Motor Sensory And Perceptual Development Test Bank Chapter 6

Student name:__________

1) The famous Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget used ________ for detailed cognitive observations leading to his research.

A) children from a university laboratory setting
B) children he interviewed carefully before accepting them
C) his own three children
D) children who were a part of a friend’s research in France

2) Piaget is associated with which of the following?

A) social-learning theory
B) cognitive developmental approach
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) observational theory

3) All of the following concepts EXCEPT ________ can be attributed to Piaget and his work on cognitive development.

A) imprinting
B) object permanence
C) conservation
D) centration

4) ________ are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

A) Cognitions
B) Schemes
C) Social impacts
D) Organizations

5) A scheme is best thought of as a

A) behavior.
B) symbolic image.
C) organizations of knowledge.
D) process of adjusting to new information.

6) According to Piaget, we adapt in what two ways?

A) thinking and organizing
B) differentiating and classifying
C) assimilation and accommodation
D) equilibration and disequilibration

7) Assimilation is to accommodation as

A) genetic is to environmental.
B) Piaget is to Freud.
C) cognitive is to social.
D) incorporating is to adjusting.

8) Four-year-old Tom learns to lift his stuffed cat up by the tail. After one painful attempt, Tom realizes that you should not use this behavior on a live cat. In Piagetian terms, Tom’s new knowledge involves

A) accommodation.
B) organization.
C) assimilation.
D) equilibration.

9) Twelve-year-old Jill traveled with her parents to a third-world country to volunteer at a mission. When she returned to her home in the United States, she had altered many of her ideas about what she valued. What Piagetian process was at work?

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) internalization
D) equilibration

10) Elizabeth, a 7-month-old infant, responds to holding her first orange by rolling it around on the floor just like she does with her blue rubber ball. This demonstrates what Piagetian process?

A) organization
B) equilibration
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

11) While strolling through the zoo with his mother, 5-year-old Tim sees a penguin for the first time. He stares at the animal for a while and then tells his mother, “See the wings and beak, that’s just some kind of bird.” From a Piagetian perspective, Tim’s behavior is best explained by

A) accommodation.
B) biodynamics.
C) assimilation.
D) equilibrium.

12) Five-year-old Marge watches other children playing in a sandlot. At first, she only understands swinging at the ball with a bat. Then she learns about running, catching, and pitching. Eventually, Marge develops a functional cognitive system called “playing baseball.” According to Piaget, Marge has achieved ________ of baseball information.

A) disequilibrium
B) organization
C) object permanence
D) a secondary circular reaction

13) Piaget argued that movement from one stage of thought to the next was triggered by

A) assimilation.
B) organization.
C) accommodation.
D) disequilibrium.

14) Frank is thoroughly confused when his father refers to his Aunt Susan as his sister Sue because according to Frank’s logic, a person cannot be both a sister and an aunt. Piaget would refer to Frank’s confusion as involving

A) assimilation.
B) organization.
C) accommodation.
D) disequilibrium.

15) ________ is a mechanism to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next. It is attained once children have solved the cognitive conflict and reached a balance.

A) Disequilibrium
B) Submission
C) Accommodation
D) Equilibration

16) If William is a preoperational-stage thinker and Mary is a concrete-operational thinker, which term would a Piagetian use to characterize the difference between William’s and Mary’s intellectual skills?

A) primary
B) secondary
C) quantitative
D) qualitative

17) What is the correct developmental sequence of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A) preoperational, formal operational, sensorimotor, concrete operational
B) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

18) What is Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational

19) If all you knew about Art was that he was having his first birthday, you would most likely predict that he ________ the sensorimotor stage of development.

A) has not yet entered
B) just entered
C) is halfway through
D) is no longer in

20) The main task during the sensorimotor stage involves

A) using language.
B) suppressing motor reflexes.
C) constructing an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motoric actions.
D) acquiring the processes of assimilation and accommodation.

21) What is the first substage of sensorimotor thought?

A) simple reflexes
B) tertiary circular reactions
C) first habits and primary circular reactions
D) secondary circular reactions

22) When do simple reflexes occur in Piaget’s four stages?

