions, their prefrontal cortex hasn’t developed to the point at which they can control their

A) speech.
B) motor skills.
C) passions.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

47) Newborns sleep ________ hours a day.

A) 10 to 11
B) 12 to 13
C) 14 to 15
D) 16 to 17

48) The most common infant sleeping problem has been identified as

A) night terrors.
B) night-time waking.
C) sleepwalking.
D) sleep talking.

49) REM refers to

A) nutritional needs in infancy.
B) reflexes and rhythmic motor behavior.
C) perceptual-motor coupling.
D) a recurring sleep stage.

50) Most adults spend about ________ of their time in REM sleep, whereas infants spend about ________ of their time in REM.

A) one-fifth; half
B) half; one-fifth
C) half; half
D) one-third; half

51) If Scarlett compared her overall sleep pattern with that of her 2-month-old infant son, the main difference that she would likely note is that her son spends more time ________ than she does.

A) in deep sleep
B) in REM sleep
C) sleeping during nighttime hours
D) following a rhythmic sleep pattern

52) Which of the following is NOT a benefit of shared sleeping?

A) promoting breast feeding
B) responding more quickly to the baby’s cries
C) evidence of greater brain development
D) detection of potentially dangerous breathing pauses in the baby

53) Risk of SIDS is highest at ________ months of age.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 4
C) 4 to 8
D) 6 to 8

54) The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that infants be placed to sleep

A) on their sides.
B) on their stomachs.
C) on their backs.
D) propped up with their heads higher than their feet.

55) Which statement is NOT true regarding young children and SIDS?

A) Soft bedding is not recommended.
B) There is no difference in the death rate of infants exposed or not exposed to secondhand smoke.
C) It is more common in groups of lower socioeconomic status.
D) The risk is higher for infants who have a sibling who died of SIDS.

56) Young children should have an average of ________ hours of sleep per night.

A) 9–11
B) 10–12
C) 11–14
D) 12–14

57) First- to fifth-graders should have an average of ________ hours of sleep per night.

A) 9–10
B) 9–12
C) 11–12
D) 12–13

58) In attempting to reduce resistance to going to bed for a young child, which of the following should NOT be used?

A) reading the child a story
B) having the child play hard just before bedtime in order to use up energy
C) giving the child a bath
D) letting the child sit on the caregiver’s lap to listen to music

59) Researchers have found that adolescents sleep an average of ________ hours and ________ minutes when given the opportunity to sleep as long as they like.

A) 4; 30
B) 6; 20
C) 7; 45
D) 9; 25

60) Adolescents experience a shift in ________ that delays the body’s time to sleep.

A) testosterone
B) melatonin
C) food intake
D) estrogen

61) If adolescents need more sleep before beginning their high-school day, which of the following should be done?

A) Ensure that the adolescent goes to bed by 9:30 p.m.
B) Shorten the school day, so the adolescent can take a small rest.
C) Start the school day later, so the adolescent can sleep in longer.
D) Make sure the adolescent has his or her own room so as not to be disturbed.

62) In the United States, unintentional injuries are the ________ cause of death in young children.

A) leading
B) second leading
C) third leading
D) fourth leading

63) ________ are the most common cause of severe injury and death in middle and late childhood.

A) Motor vehicle accidents as a passenger
B) Motor vehicle accidents as a pedestrian
C) Falls
D) Motor vehicle accidents as a passenger or pedestrian

64) Cancer is the ________ cause of disease-related deaths during childhood.

A) leading
B) second leading
C) third leading
D) fourth leading

65) An estimated ________ of children in the United States are living without health care.

A) 2 percent
B) 7 percent
C) 17 percent
D) 27 percent

66) UNICEF has concerns about feeding newborns and infants in

A) the United States.
B) countries where poverty rates are high.
C) Canada.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

67) The World Health Organization recommends

A) breast feeding over bottle feeding.
B) bottle feeding over breast feeding.
C) early introduction of solid foods.
D) breast feeding for the first two weeks only.

68) It is recommended that Mary’s infant son consume about ________ calories for each pound that he weighs.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100

69) Among 2- and 3-year-olds in the U.S., the most common vegetable consumed is

A) corn.
B) sweet potatoes.
C) French fries and other fried potatoes.
D) carrots.

70) In the United States, the percentage of obese children is highest among ________ children and lowest among ________ children.

