Full Test Bank Peers Chapter 16 15th Edition

Student name:__________

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) The ________ approach is an educational program for young children that was developed in northern Italy.

A) Piagetian
B) Eriksonian
C) Reggio Emilia
D) Casa de Bambino

2) If you were a parent who wanted your child to be in the original Reggio Emilia school, your chances for getting your child admitted would be better if

A) you were a single parent.
B) your child had a disability.
C) you needed financial assistance.
D) All answer choices are correct.

3) According to this chapter, what approach to early childhood education views young children as competent, encourages them to learn by investigating and exploring topics that interest them, and uses a wide range of stimulating media and materials?

A) Project Head Start
B) child-centered kindergarten
C) Reggio Emilia approach
D) Montessori approach

4) The Reggio Emilia approach encourages

A) individual problem solving.
B) rigid adherence to a standardized curriculum.
C) self-reliance rather than cooperation.
D) investigating topics as a group.

5) Haley is considering placing her disabled daughter in a program in which children are often encouraged to explore topics in a group. Parent participation is essential, and cooperation is a theme. What program described in the textbook would meet her needs for her child?

A) Project Head Start
B) child-centered kindergarten
C) Reggio Emilia approach
D) Montessori approach

6) Which is NOT a principle of the Reggio Emilia approach?

A) Children are encouraged to learn by investigating topics that interest them.
B) Children use a wide range of media and materials.
C) Children explore topics in groups rather than individually.
D) Parents are encouraged to help out, but parent participation is not required.

7) The ________ approach emphasizes the child’s active, cognitive construction of knowledge and understanding.

A) direct instruction
B) constructivist
C) cognitive instruction
D) indirect instruction

8) When doing a unit on farming, an elementary school teacher has students prepare reports on different farm animals, read labels on cereal boxes and identify substances that may have been grown on a farm, and take a field trip to a local grocery store to identify farm-related food items. This curriculum is best described as

A) back-to-the-basics.
B) promoting readiness.
C) constructivist.
D) remedial.

9) The ________ approach is a teacher-centered approach that emphasizes teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills by children, high expectations for students, and maximum time spent on learning tasks.

A) indirect instruction
B) direct instruction
C) Montessori
D) Academic Mastery

10) Regarding the direct instruction approach, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) It is teacher-centered.
B) The children master academic skills.
C) There are high expectations of children.
D) Little time is spent on academic tasks.

11) Which is NOT an argument against the direct instruction approach?

A) Children turn into passive learners.
B) Children are not challenged to think.
C) It does not give enough attention to content.
D) It does not lend itself to creativity.

12) Since the 1990s, the U.S. public and governments at every level have

A) demanded increased accountability from schools.
B) demanded decreased accountability from schools.
C) not changed their demand of accountability from previous years.
D) stopped requiring accountability from schools.

13) Which is NOT a potential positive effect of statewide standardized testing?

A) improved overall student performance
B) more teaching time devoted to subjects that are tested
C) average expectations for all students
D) identification of poorly performing schools

14) In the child-centered kindergarten,

A) what is learned, not how it is learned, is stressed.
B) listening, rather than speaking, is stressed.
C) little concern is paid to physical development.
D) play is extremely important in the child’s total development.

15) Which does NOT belong?

A) child-centered kindergarten
B) concern for children’s social and physical development
C) process valued over product
D) emphasis on academic performance

16) Which of the following does NOT describe an excellent child-centered kindergarten program?

A) experimenting
B) exploring
C) restructuring
D) high academic standards

17) A philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire is called the ________ approach.

A) Reggio Emilia
B) Montessori
C) open education
D) traditional curriculum

18) Helen is a Montessori teacher. She acts as a

A) director of learning.
B) facilitator of learning.
C) referee between children.
D) peer helper.

19) The Montessori approach is a philosophy in which

A) the teacher acts as the director of learning.
B) the teacher decides on the order of classroom activities.
C) specific time periods are set aside for various activities.
D) children are given considerable freedom.

20) One of the criticisms of the Montessori approach is that it

A) neglects children’s social development.
B) is too expensive for most families.
C) cannot be continued in elementary school.
D) overemphasizes peer interaction.

21) Which of the following statements reflects developmentally appropriate practice?