A) at the beginning of the concrete operational stage
B) at the beginning of the sensorimotor stage
C) at the end of the preoperational stage
D) at the end of the formal operational stage

23) According to Piaget, an infant’s first schemes consist of

A) reflexes.
B) symbols.
C) habits.
D) circular reactions.

24) Three-week-old Katherine has been breast fed but is now introduced to the bottle. She responds by modifying her sucking to adequately receive her milk. This illustrates what substage of sensorimotor thought?

A) simple reflexes
B) tertiary circular reactions
C) first habits and primary circular reactions
D) secondary circular reactions

25) Piaget’s sensorimotor substage of simple reflexes occurs

A) in the first month after birth.
B) between 1 and 4 months of age.
C) between 4 and 8 months of age.
D) between 8 and 12 months of age.

26) As 4-month-old Nina’s father picks her up, Nina begins to make sucking noises even though there is no breast or bottle present. From a Piagetian perspective, this is best explained as

A) symbolic functioning.
B) a reflex.
C) curiosity.
D) a habit.

27) When being fed peas, 3-month-old Teddy experiences unexpected pleasure when he accidentally spits them out of his mouth. Which subsequent reaction would demonstrate a primary circular reaction?

A) refusing to eat any more peas
B) spitting out the next mouthful of peas
C) laughing at his father who is feeding him
D) suppressing the spitting response and keeping the rest of his meal in his mouth

28) Six-month-old Claude kicks his crib really hard, causing the mobile above his head to shake. Fascinated by this reaction, he continues to kick his crib. Which substage of sensorimotor thought is Claude in?

A) secondary circular reactions
B) coordination of secondary circular reactions
C) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
D) first habits

29) In the fourth sensorimotor substage, coordination of secondary circular reactions, actions are more outwardly directed. In what age range would you expect the baby to be?

A) 4 to 6 months
B) 6 to 10 months
C) 8 to 12 months
D) 12 to 18 months

30) What sensorimotor substage occurs between 4 and 8 months of age?

A) secondary circular reactions
B) first habits and primary circular reactions
C) coordination of secondary circular reactions
D) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

31) Intentionality is achieved in the sensorimotor substage of

A) secondary circular reactions.
B) first habits and primary circular reactions.
C) coordination of secondary circular reactions.
D) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity.

32) Coordination of secondary circular reactions is to tertiary circular reactions as

A) a habit is to a schema.
B) pleasure is to pain.
C) intentionality is to exploration of novelty.
D) sensorimotor is to preoperational.

33) If an infant in the coordination of secondary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor development manipulates a stick in order to bring a desired toy within reach or knocks over one block to reach and play with another one, it would be an example of

A) object permanence.
B) intentionality.
C) coordination.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

34) In the ________ substage of sensorimotor development, infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things that they can make happen to objects.

A) object permanence
B) coordination of secondary circular reactions
C) secondary circular reactions
D) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

35) Piaget’s sensorimotor substage of internalization of schemes occurs between ________ months of age.

A) 1 and 4
B) 4 and 8
C) 12 and 18
D) 18 and 24

36) Which item does NOT belong?

A) first intentionality
B) enduring mental representations
C) internalization of schemes
D) primitive symbolic utilization

37) In which sensorimotor substage does an infant’s mental functioning shift from purely sensorimotor to symbolic and the infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols?

A) tertiary circular reactions
B) secondary circular reactions
C) coordination of secondary circular reactions
D) internalization of schemes

38) During an average day, 6-month-old Mercedes’s parents unwittingly subject her to tasks that challenge her object permanence abilities. Which would be the best example?

A) Her father tries to get her to imitate a sound that he is making.
B) Her mother accidentally drops a towel over a ball while Mercedes is playing with it.
C) Her father gives her a doll that she has never seen before.
D) Her mother tries to get her to begin to take formula from a bottle versus milk from a breast.

39) When an infant understands that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched, the infant has achieved

A) equilibration.
B) deferred imitation.
C) circular reactions.
D) object permanence.

