Physical Development And Health Exam Prep Ch.5

Student name:__________

1) The stories of Stevie Wonder and Andrea Bocelli address the point that

A) in extreme cases people with disabilities can succeed in everyday life.
B) people who are blind are most likely excellent singers.
C) children who lose one channel of sensation often compensate for their loss by enhancing their sensory skills in another area.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

2) Who is associated with the dynamic systems view of how people develop their motor skills?

A) Arnold Gesell
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Jean Piaget
D) Erik Erikson

3) Gesell believed that motor development came about through the unfolding of a genetic plan called

A) organogenesis.
B) maturation.
C) memory.
D) an activity plan.

4) In order to develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to finely tune their movements. This is the same as saying

A) perception is not important to motor development.
B) motivation is only a very small part of motor development.
C) motor skills represent solutions to the infant’s goals.
D) motor skills represent complete withdrawal.

5) According to the dynamic systems view, even universal milestones, such as crawling, reaching, and walking, are learned through the process of

A) accomplishment.
B) adaptation.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

6) Which of the following are built-in reactions to certain stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements?

A) reflexes
B) habits
C) reactions
D) responses

7) What reflex would you expect of a newborn’s introduction to being immersed in water?

A) The newborn would sink to the bottom largely without movement.
B) The newborn would initiate a rooting reflex.
C) The newborn try to breathe and take in water.
D) The newborn would contract his or her throat to keep water out.

8) Calvin notices that whenever his newborn son’s cheek comes in contact with a soft blanket, his son turns toward the blanket and makes a sucking motion. Calvin’s friend explains that this is in part due to the

A) Moro reflex.
B) Babinski reflex.
C) rooting reflex.
D) grasping reflex.

9) Kiley was born with the reflex to obtain food—the ________ reflex.

A) movement
B) rooting
C) sucking
D) Moro

10) Gannon reacted to the pan dropping on the floor by arching his back and throwing his head, arms, and legs out, which demonstrates what reflex?

A) movement
B) rooting
C) sucking
D) Moro

11) When 3-year-old Mario plows his tricycle into the side of his 1-month-old brother Michael’s crib, what response will Michael likely show?

A) Moro reflex
B) Babinski reflex
C) grasping reflex
D) rooting reflex

12) Which of the following reflexes is permanent?

A) rooting
B) stepping
C) blinking
D) grasping

13) What eating/nourishment reflexes tend to disappear around 3 to 4 months of age?

A) sucking and tonic neck
B) sucking and rooting
C) Moro and rooting
D) tonic neck and rooting

14) When Carmen touches a rattle to her baby’s palm, the baby’s hand automatically closes around it. Based on this description, you should conclude that this infant is under ________ old and is demonstrating the ________ reflex.

A) 3 months; grasping
B) 6 months; Moro
C) 2 months; Babinski
D) 6 months; Babinski

15) If you touch an infant’s palms, you will elicit the ________ reflex.

A) rooting
B) Moro
C) grasping
D) Babinski

16) What percentage of children continue to suck their thumbs after they have started school?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 80 percent

17) Parents proudly announce milestones such as crawling, sitting alone, and first steps. These milestones

A) show that a child is transforming from baby to toddler.
B) make sure that no other child is doing as well as their child.
C) intimidate other parents who have slower children.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

18) Learning how to ________ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell humans where we are in space.

A) eat
B) use correct posture
C) solve cognitive problems
D) use only fine motor skills

19) Which statement is NOT true regarding posture in babies?

A) Infants can hold their head erect after a few months.
B) By 2 months of age, babies can sit while supported on someone’s lap.
C) By 6 or 7 months, babies should be able to sit independently.
D) By 8 to 9 months, babies can usually pull themselves up and hold onto a chair.

20) When a child learns how to walk, which two of the following are closely linked?

A) locomotion and eye-hand coordination
B) postural control and language
C) locomotion and postural control
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

21) Which of the following abilities is needed in order to walk upright?

A) balancing on one leg while the other is swinging forward
B) shifting weight from one leg to another
C) taking steps that are at least 10 inches apart
D) both balancing on one leg and shifting weight from one leg to another

22) At what age would a child be expected to walk alone easily?

A) 6–8 months
B) 8–9 months
C) 11–14 months
D) 15–17 months

23) When a child takes large steps that can exceed their leg length, it may mean they

A) have increased balance and strength.
B) are early risk takers.
C) have early signs of ADHD behavior.
D) lack all sense of balance.