A) Young children learn best through active hands-on teaching methods.
B) Children develop at varying rates, and schools need to allow for these differences.
C) Schools should focus on improving children’s social development as well as their cognitive development.
D) All answer choices are correct.

22) What type of schooling is based on age appropriateness and individual appropriateness?

A) back-to-basics movement
B) comprehensive training
C) developmentally appropriate practice
D) open education approach

23) In a kindergarten class, children plant fast-growing seeds in small glass containers so they can observe root development. They measure the growth of seedlings and see what happens when one plant is raised in the dark. In a second classroom, a teacher reads about plants from a textbook. The first classroom provides an example of

A) mainstreaming.
B) closed-ended education.
C) back-to-basics education.
D) developmentally appropriate practice.

24) Mr. Tompkins visited a school in which direct teaching through abstract paper-and-pencil activities was presented to large groups of young children. This type of teaching is best considered

A) child-centered.
B) teacher-centered.
C) developmentally appropriate.
D) developmentally inappropriate.

25) To which of the following teachers’ comments would you most likely respond, “That sounds like a developmentally appropriate practice”?

A) “I like to write highly structured lessons.”
B) “I expect my class to take good notes and not ask a lot of questions.”
C) “I seem to spend the majority of my day punishing children for speaking out of turn.”
D) “I have created some lessons specifically designed to enhance my students’ self-esteem.”

26) Which of the following is a component of a developmentally appropriate practice?

A) The teacher directs all activity, deciding what children will do and when.
B) Children work individually at desks most of the time and listen to the teacher’s directions to the group.
C) The teacher spends considerable time enforcing rules.
D) Children are expected to be mentally and physically active based on their age level and unique skills.

27) According to the National Association for the Education of Young Children, which of the following would most likely be considered a developmentally inappropriate practice?

A) providing physical, social, cognitive, and emotional experiences
B) encouraging secure, consistent relationships with responsive adults
C) allowing development to proceed at uneven rates across children based on their uniqueness
D) measuring children’s performance using standardized tests

28) A congressperson is able to defend her votes to spend money on model preschool programs for disadvantaged children by pointing out that

A) preschool programs are required by federal law.
B) for every dollar invested in such programs, taxpayers receive about 85 cents in return.
C) model programs save money by reducing later rates of teen pregnancy and incarceration.
D) although no one has done a long-term investigation, preschool programs seem to have substantial benefits for low-income families.

29) Who could have been in the first program funded by Project Head Start?

A) Hazel, who was born in 1951
B) Lucy, who was born in 1965
C) Zoe, who was born in 1971
D) Naomi, who was born in 1981

30) The federal education program established in 1965 for children from low-income families is called

A) Project Follow Up.
B) Project Head Start.
C) Project First Endeavor.
D) Project Early Learner.

31) Four-year-old Nicole comes from a very poor family. Her parents are barely literate, and both work long hours, which prevents them from providing Nicole with the stimulation she requires. Nicole would likely benefit from immediate placement in

A) first grade.
B) a Head Start program.
C) Project Follow Through.
D) an academically oriented kindergarten program.

32) What have researchers concluded about the effects of Early Head Start?

A) It has had strong positive social effects but no discernible cognitive or academic effects.
B) It has ultimately proven too draining on the finances of low-income families.
C) It has shown lasting positive social and academic effects into the teen and early adulthood years.
D) It can serve as a buffer to protect children from risk factors in the family.

33) When the influence of quality early childhood programs was evaluated, it was determined that

A) none of them worked as well as expected.
B) the academically oriented learning environments were less successful.
C) there was a positive influence of quality early childhood programs on both the cognitive and social worlds of disadvantaged young children.
D) all the preschool programs worked better than expected.

34) John is observing a classroom that is developmentally inappropriate. John sees that

A) the teacher uses highly structured, teacher-directed lessons almost exclusively.
B) children are able to select many of their own activities from a variety the teacher prepared.
C) children are provided many opportunities to develop their social skills.
D) the teacher enhances children’s self-control by using positive guidance techniques.

35) One high-quality early childhood education program in Ypsilanti, Michigan, is known as the ________. This 2-year preschool program includes weekly home visits from program personnel.