40) How is object permanence studied?

A) by looking for symbolic activity
B) by watching infants’ reactions when an attractive object disappears
C) by watching to see if infants become bored
D) All answer choices are correct.

41) When 18-month-old Kayla was at her daycare center, she understood that her father would be picking her up at the end of the day. Kayla’s understanding that her father continues to exist even when he cannot directly be seen or heard demonstrates

A) egocentrism.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) object permanence.
D) the zone of proximal development.

42) James has been classified as having mastered the concept of object permanence, such that he would not make the A-not-B error. If a ball were shown to him, then hidden under a blue box, then moved underneath a red box, all while he was watching, James would likely

A) not search for the object.
B) search only under the blue box.
C) search under the blue box and then, when it is moved, search under the red box.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

43) ________ is a method used by researchers in which infants see an event happen as it normally would. Then the event is changed in a way that violates what the infant expects to see. When infants look longer at the event that violates their expectations, it indicates they are surprised by it.

A) Violation of expectations
B) Violation of organization
C) Removal of consequences
D) Removal of internalization

44) Researchers have studied Piaget’s theory and found that

A) his work was exceptional, with no errors.
B) infants develop object permanence and causal reasoning much earlier than what Piaget first thought.
C) a child cannot distinguish between letters of the alphabet.
D) during the search for an object, the infant looks in the old hiding place rather than the new one.

45) What is a criticism of studies that use how long infants look at different types of events as a measure of their understanding of how the world works?

A) Researcher bias is introduced through the design of what the infants look at.
B) It produces strain on infants that can be damaging to their health.
C) It may measure perceptual expectations rather than knowledge.
D) It may show unconscious, animalistic eye-tracking reflexes only.

46) The A-not-B error is best described as an object permanence concept, where

A) a child cannot distinguish between letters of the alphabet.
B) during the search for an object, the infant looks in the old hiding place rather than the new one.
C) during the search for an object, the infant will place the object in a new place.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

47) The idea that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems involving space, number sense, object permanence, and language is known as

A) research through connection.
B) the core knowledge approach.
C) assimilation.
D) accommodation.

48) Four-month-old Kiley is watching a puppet show with both a Mickey Mouse puppet and a Minnie Mouse puppet. When the curtain closes and reopens with only the Mickey Mouse puppet, Kiley looks longer, waiting for Minnie Mouse. This behavior demonstrates the concept of

A) assimilation.
B) accommodation.
C) research through connection.
D) core knowledge.

49) Internalized sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they had before done physically are called

A) schemes.
B) operations.
C) concepts.
D) symbols.

50) The preoperational stage extends from approximately

A) age 1 to age 3.
B) age 2 to age 4.
C) age 2 to age 7.
D) age 7 to age 11.

51) The preschooler is in what Piagetian stage of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) formal-operational thought
C) preoperational thought
D) concrete-operational thought

52) Courtney can count, and she knows that if she has an apple in each hand, she has two apples. If, however, you ask her to think about having an apple in each hand and then tell you how many apples she has, she cannot solve the problem. Courtney

A) is highly egocentric.
B) cannot perform operations.
C) is in the primary circular reaction sensorimotor substage.
D) is in the secondary circular reaction sensorimotor substage.

53) Two-year-old Ryan has just begun to “pretend” by imagining things that aren’t real. The best assessment of this ability is that Ryan

A) lacks object permanence.
B) possesses one of the key skills of a preoperational thinker.
C) appears to lack the ability to form a scheme.
D) is extremely gifted, since the ability to pretend does not typically emerge until 5 years of age.

54) Three-year-old Elizabeth scribbles a drawing and says, “The red sun is holding the cloud’s hand.” Elizabeth is in the

A) symbolic function substage of preoperational thought.
B) intuitive thought substage of preoperational thought.
C) coordination of secondary circular reactions sensorimotor substage.
D) internalization of schemes sensorimotor substage.

55) Three-year-old twins Gannon and Cole frequently engage in pretend play. This exemplifies

A) egocentrism.
B) operations.
C) intuitive thought.
D) symbolic function.

