Moral Development Exam Prep Ch.14

Student name:__________

1) The story about Shelley Peterman Schwarz, who was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, sends what message to people with disabilities when raising a family?

A) You have a greater possibility of raising children who are extremely dependent.
B) Raising a family that includes someone with a disability is not always the worst thing in the world.
C) Parent-child relationships suffer greatly if the parent has a disability.
D) You cannot help but let the disability interfere with the relationship between child and parent.

2) Urie Bronfenbrenner analyzes the social contexts of development in terms of five environmental systems. Which of the following correctly lists these systems?

A) microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
B) microsystem, cultural system, mesosystem, exosystem, sociohistorical system
C) microsystem, mesosystem, chronosystem, sociohistorical system, macrosystem
D) mesosystem, chronosystem, sociohistorical system, macrosystem, physiosystem

3) The ________ is often described as the setting in which the individual lives, such as a family, the world of peers, schools, and work.

A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) chronosystem

4) Today, parent-child interactions are viewed as a mutual synchrony, which means they are

A) complex.
B) reciprocal.
C) unidirectional.
D) interchangeable.

5) Parental behavior that adjusts to fit the children’s efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they relied only on their own abilities, is called

A) bonding.
B) scaffolding.
C) mutuality.
D) reciprocity.

6) Derek has just invented a new game to play with his 18-month-old daughter, Beth. In the game, Derek distorts his facial features and makes an unusual noise. Then, it’s Beth’s turn to do the same thing. This activity, which is enjoyed by both Beth and Derek, illustrates

A) launching.
B) scaffolding.
C) possible selves.
D) negative reinforcement.

7) Infants who have more extensive scaffolding experiences with their parents are more likely to

A) take turns as they interact with their peers.
B) engage in scaffolding with their own children.
C) be securely attached.
D) have easy temperaments.

8) What is NOT true of scaffolding?

A) It is interactive.
B) It promotes competence.
C) It often involves simple games like peek-a-boo or patty-cake.
D) It occurs exclusively within a parent-infant dyad.

9) Staci is a happy infant who smiles easily and is content to be left in her crib. As a result, her parents are more relaxed and really enjoy spending time playing with her. This is an example of

A) modeling.
B) scaffolding.
C) automaticity.
D) reciprocal socialization.

10) When a parent-child interaction is said to be based on reciprocal socialization, it means that

A) both genetic and environmental factors underlie the behavior.
B) the parent is using both positive and negative consequences.
C) the parent’s behavior influences the child and the child’s behavior influences the parent.
D) the child has both a mother and a father living in the household.

11) Reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes are sometimes referred to as being

A) transferrable.
B) trending.
C) transactional.
D) tempting.

12) While Emily is very shy, her parents are very outgoing. Her parents’ extroverted behavior influences her to be less shy and she, in turn, makes overtures to them. This illustrates

A) scaffolding.
B) bonding.
C) attachment.
D) reciprocal socialization.

13) The mother-father-child grouping represents a ________ subsystem.

A) dyadic
B) polyadic
C) polymorphous
D) multiple-factor

14) Studies show that when parents report more intimacy and better communication in their marriage, children benefit by the fact that

A) the parents are more affectionate with their children.
B) there is an improvement in parenting.
C) children have fewer adjustment problems.
D) All answer choices are correct.

15) ________ is/are central to understanding how family processes work.

A) Emotion
B) Cognition
C) Both emotion and cognition
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

16) An advantage to having children while the parents are in their twenties is that

A) the parents have more physical energy.
B) the mothers have fewer medical problems with childbirth.
C) the parents have fewer preconceived expectations of their children.
D) All answer choices are correct.

17) An advantage to having children while the parents are in their thirties is that the parents

A) are better established in their careers.
B) are in better financial condition.
C) are more mature.
D) All answer choices are correct.

18) A child’s ability to respond appropriately to danger and to engage in self-regulation of distress is an aspect of which domain in the domain-specific view of parenting?