A) Ypsilanti Head Start program
B) Michigan Developmental Center
C) Perry Preschool program
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

36) Which of the following examples follows the Carnegie Corporation’s recommendation of integration when it comes to subjects and disciplines covered?

A) Ms. Anhalt feels a strong need to not put the subject areas together. She feels pressure to “cover the curriculum.”
B) Mr. Myers believes it is best to stick with tightly scheduled, discrete time segments for each subject area.
C) Ms. Kraft knows that children advance their knowledge of reading and writing when they work on social studies projects, mathematical concepts through music, and physical education.
D) Mr. Lee believes that there is no room in the curriculum for play, especially in the primary grades.

37) A meta-analysis of 107 studies of early schooling raised concerns about

A) the physical trauma caused by mandatory “recess” and “playtime.”
B) whether members of ethnic minorities should enter school at the same age as White children.
C) the number of male elementary teachers and their negative impact on female students.
D) the negative impact on self-esteem that is commonly experienced over the course of elementary school.

38) What special concern about children’s early school experiences is emerging?

A) Elementary school does not allow enough time for play.
B) Elementary school relies exclusively on female authority figures.
C) Elementary school proceeds mainly on the basis of negative feedback.
D) Elementary school is too early to introduce computers.

39) Which of the following represents a major criticism of universal preschool education by those who oppose it, as described in the text?

A) Anti-poverty programs would have a much greater effect on children than mandated preschool.
B) Efforts should be made to improve existing elementary school education, not preschool education.
C) Universal preschool is too expensive to merit the slight gains it produces.
D) Research has failed to prove that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a preschool.

40) Which is NOT a typical change encountered by a child making the transition from an elementary school to a middle school?

A) increased need to be responsible
B) increased concern about body image
C) decreased focus on achievement
D) decreased dependency on parents

41) As an elementary school sixth-grader, Nathan had a great deal of status. In addition to being president of the student council, he was one of the most physically large and athletically gifted students in the school. As a seventh-grader in a new middle school, Nathan now finds himself one of the youngest and least powerful individuals in the school. Nathan is experiencing the

A) back-to-basics movement.
B) bane of puberty.
C) top-dog phenomenon.
D) back-door phenomenon.

42) Which concern or characteristic in U.S. high school education is masked by the average dropout rates?

A) the very high dropout rates in low-income areas of inner cities
B) the low-quality education that even graduates receive
C) the fact that the personalities of most dropouts are not suited to formal education
D) the consistent decrease in high school dropouts in recent decades

43) In 1989, the Carnegie Corporation issued an evaluation of U.S. middle schools that

A) was extremely positive.
B) was extremely negative.
C) called for a return to the basics.
D) called for comprehensive training.

44) Which recommendation would NOT be found in the Carnegie Corporation’s evaluation of U.S. middle schools?

A) Develop smaller “communities” or “houses” to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools.
B) Involve parents and community leaders in schools.
C) Avoid the inclusion of citizenship and ethics.
D) Boost students’ health and fitness with more in-school programs.

45) The Carnegie Corporation released an evaluation of middle schools in 1989. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the content of this report?

A) Young adolescents attend massive, impersonal schools.
B) Young adolescents learn from irrelevant curricula.
C) Young adolescents have close relationships with teachers.
D) Young adolescents lack access to health care and counseling.

46) Which ethnic minority group has the highest high school dropout rate?

A) Whites
B) Latinos
C) Asian Americans
D) African Americans

47) Joyce is dropping out of high school. The reason is most likely

A) school-related.
B) financial difficulty.
C) peer pressure.
D) pregnancy or marriage.

48) Based on statistics about dropout rates by ethnicity, a seventh-grader in which group is most likely to NOT complete a high school education?

A) African American
B) Asian American
C) Latino
D) White

49) What is the key component of the “I Have a Dream” program?

A) It is focused on drug prevention.
B) It is focused on self-esteem.
C) It is personal rather than institutional.
D) It is teacher-directed rather than teacher-facilitated.

50) As a participant of the “I Have a Dream” program, when Sheila completed high school she was provided with

A) cash for the future.
B) career counseling.
C) a certificate of recognition.
D) tuition assistance for college.

51) Who created the “I Have a Dream” program?