56) The symbolic function substage and the intuitive thought substage are substages of ________ thought.

A) concrete operational
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) formal operational

57) Which of 3-year-old Sarah’s activities provides the best example of the symbolic function substage of preoperational thought?

A) She takes a crayon, scribbles a big blob on a piece of paper, and says, “That’s you, Mommy!”
B) She says, “When Mommy leaves my room, I know that she’s still in the house!”
C) She actively searches for her favorite toy, even though it is partially covered by a blanket.
D) She is making cookies and says, “Those two cookies have the same amount of dough, even though one is thicker than the other.”

58) Which of the following is a limitation of preoperational thought?

A) egocentrism
B) animism
C) both egocentrism and animism
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

59) When Mark’s grandmother calls on the telephone to wish him a happy birthday, she asks him, “How old are you today?” Instead of saying anything, Mark holds up four fingers. His behavior is best explained as

A) intuitive.
B) egocentric.
C) excessive conservation.
D) a lack of object permanence.

60) The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective is called

A) animism.
B) egocentrism.
C) centration.
D) irreversibility.

61) Bob is a Piagetian studying the cognitive development of children. His utilization of a “three mountains task” would indicate that he is interested in

A) depth perception.
B) animism.
C) horizontal décalage.
D) egocentrism.

62) In Piaget’s three mountains task, a preoperational child is asked to select from a series of photos the one photo that most accurately reflects the view a doll is seeing. Children in the preoperational stage are most likely to pick

A) the doll’s view.
B) their view from where they are sitting.
C) the view from the mountains.
D) the view opposite from where the child is sitting.

63) While playing hide-and-seek with her brother, 2-year-old Tammy hid her face behind a pillow, although she remained in plain view. This illustrates what limitation of preoperational thought?

A) animism
B) centration
C) egocentrism
D) irreversibility

64) When asked to discuss weather, 4-year-old Willard says, “Rain happens whenever clouds get sad and cry.” This statement provides an example of

A) animism.
B) egocentrism.
C) centration.
D) object permanence.

65) Three-year-old Mary says, “The door made me mad; it pushed my thumb.” She is demonstrating

A) animism.
B) centration.
C) egocentrism.
D) irreversibility.

66) Four-year-old Christopher begins to use primitive reasoning and wants to know the answers to all sorts of questions. He is in what substage of preoperational thought?

A) intuitive thought
B) symbolic function
C) internalization of schemes
D) coordination of secondary circular reactions

67) Who is best identified as being in the intuitive thought substage of development?

A) Dan, who can remember a list of five shopping items
B) Sue, who keeps annoying her parents by asking, “How come...?”
C) Keith, who hit his sister, yet is only worried about what is going to happen to him
D) Missy, whose imaginary friend helps her deal with traumatic events

68) Which of the following is true of Piaget’s intuitive thought stage?

A) “How” and “why” questions become common around age 4.
B) At around age 6, children begin to pepper adults with “why” questions.
C) Children become aware of how they know what they know.
D) Around age 4, children gain the capacity to answer “what if” questions in a definitive way.

69) Whose entire conversational interaction with an adult would likely consist of the question “Why?”

A) a 2- or 3-year-old
B) a 4- or 5-year-old
C) a 7- or 8-year-old
D) a 9-year-old

70) ________ is part of the ________ stage indicated by focusing, or centering, attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

A) Decentration; sensorimotor
B) Animism; preoperational
C) Centration; preoperational
D) Irreversibility; sensorimotor

71) The focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others is called

A) animism.
B) centration.
C) egocentrism.
D) irreversibility.

72) George is presented with two identical beakers, and then he watches as the experimenter pours liquid from one beaker into a third beaker, which is taller and thinner than the first two. This is a test to see if George has achieved

A) conservation.
B) seriation.
C) classification.
D) object permanence.

73) Which of the following is/are NOT a characteristic of preoperational thought?

A) intuitive reasoning
B) egocentrism
C) symbolic thought
D) conservation skills

74) According to Piaget, passing which test is a sign that children are at the concrete operational stage?