24) Child development experts believe that motor activity during the second year is vital to the child’s competent development, and a child should have

A) as many restrictions as possible.
B) few restrictions except for safety.
C) restrictions on social development only.
D) no restrictions.

25) When cultural variations in guiding infants’ motor development occur, such as stroking, massaging, or stretching, the infants

A) often reach motor milestones later than children without similar physical stimulation.
B) often reach motor milestones at the same time as children without similar physical stimulation.
C) often reach motor milestones earlier than children without similar physical stimulation.
D) are not consistent enough in their activity to draw a conclusion.

26) A common practice in sub-Saharan African villages involves mothers and siblings engaging babies in exercise of _______ muscles.

A) trunk
B) pelvic
C) both trunk and pelvic
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

27) What division of childhood is Rafael in if he can demonstrate all of the following skills: running, climbing, skipping rope, swimming, bicycle riding, and skating?

A) toddlerhood
B) early childhood
C) elementary grades
D) both toddlerhood and elementary grades

28) Which statement is true regarding elementary school children?

A) Generally they have difficulty in sitting and paying attention for short periods of time.
B) They are as physically fit as they will ever be.
C) They become more fatigued by long periods of sitting than by running and jumping.
D) They can engage better in passive learning than in active learning.

29) Children’s participation in sports can provide

A) exercise.
B) opportunities to learn how to compete.
C) positive self-esteem.
D) All answer choices are correct.

30) What could be a negative outcome of participating in sports?

A) stressful experiences
B) pressure to achieve and win
C) physical injury
D) All answer choices are correct.

31) Coaches of children’s sports should do all of the following EXCEPT

A) make sports fun.
B) show respect for a child’s sports participation.
C) insist that the child have a change in attitude toward effort.
D) be a good role model.

32) Which one of the following is a positive action to take if you are a coach of children’s sports?

A) You should yell at the children to get them to perform at the highest capability.
B) You should compare the child to siblings or to more talented children.
C) You should equate sports with work.
D) You should allow children to ask questions about the sport and discuss calmly and supportively.

33) Which of the following is NOT a fine motor skill?

A) grasping a toy to play
B) using a spoon to eat
C) running across the toddler playground
D) zipping a jacket to go play outside

34) Infants hardly have any control over fine motor skills at birth. Which of the following is true of learning to reach and grasp?

A) Sensory cues do not guide reaching by a 4-month-old infant.
B) An infant does not have to see his or her own hands in order to reach for an object.
C) An infant does not try to coordinate thumb and forefinger.
D) An infant’s grasp of objects will not vary with different sizes of objects.

35) With regard to grasping, ________-month-olds are more likely to touch to determine how they will grip an object, whereas ________-month-olds are likely to use vision as a guide.

A) 4; 8
B) 8; 4
C) 2; 3
D) 10; 12

36) Kiley is a 3-year-old in preschool. She is learning to play ball with a ball glove that has Velcro inside and a ball that will stick to the glove. This toy would be representative of the research with infants called sticky

A) ball.
B) toy.
C) glue.
D) mittens.

37) Jacob is 4 years old. Which of the following best describes his fine motor skills?

A) He sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each block perfectly.
B) He has lost some interest in building towers because he wants to build a house or store.
C) His fine motor skills are much more precise than they were at 3 years of age.
D) Although he sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each block perfectly, he has fine motor skills that are more precise than when he was 3 years of age.

38) By age ________, children begin to show manipulative skills similar to the abilities of adults.

A) 6–8
B) 8–10
C) 10–12
D) 12–14

39) Sensation is to perception as

A) vision is to hearing.
B) transmission is to interpretation.
C) dominant is to recessive.
D) gross motor is to fine motor.

40) The interpretation of what is sensed is called

A) sensation.
B) perception.
C) stimulation.
D) habituation.

41) When sound waves produced by an animal excite receptors in 2-year-old Ben’s ears, ________ has occurred. When that sound is identified as being the “moo” of a cow, ________ has occurred.

A) sensation; perception
B) basic perception; intermodal perception
C) perception; sensation
D) reception; sensation

42) According to Eleanor and James Gibson, we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us. Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it. These ideas support the

A) Freudian view.
B) social emotional view.
C) ecological view.
D) ethological view.

43) According to the Gibsons’ ideas, which of the following is an affordance?