A) Eugene Lang
B) Martin Luther King, Jr.
C) Carl Rogers
D) Jesse Jackson

52) The “I Have a Dream” program has been successful as a ________ program.

A) drug abuse prevention
B) teenage pregnancy prevention
C) dropout prevention
D) self-esteem

53) Schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ________, while schools in higher-income areas are more likely to work with children to improve ________.

A) thinking skills; rote learning
B) school attendance; physical checkups
C) rote learning; thinking skills
D) thinking skills; physical checkups

54) School segregation is still a factor in the education of children of color in the United States. Almost ________ of African American and Latino students attend schools in which 90 percent or more of the students are from minority groups.

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

55) Strategies for ________ in the classroom include displaying images of children in diverse ethnic and cultural groups, selecting play materials and classroom activities that encourage cultural understanding, helping students resist stereotyping, and working with parents.

A) viewing the school
B) reducing bias
C) critical thinking
D) jigsaw learning

56) Which of the following is NOT a good strategy for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students?

A) Turn the class into a jigsaw classroom.
B) Have teachers act as culturally competent mediators.
C) Encourage students to have positive personal contact with diverse other students.
D) Decrease perspective taking and support negative thinking.

57) Which of the following is/are beneficial for improving interethnic relations?

A) sharing one’s worries, successes, and failures
B) thinking of people as individuals rather than as a homogeneous cultural group
C) both sharing one’s worries, successes, and failures, and thinking of people as individuals rather than as a homogeneous cultural group
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

58) What is an example of a teacher being a competent cultural mediator?

A) being sensitive to biased content in materials and classroom interactions
B) learning more about different ethnic groups
C) Both are good examples: being sensitive to biased content in materials and classroom interactions, and learning more about different ethnic groups.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

59) In the United States, which of the following is most common?

A) speech problem
B) learning disability
C) emotional disturbance
D) hearing impairment

60) What percentage of school-aged children in the United States receives special education or related services because of learning disabilities?

A) 1.8 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 7.5 percent
D) 13.1 percent

61) Children with learning disabilities have

A) low IQs.
B) difficulties that involve understanding or using spoken or written language.
C) a known organic cause for their problems.
D) unusually good memory or spatial abilities.

62) Twelve-year-old Peter is excellent in math and is considered a good student in most other subject areas; however, he has a very difficult time comprehending written text and is failing his reading class. Peter is best classified as

A) having a learning disability.
B) emotionally disturbed.
C) mentally retarded.
D) normal.

63) Which of the following is NOT true of children with learning disabilities?

A) They most often have a reading problem.
B) They have a difficulty that can manifest in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling.
C) They may or may not have a problem with mathematics.
D) They all have low IQ scores.

64) ________ as many boys as girls are diagnosed with learning disabilities.

A) About one and a half times
B) About two times
C) About three times
D) Almost four times

65) More boys than girls are classified as having a learning disability. One possible explanation is referral bias. Which of the following accurately reflects referral bias in U.S. schools?

A) Teachers will refer more girls with inappropriate behavior than boys when it comes to learning disabilities.
B) Teachers will refer more boys with inappropriate behavior than girls when it comes to learning disabilities.
C) Teachers will refer both boys and girls equally when they display inappropriate behaviors.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

66) ________ is a category that is reserved for individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.

A) Dyslexia
B) Cognitive delay
C) Social anxiety
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

67) Which of the following, with a rate of 80 percent, is the most common problem of children with learning disabilities?

A) ADD
B) ADHD
C) reading problem
D) mental retardation

68) Children with a learning disability may have difficulties in

A) handwriting.
B) spelling.
C) thinking.
D) All answer choices are correct.

69) The writing of a child with dysgraphia is likely to

A) be slow.
B) be virtually illegible.
C) contain numerous spelling errors.
D) All answer choices are correct.

70) Which of the following does NOT characterize attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A) high levels of physical activity
B) low intelligence
C) distractibility
D) short attention span

71) ________ is a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

A) Dyslexia
B) Down syndrome
C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
D) Both dyslexia and ADHD fit this description.

72) ADHD shows up more in

A) boys than girls.
B) girls than boys.
C) high-school children.
D) preschoolers.