A) the three mountains task
B) the conservation of liquid task
C) the seriation task
D) the symbolic function task

75) What type of reasoning characterizes the concrete operational thinker?

A) logical
B) intuitive
C) abstract
D) hypothetical

76) Two sticks are aligned in front of the child. The child agrees that they are the same length. The experimenter moves one stick to the right, then asks the child if they are equal in length. This is a task involving conservation of

A) matter.
B) area.
C) volume.
D) length.

77) While playing with some candy, 3-year-old Ruth places five chocolate pieces in one row and another five pieces in an identical row. She then accidentally pushes the end piece of candy in row one away from the rest. After staring at this new “longer” row, she decides to eat it because, “it now has more candy.” Ruth’s thinking is explained as the result of the inability to conserve

A) area.
B) length.
C) number.
D) volume.

78) The acquisition of reversibility is a cornerstone of which stage of Piagetian development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

79) When 6-year-old Megan spills a glass of pop, she looks down and realizes that the seemingly huge amount of liquid would actually fit back into her small glass. Megan’s conclusion provides an example of

A) reversibility.
B) sensorimotor logic.
C) classification.
D) hypotheticals.

80) Conservation and classification are accomplishments of which Piagetian stage of cognitive development?

A) preoperational stage
B) sensorimotor stage
C) concrete operational stage
D) formal operational stage

81) Which of the following illustrates the Piagetian concept of horizontal décalage?

A) A child attains object permanence.
B) A child acquires the ability to conserve number before being able to conserve volume.
C) A child is able to mentally reverse actions.
D) A child is able to engage in symbolic function.

82) When assessing the cognitive abilities of children, Dr. Jones finds that Ralph has the ability to conserve length but is still fooled by conservation-of-mass tasks. As a Piagetian, which term would Dr. Jones use to describe this phenomenon?

A) equilibration
B) disequilibration
C) adolescent egocentrism
D) horizontal décalage

83) ________ is the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension.

A) Seriation
B) Abstraction
C) Logic
D) Transitivity

84) ________ involves the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.

A) Seriation
B) Abstraction
C) Logic
D) Transitivity

85) Which of the following is NOT a feature of formal operational thought?

A) idealism
B) the appearance of abstract thinking
C) logical thinking
D) the appearance of seriation

86) Adolescence corresponds with which Piagetian stage of development?

A) formal operational stage
B) concrete operational stage
C) preoperational stage
D) sensorimotor stage

87) Who among the following is engaging in an activity that characterizes formal operations?

A) George, who is able to understand that his mother still exists even when he cannot see her
B) Barbara, who is thinking about what happened to her yesterday
C) Dan, who is thinking about talking
D) Kara, who is thinking about thought itself

88) Young Gino spends his days fantasizing about being the president of the United States, a sports hero, and a rock star. With which stage of Piagetian development is such idealized thinking often equated?

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) preoperational
D) formal operational

89) Which statement best exemplifies early formal operational thinking?

A) “Anything is possible.”
B) “If at first you don’t succeed, quit.”
C) “The mind is like a blank slate.”
D) “It’s time to worry about death.”

90) Concrete operational thought is to formal operational thought as

A) abstraction is to specific example.
B) logical reasoning is to hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
C) accommodation is to assimilation.
D) reflex is to internalization of schemes.

91) In Todd’s senior-level high-school science class, he and his science partner are conducting an experiment. Together, they are developing ways to solve their scientific problem and then systematically concluding which is the best path to follow. They are demonstrating their

A) abstract reasoning ability.
B) logical reasoning ability.
C) trial-and-error reasoning.
D) hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

92) ________ is Piaget’s formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems—such as an algebraic equation.

A) Concrete operational
B) Seriation
C) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D) Transitivity

93) Assimilation (incorporating new information into existing knowledge) ________ the initial development of formal operational thought; such thinkers perceive the world subjectively and idealistically.

A) inhibits
B) dominates
C) reverses
D) accelerates

94) Which of the following is NOT among the findings that challenge Piaget’s ideas on formal operational thought?