A) A pot may afford you with something in which to cook.
B) A pot may afford you with something on which to bang.
C) A chair may afford you with something on which to sit.
D) All answer choices are correct.

44) Robert Fantz placed infants in a “looking chamber” that had two displays on the ceiling above the infant’s head. This approach is used to study a child’s

A) visual acuity.
B) pattern perception.
C) color vision.
D) perceptual constancy.

45) If you visited Robert Fantz’s vision lab you would most expect to see a

A) looking chamber.
B) Strange Situation paradigm.
C) visual cliff.
D) photographic dome.

46) Studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli is referred to as the visual ________ method.

A) discrimination
B) preference
C) covering
D) cognition

47) ________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.

A) Habituation
B) Dishabituation
C) Discrimination
D) Situation paradigm

48) ________ is the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.

A) Habituation
B) Dishabituation
C) Discrimination
D) Situation paradigm

49) Which of the following is/are among the measures researchers might use in studies of infants’ perceptual abilities?

A) sucking behaviors
B) heart rate
C) respiration
D) All answer choices are correct.

50) To assess an infant’s attention to sound, researchers often use a method called

A) high-attitude sucking.
B) disinterested sucking patterns.
C) high-amplitude sucking.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

51) New and sophisticated eye-tracking technology has many researchers excited because it allows for measurement of which very important indicator of infant perceptual and cognitive development?

A) looking time
B) orientation
C) high-amplitude vision
D) face perception

52) The recent use of infant eye-tracking headgear allows researchers to measure memory, joint attention, and facial processing as a possible predictor of

A) autism.
B) seizures.
C) depression.
D) schizophrenia.

53) The newborn’s vision is estimated to be ________ on the well-known Snellen chart used for eye examinations.

A) 20/20
B) 20/40
C) 20/100
D) 20/240

54) If Chad is ________ old, you would expect that he looks at different things for different lengths of time. He prefers pattern displays rather than nonpattern displays.

A) 1 month
B) 2 months
C) 3 months
D) between 2 and 3 weeks

55) Possibly as early as 4 weeks, babies can distinguish between ________. They have color preferences that mirror those of adults by 4 months of age.

A) blue and red
B) red and green
C) yellow and green
D) red and black

56) ________ is when sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.

A) Size constancy
B) Shape constancy
C) Perceptual constancy
D) Depth perception

57) The two types of perceptual constancy are

A) monocular and size.
B) binocular and shape.
C) monocular and binocular.
D) size and shape.

58) ________ is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes.

A) Size constancy
B) Shape constancy
C) Perceptual constancy
D) Depth perception

59) ________ is the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes.

A) Size constancy
B) Shape constancy
C) Perceptual constancy
D) Depth perception

60) Scott Johnson did research in the area of perception of occluded objects. In his research he found that learning, experience, and self-directed exploration via eye movements play key roles in the development of ________ completion in young infants.

A) constancy
B) perceptual
C) size
D) sensational

61) Research completed with infants 5 to 9 months of age using a bouncing ball and perception with a gradually occluded wall found that infants were more likely to predict the path of the ball when it

A) disappeared gradually.
B) disappeared suddenly.
C) disappeared abruptly.
D) imploded.

62) What question were Gibson and Walk investigating by constructing a miniature cliff with a drop-off covered by glass in their laboratory? (They placed infants on the edge of this visual cliff and the infants’ mothers coaxed them to crawl onto the glass.)

A) How fast can a young child crawl?
B) Can a young child be separated from his mother without concern?
C) How early in life does depth perception develop?
D) Does a child become upset when being tested when the mother does not physically hold the child?

63) How early in life have children been shown to discern depth with “binocular” clues?

A) 3–4 months old
B) 5–6 months old
C) 1 year old
D) 18 months old

64) What would we expect from Lisa, who is 8 months old, as she views a regularly, gradually alternating (such as left, right, left, right) series of pictures?

A) Lisa would begin to anticipate the location of the picture, looking at the side on which it was expected to appear.
B) Lisa would not at all be interested in anticipating where the picture would appear next.
C) Lisa would just reach out to touch the picture.
D) Lisa would have difficulty focusing on the movement.

65) At about 4 or 5 years old, most children’s eye muscles are developed enough for them to move their eyes efficiently across a series of letters. What, then, would we expect of a child who is entering the first grade at 6 years old?

A) The child will not be able to focus far away.
B) The child at this age is farsighted.
C) The child can focus his or her eyes and sustain the attention effectively on close-up objects.
D) Although the child at this age is farsighted, the child can focus his or her eyes and sustain the attention effectively on close-up objects.