73) Which of the following is true of the schools that children from impoverished backgrounds typically attend?

A) They lack federal or state oversight.
B) They are more likely to be staffed by younger teachers.
C) They are more likely to employ the social cognitive approach to learning.
D) They are more likely to work with children to improve their thinking skills.

74) Definite causes of ADHD

A) include the mother’s age at the birth of the child.
B) include the father’s general health before conception of the child.
C) include household toxins.
D) have not yet been found.

75) While at a dinner party, you overhear a conversation in which a mother is describing her hyperactive son. She says that the drug treatment they have him on is

A) aspirin.
B) Prozac.
C) Ritalin.
D) Valium.

76) ________ is a stimulant that improves the attention of many children with ADHD—though not usually to the same level as children who do not have ADHD.

A) An activity drug
B) Caffeine
C) Ritalin
D) An antibiotic

77) A proposed cause of ADHD is

A) cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development.
B) low birth weight.
C) high maternal stress.
D) All answer choices are correct.

78) Autism spectrum disorders are characterized by

A) communication problems.
B) social problems.
C) repetitive behaviors.
D) All answer choices are correct.

79) Recent estimates (2014) are that autism spectrum disorders affect 1 in ________ individuals.

A) 59
B) 98
C) 154
D) 1,000

80) Public Law ________, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, required that all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.

A) 90-140
B) 94-142
C) 10-12
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

81) After multiple name changes, Public Law 94-142 in 2004 finally became the

A) Children with Disabilities Education Act.
B) Public School Disabilities Act.
C) Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act.
D) Public Law 90-140.

82) IEP is the acronym for an

A) individualized educational program.
B) instructional educational plan.
C) individualized education process.
D) idealistic education plus.

83) ________ refers to an educational setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

A) Reverse inclusion
B) Least restrictive environment
C) Resource room
D) After-school tutoring

84) ________ refers to the education of children with a disability in the regular classroom.

A) Mainstreaming
B) Inclusion
C) LEA
D) LRE

85) Fifteen-year-old Miriam is hearing impaired. During history class, a volunteer signs the lesson to her as the teacher is speaking. In many group projects Miriam does not need the use of a signer. Miriam’s school day provides an example of

A) the top-dog phenomenon.
B) compensatory education.
C) inclusion.
D) Project Head Start.

86) The fact that Montel, like many others, both has high personal standards concerning achievement and is highly competitive with other students for good grades illustrates the point that achievement

A) is more important in males.
B) is typically affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
C) is a fairly useless psychological construct.
D) varies dramatically by age.

87) ________ involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) A reward system
D) The self-determination method

88) When Sasha says, “I don’t really like college, but my dad said that he would buy me a new car if I graduate,” she is indicating that her academic performance is

A) intrinsically motivated.
B) developmentally appropriate.
C) extrinsically motivated.
D) mainstreamed.

89) Which statement indicates that Joe’s desire to get a law degree and eventually become a judge is intrinsically motivated?

A) “If I become a famous judge, I’ll get to be on television and make a lot of money.”
B) “My mother always wanted one of her children to be a lawyer.”
C) “I got the idea when I was watching the show, ‘Judging Amy.’”
D) “I’ve always had a strong desire to be in the legal profession so I can do good for others.”

90) ________ is based on internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort.

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) The punishments and rewards method
D) The self-determination method

91) Researchers have found that giving adolescents some choice and providing opportunities for personal responsibility increases their ________ motivation and ________ interest in school tasks.

A) external; extrinsic
B) external; intrinsic
C) internal; intrinsic
D) internal; extrinsic

92) How does gender affect the incidence or severity of emotional and behavioral disorders?

A) Girls are less likely to manifest emotional and behavioral disorders but typically require more comprehensive and long-lasting treatment.
B) Girls experience these disorders at the same rate as boys, but with greater severity.
C) The disorder is three times as likely to appear in boys as in girls.
D) Girls are slightly more likely to manifest emotional disorders than boys.

93) What characteristic or ability would a child with Asperger syndrome have that one with autistic disorder is unlikely to have?

A) deficiencies in social relationships
B) stereotyped patterns of behavior
C) relatively good verbal ability
D) a broad range of interests and relationships

94) Individuals with a ________ motivation are task-oriented; instead of focusing on their ability, they are concerned about their learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than outcomes.