A) There is less individual variation in formal operational thought than Piaget believed.
B) Only about one out of three young adolescents is a formal operational thinker.
C) Many American adults never become formal operational thinkers.
D) Many adults in other cultures never become formal operational thinkers.

95) ________ is the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents, which is reflected in the belief that others are as interested in them as the adolescents are in themselves.

A) Adolescent egocentrism
B) Transitivity
C) Horizontal décalage
D) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

96) The imaginary audience and the personal fable are two parts of

A) organization.
B) equilibration.
C) adolescent egocentrism.
D) intuitive thought.

97) The imaginary audience is to the personal fable as

A) concern over others’ opinions is to the belief in one’s uniqueness.
B) formal operations is to postformal operations.
C) disequilibration is to egocentrism.
D) concrete is to abstract.

98) After getting her hair cut, 15-year-old Denise tells her mother, “I can’t go to school ever again because everyone is going to be laughing at my hair!” This aspect of adolescent egocentrism is called

A) the personal fable.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) idealistic thinking.
D) hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

99) An adolescent’s sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility is known as the

A) personal fable.
B) imaginary audience.
C) adolescent myth.
D) foundling fantasy.

100) After having unprotected sex with his girlfriend, 16-year-old Earl says, “I never worry about getting AIDS because tough guys like me are immune to those kinds of diseases.” This ill-fated thinking is reflective of

A) an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) horizontal décalage.
D) hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

101) Piaget contributed many ideas for educators in the classroom. Which one of the statements below is NOT among these contributions?

A) Teachers should use a constructivist approach.
B) Teachers should be facilitators.
C) Teachers should only assess students at the end to evaluate progress.
D) Teachers should turn the classroom into a setting of exploration and discovery.

102) Jean Piaget was a(n)

A) educator.
B) physician.
C) psychologist.
D) social worker.

103) ________ showed us some important things to look for in cognitive development, such as the shift from preoperational to concrete operational thinking.

A) Vygotsky
B) Freud
C) Skinner
D) Piaget

104) Dr. Richards is attempting to train 5-year-old Terry to reason at the concrete operational level. What is the most likely outcome of this training?

A) Despite what Piaget says, it can be done.
B) It can be done, but only if Terry is already in a state of horizontal décalage.
C) As argued, it cannot be done.
D) Dr. Richards would not have to do any training, since most 5-year-olds are concrete thinkers.

105) Neo-Piagetians argue that Piaget

A) was right on target with his theories and no changes should be made.
B) got some ideas right, but his theory needs considerable revision.
C) was all wrong and should not be applied today.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

106) Who proposed the zone of proximal development?

A) Piaget
B) Vygotsky
C) Perry
D) Gelman

107) Ten-year-old Fred receives a fly-fishing outfit for his birthday. At first he cannot put on a lure, cast the line, or reel it in correctly. With the help of his grandfather, Fred learns to master all of these skills within a month. From this description, you would know that

A) Fred is a preoperational thinker.
B) Fred’s thinking went from dualistic to realistic.
C) the fly-fishing skills were within Fred’s zone of proximal development.
D) fly-fishing skills involve a tertiary circular reaction.

108) According to Vygotsky, to maximize your understanding of child and adolescent development in this class, your instructor should

A) emphasize the importance of speech skills.
B) present all the information at the abstract level.
C) allow you freedom of thought without intervention.
D) present you with collaborative tasks and skills that are just beyond your current level of understanding and ability.

109) In which of the following descriptions is a teacher using the concept of the zone of proximal development?

A) offers a great deal of assistance
B) pushes the child ahead when he or she hesitates
C) doesn’t tell the child what to do next when he or she forgets the next step
D) observes the child’s intentions and attempts, providing support when needed

110) As a diligent parent, John has read many books on child development. One idea that he found especially fascinating was the zone of proximal development. How could he determine the lower limit of his daughter’s zone of proximal development concerning the letters of the alphabet?