66) When Dr. Seuss’ classic story The Cat in the Hat is read to a child in the mother’s womb, according to a recent research project, the

A) infant later, after birth, appears to prefer hearing that story.
B) infant later sucks on a nipple in a different way when the mother reads the story.
C) infant’s brain shows a remarkable ability to learn even before birth.
D) All answer choices are correct.

67) Pitch is the perception of the frequency of a sound. Infants

A) are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds.
B) are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.
C) have no ability to distinguish sounds with different pitches until about 3 years old.
D) are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds and are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.

68) When Derrick can detect the origin of a sound, he is

A) familiarizing.
B) localizing.
C) sequencing.
D) originating.

69) Which of the following is true of the development of face perception?

A) Infants are born with an innate ability to recognize faces.
B) By 3 months of age, infants begin to show an interest in human faces.
C) As infants age, they give more preference to salient background stimuli in videos than to human faces.
D) By 4 months of age, infants match voices to faces.

70) In the past, why was it assumed that no anesthesia was necessary to perform operations on newborns?

A) It was believed to be dangerous to give a newborn anesthesia.
B) It was believed that newborns did not feel pain.
C) The expense was too great.
D) Not only was it believed to be dangerous to give a newborn anesthesia, but it was also believed that newborns did not feel pain.

71) Regarding smell, newborns’ facial expressions indicate that

A) they do not differentiate odors.
B) they do differentiate odors.
C) they can clearly show a preference for certain odors.
D) not only can they differentiate orders, but they can clearly show a preference for certain odors.

72) What smell do newborns NOT like?

A) strawberry
B) vanilla
C) fish
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

73) A baby as young as ________ can differentiate between the smell of his mother’s breast milk from the nursing pad and that of a clean pad.

A) 1 day old
B) 6 days old
C) 10 days old
D) 2 weeks old

74) Sensitivity to taste is present in an infant

A) before birth.
B) at 1 month.
C) at 3 months.
D) at 6 months.

75) ________ involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing.

A) Taste
B) Smell
C) Intermodal perception
D) Elementary perception

76) A researcher showed a 4-month-old infant two films simultaneously. In each film, a puppet jumped up and down, but in one of the films the soundtrack matched the puppet’s dancing movements and in the other film it did not. By measuring the infant’s gaze, she found the infant looked more at the puppet whose actions were synchronized with the soundtrack, which is an example of ________ perception.

A) mono
B) solo
C) intermodal
D) elementary

77) ________ forms of intermodal perception exist in newborns.

A) Intermediate
B) Early, exploratory
C) Excellent, developed
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

78) The main thrust of research in Esther Thelen’s ________ is to explore how people assemble motor behaviors for perceiving and acting.

A) dynamic systems approach
B) ecological
C) perception–cognition
D) perception–motor coupling

79) The main theme of the ________ approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is to discover how perception guides action.

A) dynamic systems
B) ecological
C) perception–cognition
D) perception–motor coupling

80) Watching an object while exploring it manually helps infants to discriminate its texture, size, and hardness. This is an example of how ________ educates ________.

A) perception; action
B) action; perception
C) perception; a verbal response
D) action; a withdrawal from the object

81) Which of the following statements is true?

A) Perceptual and motor development do not occur in isolation from one another but instead are coupled.
B) Perceptual and cognitive development do occur in isolation and are not coupled.
C) Perceptual development is always displayed separately.
D) Motor development is always displayed separately.

82) Explain the dynamic systems view of the development of motor skills.

83) Name and define four reflexes that are present at birth.

84) Describe the milestones in gross motor coordination in the first year of life and the sequence in which the baby will reach them.

85) Compare and contrast the gross motor activities of a preschool child to a child in grade school.

86) Compare and contrast the fine motor activities of an infant, a preschool child, and a grade-school child.

87) Explain the difference between sensation and perception.

88) Describe the difference between habituation and dishabituation.

89) List five different factors relating to the vision of an infant.

90) List and describe three different changes that take place in an infant’s hearing.

91) Identify two reasons operations on infants were performed in the past without any anesthesia.

92) Compare and contrast the Gibsons’ ecological view and Piaget’s constructivist view.

93) Describe the concept of intermodal perception and how it develops and advances in infancy and childhood.

94) Describe and give two examples of the perceptual-motor coupling of an infant.