A) protection
B) reciprocity
C) guided learning
D) control

19) A child conforming to cultural group practices and values that provide the child with a sense of social identity is an aspect of which domain in the domain-specific view of parenting?

A) guided learning
B) group participation
C) reciprocity
D) control

20) A child’s development of moral and principled behavior is an aspect of which domain in the domain-specific view of parenting?

A) guided learning
B) group participation
C) reciprocity
D) control

21) Media and technology play a role in the family by

A) encouraging time spent watching television instead of with family.
B) helping kids experience the wider world.
C) Both are correct: Media and technology encourage time watching television instead of being with family; and they help kids experience the wider world.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

22) Which of the following is most likely to occur with children and adolescents of families that migrate to another country?

A) They will acculturate at roughly the same rate as their parents.
B) They will become combative with their parents and are likely to try to leave home.
C) They will diverge most quickly from their parents on issues of autonomy and romantic relationships.
D) Because they lack the need to work, they will not acculturate as quickly as their parents.

23) Family structural changes can be seen in many parts of the world and especially in western industrial countries, reflecting a

A) hodgepodge of family structures.
B) greater number of divorced families.
C) greater number of remarried families.
D) All answer choices are correct.

24) When dealing with a 2-year-old son and a 5-year-old daughter, a competent parent would

A) attempt to treat them the same.
B) adapt to the special needs of each child.
C) discourage a lot of interaction between the two siblings.
D) be more nurturing with the daughter and more analytical with the son.

25) The Bringing Home Baby project is a workshop that helps new parents

A) become acquainted with their baby.
B) strengthen their relationship.
C) improve their parenting skills.
D) All answer choices are correct.

26) As children move toward the ________ years, parents engage in less caregiving with them.

A) early childhood
B) middle and late childhood
C) middle school/junior high
D) high school

27) One of the major parent-child interactions that changes during the middle- and late-childhood years involves a(n)

A) decrease in time spent with children.
B) decrease in the importance of providing information on how to interact with other adults.
C) increase in the use of physical punishment.
D) increase in the use of guilt and a decrease in the use of reason when attempting to alter an unwanted behavior.

28) What new issue between parents and children comes up by the time a child is 7?

A) modesty
B) fighting with siblings and peers
C) attention seeking
D) monitoring children’s lives in school and peer settings

29) The transition period in which parental control is replaced by self-regulated control is referred to as

A) coregulation.
B) reciprocal socialization.
C) the continuity phase.
D) boundary ambiguity.

30) Which best describes the nature of parental control during middle and late childhood?

A) complete autonomy
B) physical maturation
C) synchrony
D) coregulation

31) Which parental statement exemplifies the best coregulation strategy?

A) “I want you to clean your room right now!”
B) “What do you think Bonnie felt like when you asked her to the dance and didn’t show up?”
C) “I don’t care what you do.”
D) “That decision is yours to make. I will no longer tell you what to do.”

32) From infancy through adolescence, ________ to have a managerial role in parenting.

A) mothers are more likely than fathers
B) fathers are more likely than mothers
C) mothers and fathers are equally likely
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

33) The text refers to parents as ________ of their children.

A) social initiators
B) monitors
C) managers
D) All answer choices are correct.

34) Who proposed four types of parenting that are associated with different aspects of the child’s social behavior?

A) Mary Ainsworth
B) Diana Baumrind
C) Albert Bandura
D) Erik Erikson

35) The main recommendation made by developmentalist Diana Baumrind is that

A) the permissive style will enhance creativity and self-esteem.
B) physical-based discipline is preferable to psychological-based discipline.
C) there needs to be clearly established rules and affection.
D) the key to parenting is to be nonjudgmental toward children and accepting of blame.