A) determine her current stage of Piagetian development
B) record how many letters she can correctly identify on her own
C) record how many letters she can correctly identify after intensive adult assistance
D) give her a short-term memory task unrelated to letters of the alphabet

111) Each of the following children is trying to solve a complex story problem. Which would best be classified as being at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development?

A) Steve, who could never solve the problem
B) Ed, who is capable of solving the entire problem on his own
C) Frank, who rejects the help of all adults when he attempts to solve the problem
D) Bob, who, with the help of an adult, can solve the entire problem

112) According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is

A) changing the level of support when teaching a child.
B) adjusting the amount of guidance necessary to learn a skill.
C) giving direct instructions, if needed.
D) All answer choices are correct.

113) From Vygotsky’s perspective, of the following persons, the one engaging in a behavior that best indicates social competence is the one who

A) believes that he has lots of friends.
B) is behaviorally outgoing.
C) is talking privately to himself.
D) is able to classify people as “friends” and “not-friends.”

114) According to Vygotsky, language used for self-regulation is best conceptualized as

A) private speech.
B) being at the upper level of a person’s zone of proximal development.
C) unimportant.
D) occurring only after the attainment of concrete operational thought.

115) Who would be most likely to argue that the speech produced by 3-year-old Gina is socially-based and is a main guide of her behavior?

A) Jean Piaget
B) David Elkind
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Mary Ainsworth

116) Which of the following is a strong statement of Vygotsky’s ideas on private speech?

A) Children who use private speech are socially withdrawn.
B) Children who use private speech do so to govern their behavior and guide themselves.
C) Self-talk will never become second nature to children.
D) Inner speech is not a part of a child’s thoughts.

117) Which of the following is NOT among ways that Vygotsky’s theory can be incorporated into the classroom?

A) Teachers should use the zone of proximal development when teaching.
B) Teachers should rarely use scaffolding because it confuses the children.
C) Teachers should allow more-skilled peers to help out with the teaching.
D) Teachers should encourage the use of private speech with their students.

118) If a teacher were using a child’s zone of proximal development in teaching, he would start at

A) the upper limits of ability.
B) the lower limits of ability.
C) the medium level of ability.
D) any level, because it does not relate to the zone of proximal development (ZPD).

119) Which statement does NOT fit the description of a Vygotskian classroom?

A) Assessment should focus on determining the child’s zone of proximal development.
B) Children might read a story and then interpret its meaning.
C) All instruction is in large groups.
D) More skilled peers might be used as teachers.

120) For Piaget, children construct knowledge by transforming, organizing, and reorganizing previous knowledge. However, Vygotsky sees it differently. How does he believe children construct knowledge?

A) through private speech
B) through scaffolding experiences
C) through social interactions with others
D) All answer choices are correct.

121) ________ view of the importance of sociocultural influences on child development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate contextual factors in learning.

A) Vygotsky’s
B) Piaget’s
C) Freud’s
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

122) Which statement is NOT a criticism of Vygotsky’s theory?

A) Scaffolding is an extremely important strategy in the elementary school classroom.
B) There is an overemphasis on language in thinking.
C) The parent could become controlling.
D) Some children may be lazy and expect help when they could actually do the work.

123) Jean Piaget’s idea of the adaptation process involves the terms assimilation, accommodation, and disequilibration. Explain, through the use of an example, how a child can go through the adaptation process. Apply all three terms in your answer.

124) Jean Piaget has a set of stages that support cognitive development. Explain how a child moves from birth through adulthood by means of these stages. Use the names of the stages in your answer.

125) Describe the differences between egocentrism and animism and provide an example of each.

126) David Elkind believes that adolescent egocentrism can be dissected into two types of social thinking: imaginary audience and personal fable. Explain, through the use of examples, the two types of social thinking referred to by Elkind.

127) Identify and describe three of the six ways that Piaget has contributed to the field of education.

128) Describe three different things a person would see in a second-grade classroom designed using Jean Piaget’s approach to learning.

129) Compare and contrast Jean Piaget’s theory with that of Lev Vygotsky.

130) Describe the zone of proximal development and one example of this form of learning.

131) Describe four different things a teacher would do in a classroom based on Vygotsky’s theory.