A) mastery
B) performance
C) self-efficacy
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

95) As Anita steps to the free-throw line with the national women’s collegiate basketball championship on the line, a lot of thoughts begin to run through her mind. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of mastery motivation?

A) “Just remember to aim at the back of the rim, since that strategy worked on the last shot.”
B) “I hope that my mom and dad are watching on television.”
C) “I am going to miss, because I am a terrible foul shooter.”
D) “When this shot goes in, people are going to love me.”

96) Developmental psychologist Carol Dweck found that two distinct responses to difficult or challenging circumstances are

A) mastery orientation and a helpful orientation.
B) mastery motivation and a helpless orientation.
C) challenging orientation and a failure orientation.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

97) A ________ orientation involves being concerned with the achievement outcome; winning is what matters, and happiness is thought to result from winning.

A) mastery
B) performance
C) self-efficacy
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

98) What students believe about the causes of their success or failure influences

A) their motivation.
B) their performance.
C) both their motivation and their performance.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

99) ________ is the cognitive view people develop of themselves.

A) Atonement
B) Mindset
C) Excuse
D) Plan

100) ________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

A) A mastery orientation
B) A performance orientation
C) Self-efficacy
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

101) ________, of social cognitive theory, believes that self-efficacy is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

A) Jean Piaget
B) Albert Bandura
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Erik Erikson

102) A student making the following statement is exhibiting ________: “I know that I will be able to make the basketball team and I expect to be able to do well at our first game.”

A) attribution
B) instability
C) self-efficacy
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

103) In order to improve self-efficacy and achievement, one should set ________ goals.

A) specific
B) proximal
C) challenging
D) All answer choices are correct.

104) If 14-year-old Lucy wants to reach her goals, after she plans next week’s activities she should also

A) plan for at least two more years.
B) monitor how well she is sticking to her plans.
C) look ahead and not worry about the present.
D) plan at least two more years, and look ahead and not worry about the present.

105) Which of the following actions would fit in the second phase of Barry Zimmerman and colleagues’ model of self-regulation in achievement contexts?

A) reviewing the week’s achievements
B) meditating for greater focus
C) writing down goals
D) listing the factors that slowed attempts to reach the goal

106) In the past decade, the poor performance of American children in ________ has become well publicized.

A) reading and math
B) reading and geography
C) language arts and science
D) math and science

107) Much study has been focused on comparing the relatively low academic achievement by American children to those in ________, which holds the top spots in global academic achievement, particularly in math.

A) Asia
B) Africa
C) Europe
D) India

108) What is the major difference between American parents and Asian parents when it comes to school expectations in learning mathematics?

A) American parents have higher expectations.
B) American parents have much lower expectations.
C) Asian parents have somewhat lower expectations.
D) Asian parents have much lower expectations.

109) Who would be more likely to make the following remark? “My child’s math ability is due to an innate ability rather than effort and training.”

A) an Asian parent
B) a European parent
C) an American parent
D) a Canadian parent

110) For William Damon, key to purpose is

A) a definitive end goal.
B) achievability.
C) contribution to the world beyond oneself.
D) that it be both short-term and long-term in nature.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
111) What is the difference between direct instruction and the constructivist approach when teaching children?

112) Recount the arguments for and against the U.S. national teaching initiatives represented by the No Child Left Behind legislation and its successor, the Every Student Succeeds Act, as well as the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

113) Describe Project Head Start.

114) The transition to middle or junior high school occurs at the same time as many physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes involved in the transition to adolescence. Explain how an average adolescent might be struggling with this transition and how parents could support the child through the struggle.

115) List the positives identified with student involvement in extracurricular activities.

116) Identify the characteristics involved with a learning disability—and what would disqualify a child for classification as having a learning disability.

117) List the three broad categories of learning disability that occur in children.

118) With ADHD, children consistently show one or more of three characteristics over a period of time. List the three characteristics.

119) Compare and contrast external and internal motivation.

120) Compare and contrast mastery motivation and performance orientation.

121) Describe why, according to the research of Harold Stevenson, American students have scored lower in math performance than students in other cultures.