36) Which parenting style is associated with child aggression?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

37) Janet’s parents encourage her efforts as a member of the school swim team. They also have set firm rules about acceptable academic performance and responsibility for family chores. When Janet does not meet these expectations, there is extensive discussion and well-understood consequences. Which parenting style do Janet’s parents appear to be using?

A) indulgent
B) neglectful
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

38) Which parenting style is associated with children’s social competence, such as increased self-control and self-reliance?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

39) Children whose parents are authoritative are more likely to be

A) self-reliant.
B) socially responsible.
C) socially competent.
D) All answer choices are correct.

40) When Holly is asked to describe her philosophy on parenting, she says, “It’s my way or the highway!” This reaction would indicate that Holly is a(n) ________ parent.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive-neglectful
D) permissive-indulgent

41) Although occasional exceptions have been found, evidence linking authoritative parenting with competence on the part of the child occurs in research across a wide range of

A) ethnic groups.
B) social strata.
C) cultures.
D) All answer choices are correct.

42) Todd’s parents were highly involved with him but also extremely indulgent. As a result, Todd lacks

A) self-control.
B) creativity.
C) nurturance.
D) social skills.

43) Which parenting styles are associated with adolescents’ lack of self-control?

A) neglectful and authoritative
B) indulgent and authoritative
C) authoritarian and authoritative
D) neglectful and indulgent

44) When describing his new neighbors, Stu says their parenting style appears to be “We love you, so go and do whatever you feel like doing.” What parenting style is this?

A) indulgent
B) neglectful
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

45) Some parents deliberately rear their children in the indulgent parenting style because they believe the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a

A) creative child.
B) confident child.
C) creative, confident child.
D) child that is neither creative nor confident.

46) Based on Ruth Chao’s observations, which group of parents shows a style of control that reflects concern and involvement in their children’s lives and is best conceptualized as a type of training?

A) Latino
B) Asian
C) Eastern European
D) African American

47) According to some research studies, ________ parents are more likely than ________ parents to use physical punishment.

A) Latino; non-Latino White
B) African American; Latino
C) African American; non-Latino White
D) non-Latino White; African American

48) Which is NOT corporal punishment?

A) spanking
B) slapping
C) kicking
D) threatening to remove toys

49) Corporal punishment is ________ in ________ U.S. states.

A) illegal; some
B) illegal; all
C) legal; all
D) legal; some

50) Punishment

A) tells children what not to do rather than what to do.
B) can be abusive.
C) can instill fear, rage, or avoidance.
D) All answer choices are correct.

51) Research has linked a higher level of parental monitoring with

A) lower rates of alcohol use in adolescents.
B) greater levels of adolescent-parent conflict.
C) lower academic achievement in adolescents.
D) greater tendency toward risky behaviors in adolescents.

52) A synonym for child abuse and child neglect is

A) sociocultural application.
B) child maltreatment.
C) battered-parent syndrome.
D) mother’s-issue syndrome.

53) Which of the following is associated with child maltreatment?

A) the monitoring of delinquency
B) manageable supervision
C) educational neglect
D) drug and alcohol avoidance

54) In order to understand abuse in the family, the interactions of ________ must be studied.

A) the mother and the father
B) the father and the child
C) the mother and the child
D) all family members

55) About ________ of parents who were abused themselves when they were young abuse their own children.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) three-fourths

56) Child neglect and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse are all forms of

A) adult abuse.
B) baby miscare.
C) child maltreatment.
D) delinquent parenting.

57) Parents who do not spend enough time with their children or who have problems in child rearing can benefit from

A) counseling.
B) therapy.
C) both counseling and therapy.
D) neither counseling nor therapy.

58) Teenage autonomy is

A) seldom achieved.
B) often reacted to with anger by parents.
C) dysfunctional.
D) best accomplished through scaffolding.

59) Gender differences characterize autonomy granting in adolescence, with boys being more independent than girls. This is especially true of U.S. families with ________ gender-role orientation.