A) African American, non-Hispanic White
B) non-Hispanic White, African American
C) Hispanic, Asian American
D) African American, Asian American

71) When feeding her infant son, Dawn follows the guidelines endorsed by most nutritionists. Thus, she tries to make sure that her 10-pound son takes in about ________ calories per day.

A) 100
B) 300
C) 500
D) 1,000

72) Because it is better than formula for the infant’s health, the World Health Organization strongly endorses breast feeding for

A) the first year of life.
B) six months or until the child naturally switches to solid foods.
C) the first two years of life.
D) the first three months of life.

73) Which of the following statements about breast feeding is true?

A) It can be unsanitary.
B) It helps immunize the newborn against disease.
C) Breast-fed babies do not gain weight as quickly as bottle-fed babies.
D) Most women find the practice disgusting.

74) Breast feeding can have which positive effect on children?

A) fewer infections
B) reduced asthma rates
C) reduced obesity rates
D) All answer choices are correct.

75) Which one of the following mothers can safely breast feed her baby?

A) the mother who is infected with AIDS
B) the mother who has already breast fed three of her other children
C) the mother who has active tuberculosis
D) the mother who is taking an unsafe drug that can be transmitted through her milk

76) Basima is a caring but uneducated mother living in rural Iraq. While watching television she sees images of healthy bottle-fed infants. In an attempt to provide the best nutrition for her 3-month-old son, she quits breast feeding and switches to formula. Unfortunately for Basima, the formula she uses is highly protein- and calorie-deficient. Given this information, her son will most likely

A) die of SIDS.
B) have delayed sensory development.
C) gain unwanted weight.
D) develop marasmus.

77) ________ is severe malnutrition caused by deficiency in ________ that appears between 1 and 3 years of age.

A) Marasmus; protein
B) Marasmus; vitamin C
C) Kwashiorkor; protein
D) Kwashiorkor; vitamin C

78) A 2008 study of U.S. children found that on average, children receive a third of their daily caloric intake from restaurants. This amount is ________ the percentage consumed away from home in the 1980s.

A) double
B) triple
C) quadruple
D) the same as

79) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding obesity in childhood?

A) Obesity increases medical and psychological problems.
B) Obese children can develop diabetes.
C) Obesity decreases the chance of high blood pressure.
D) Obesity can result in some exclusion from peer groups.

80) Obesity in childhood can be a result of

A) parents not being able to recognize the problem.
B) heavy screen time (like TV).
C) a lack of concern about the food ingested.
D) All answer choices are correct.

81) A medical risk that is common for overweight children is

A) diabetes.
B) high blood pressure.
C) increased cholesterol levels.
D) All answer choices are correct.

82) One behavior modification study found that requiring children to exercise in order to watch TV markedly

A) increased their TV viewing time.
B) increased their exercise.
C) increased their book reading.
D) increased their exercise and reduced their TV viewing time.

83) ________ play(s) an important role in preventing overweight children.

A) Gaming
B) Computers
C) Parents
D) iPads

84) Which of the following is a result of research studies examining young children’s exercise and activities?

A) About 5 percent of time that mothers and young children spend together is in moderate to vigorous physical activity.
B) Preschool children are more physically active if they live in unsafe neighborhoods.
C) Preschool children are mainly sedentary even when participating in outdoor play.
D) More screen time at 4 to 6 years of age was linked to lower weight levels.

85) Which of the following is true of the influence of parents, schools, and media on children’s physical fitness in the U.S.?

A) More screen-based activity has been linked with higher levels of depression.
B) A high level of daily screen-based activity does not often mean children get less exercise.
C) U.S. schools are required to provide daily physical education classes.
D) Parents’ exercise habits rarely have an influence on children’s levels of exercise.

86) Compare and contrast the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of growth.

87) Identify the most important factor contributing to differences in the height and weight of children around the world.

88) In physical development, a child will most likely experience a growth spurt. Explain the concept of growth spurt.

89) In the brain’s structure, each hemisphere of the cortex has four major areas called lobes. Name these lobes and explain the primary function of each.

90) Describe the difference between left-brain and right-brain thinking and whether or not it remains a valid distinction.

91) Name the activities that help shape the infant brain’s neural connections.

92) Compare the time spent in REM sleep by an adult to that of an infant.

93) Define sudden infant death syndrome.

94) List two threats to a child’s healthy development aside from illnesses and injuries.

95) Since the baby needs human milk or formula as a source of nutrients and energy, it is important that the parents decide on how the baby should be fed. What are the pros and cons of bottle feeding versus breast feeding?

96) Identify some of the cultural issues involved with bottle feeding infants.