A) a traditional
B) an advanced
C) a mixed
D) both a traditional and an advanced

60) Which is the most common reason for an adolescent and his or her parents to be in conflict?

A) a messy room
B) drug use
C) shoplifting
D) differences in sexual values

61) How is the new model of parent-adolescent relationships different from the old model?

A) The old model emphasized autonomy, whereas the new model emphasizes detachment.
B) The old model saw conflict peaking in early adolescence, whereas the new model argues that the timing of conflict has no pattern.
C) The new model emphasizes the rareness of intergenerational conflict, whereas the old model saw conflict as commonplace.
D) The new model characterizes typical conflict as moderate, whereas the old model saw it as intense and stressful.

62) What percentage of American children has one or more siblings?

A) 33 percent
B) 66 percent
C) 77 percent
D) 95 percent

63) Which statement about sibling birth order is NOT true?

A) Birth order and being an only child show limited value in predicting behavior.
B) Mothers tend to become more positive and play more with the firstborn following the birth of a second child.
C) When birth order effects are found, they are usually the result of variations in interactions with parents and siblings associated with being in a particular position in the family.
D) The most recent large-scale analysis showed only a small effect of birth order, and only for intelligence.

64) Your friend informs you that he cannot be held responsible for showing up late for a movie because he is the last-born child in a family of six. Based on your reading of this chapter, how do you respond?

A) “Those excuses are lame. Birth order effects are just not that powerful.”
B) “You misread the data. Last-borns are the most socially and academically competent of siblings.”
C) “You are correct. I’ll try to keep that in mind the next time you’re late.”
D) “Your parents had higher expectations for you than for the other children. You should know better.”

65) When you first meet Weston, he informs you that he is an only child. Given your accurate knowledge of research on birth order effects, you would likely initially assume that Weston is

A) easily provoked to aggression.
B) disliked by his peers.
C) driven to achieve.
D) hostile toward his parents.

66) What are other factor(s) in children’s lives, beyond birth order, that influence their behavior?

A) heredity
B) models of competency or incompetency that parents present to children on a daily basis
C) peer influences
D) All answer choices are correct.

67) Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families among all those with higher-level economic and technological development?

A) Japan
B) Canada
C) Sweden
D) United States

68) More than ________ of every ________ mothers with a child under the age of 5 is in the labor force.

A) one; two
B) four; five
C) three; four
D) one; five

69) Parenting by stay-at-home parents ________ a positive effect on the child.

A) always has
B) does not always have
C) in other countries has
D) in stepfamilies has

70) Overall, researchers have found that maternal employment has

A) no detrimental effects on children.
B) extremely negative effects on children.
C) very little negative effect on children.
D) negative effects for sons only.

71) What do developmental researchers conclude about the effects of maternal employment on child development?

A) The negative effects of maternal employment increase with the age of the children involved.
B) Full-time maternal employment benefits White children but harms ethnic minority children.
C) Non-working mothers’ interactions with their children tend to be less anxiety-provoking and create more independent children.
D) Few links to development have been found, and those that have been identified are generally positive.

72) Divorce may be better for the family if which of the following is true?

A) The conflict is eroding the well-being of the children.
B) The mother is not perfectly happy.
C) The father spends too much time at work.
D) Financial arguments are taking place.

73) When divorced parents’ relationship with each other is harmonious and they use authoritative parenting,

A) the children’s adjustment begins to improve.
B) children falsely suspect reconciliation.
C) the children’s thinking is very confused.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

74) According to recent studies on gender differences following divorce,

A) differences are less pronounced and consistent than was previously believed.
B) girls are consistently shown to adjust better in mother-custody families than boys in father-custody families.
C) boys are consistently shown to adjust better in father-custody families than girls in mother-custody families.
D) girls are shown to adjust better than boys across the range of different post-divorce family arrangements.

75) Which of the following statements about income following divorce is true?

A) Income usually increases dramatically following divorce for mothers with child custody, whereas income for fathers with custody does not.
B) Income usually decreases dramatically following divorce for mothers with child custody, whereas income for fathers decreases much less.
C) Income usually decreases dramatically following divorce for mothers with custody, whereas income for fathers with custody usually increases.
D) Income usually increases dramatically following divorce for both mothers with custody and fathers with custody.

76) Ellen Galinsky and Judy David developed a number of guidelines for communicating with children about divorce. Which is NOT one of the guidelines?

A) Explain that separation is not the child’s fault.
B) Explain that things will be better very soon.
C) Explain who will take care of them and what the arrangements will be for seeing the other parent.
D) Provide as much continuity as possible in the child’s life.

77) Parents who are divorcing are asked to provide as much continuity as possible for the child. This means

A) the less children’s worlds are disrupted by separation, the better for transition to a single-parent family.
B) parents should maintain the rules already in place as much as possible.
C) parents should give the children warmth and nurturance.
D) All answer choices are correct.

78) Which of the following is true of adjustment to being part of a stepfamily?

A) Children tend to have equally good relationships with their custodial parents and stepparents.
B) Even in long-established simple stepfamilies, adolescents tend to suffer from the presence of a stepparent.
C) Children in stepfamilies show no more or fewer adjustment problems than children in nondivorced families.
D) Children in simple families often show better adjustment than their counterparts in complex families.

79) Just over ________ of lesbian and gay couples are parents, most of whom have children from a heterosexual marriage that ended in a divorce.

A) one-tenth
B) one-third
C) 20 percent
D) one-half

80) LGBT individuals are increasingly choosing parenthood through

A) adoption.
B) in vitro fertilization
C) donor insemination.
D) All answer choices are correct.

81) Researchers have found ________ differences in children growing up with lesbian mothers or gay fathers and adolescents growing up with heterosexual parents.

A) many
B) extreme
C) few
D) no

82) Which of the following appears to be the most commonly used parenting strategy around the world?

A) warm and controlling
B) aloof and controlling
C) warm and uncontrolling
D) aloof and uncontrolling

83) Single-parent families are more common among ________ than among White Americans.

A) African Americans
B) Asians
C) Latinos
D) both African Americans and Latinos

84) Which is a factor in how individual families vary and how ethnic minority families deal with stress?

A) whether the families are native-born or immigrants
B) how long the family has lived in this country
C) the families’ socioeconomic status
D) All answer choices are correct.

85) ________ parents are more concerned that their children conform to society’s expectations.

A) Higher-SES
B) Lower-SES
C) Middle-SES
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

86) Identify and give one example for each of the five environmental systems of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s theory. Students’ examples will vary.

87) Define reciprocal socialization and provide two examples.

88) Tehra is a mother of three children. She is skilled at making friends, sharing with others, and leading others. What characteristics would you expect her children to display?

89) Parents need to adapt parenting to developmental changes in the child. Trace some of these changes as the child passes through early childhood to junior high school.

90) Diana Baumrind has proposed four main categories of parenting styles. Compare and contrast these parenting styles and describe the likely outcome of the child’s behavior with regard to each style.

91) Identify the pros of coparenting, and describe conditions or behaviors that occur when good coparenting is absent.

92) Describe the importance of intergenerational relationships in children’s development.

93) Identify three things research has shown that parents tend to do when their children argue and fight among themselves.

94) Judy Dunn described three important characteristics of sibling relationships that have been evident for many years and across diverse family and cultural contexts. Identify these three characteristics.

95) What are some of the adjustment problems children might suffer if they come from a divorced-family situation?

96) Susie and John are getting a divorce. They want to make the transition appropriate for their children. According to the guidelines developed by Ellen Galinsky and Judy David, what would be important for Susie and John to do for their children?

97) Describe the differences found among children and adolescents raised by gay fathers and lesbian mothers when compared to those raised by heterosexual individuals or couples.