Ch.15 Test Bank Families Santrock

Student name:__________

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Lynn Brown and Carol Gilligan conducted in-depth interviews of ________ to learn their views on friendships.

A) girls making the transition to adolescence
B) boys making the transition to adolescence
C) high-school girls
D) high-school boys

2) ________ may serve the function of providing emotional support for girls who are striving to be perfect but know they are not.

A) Parents
B) Teachers
C) Male friends
D) Cliques of girls

3) Peers are children who share the same

A) IQ.
B) age or maturity level.
C) level of social isolation.
D) social status.

4) Social isolation involves

A) stereotypic “rocking” behavior.
B) improved social interaction.
C) an inability to “plug in” to a social network.
D) the active seeking-out of others.

5) Peer influences

A) can be either positive or negative.
B) are almost always positive.
C) are almost always negative.
D) rarely affect social development.

6) Which of the following statements does NOT fit with the concept of peer relations?

A) Peer relations help children explore the principles of fairness and justice.
B) Peer relations inhibit children from formulating and asserting their own opinions.
C) Peer relations encourage children to appreciate the perspective of peers.
D) Peer relations do not encourage children to hold back their ideas in negotiating solutions.

7) At what age do children prefer same-sex playmates?

A) 3 years of age
B) 4 years of age
C) 6 years of age
D) 8 years of age

8) Peer relations begin to take on an important role in

A) infancy.
B) early childhood.
C) middle childhood.
D) adolescence.

9) Gender plays a role in peer interactions, as illustrated by boys’ greater likelihood of engaging in

A) rough-and-tumble play.
B) competition.
C) dominance seeking.
D) All answer choices are correct.

10) Parent-child relationships

A) generally have no effect on peer relations.
B) develop after peer relationships are cemented.
C) develop independently of peer relations.
D) have both direct and indirect effects on peer relations.

11) Which of the following is true of trends in play among children and adolescents?

A) Researchers continue to struggle to show a strong correlation between children’s play and positive outcomes.
B) Many schools in the U.S. have increased time for recess, causing American children to fall further behind in comparison to students in other industrialized nations.
C) In many industrialized nations, children’s play time is being reduced in favor of more academic study.
D) Children’s play time is being less directed toward competitive sports and more toward free and imaginative recreation.

12) Research has found that adolescents with secure attachment to their parents have been linked to

A) obsessive peer relations.
B) positive peer relations.
C) isolation from other peers.
D) helicopter parenting.

13) Dodge (1993) found that aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child’s actions as

A) hostile when their intentions are ambiguous.
B) ambiguous when their intentions are hostile.
C) friendly when their intentions are hostile.
D) hostile when their intentions are hostile.

14) According to Dodge (1993), aggressive children are more likely than nonaggressive children to

A) have friends.
B) perceive ambiguous behavior as hostile.
C) be more introspective.
D) have no siblings.

15) When Rudy enters a party, he begins to process the social information around him. According to Dodge (1993), the first step in this process would involve Rudy ________ the actions of individuals around him.

A) joining in
B) enacting
C) decoding the social cues of
D) searching for a response to

16) Children who have ________ can modulate their emotional expressiveness in contexts that evoke intense emotions, as when a peer says something negative.

A) ineffective self-regulatory skills
B) effective self-regulatory skills
C) ineffective self-esteem
D) effective personal worth

17) Maggie acts like herself in the company of others. She also communicates well with others and is generally happy. Based on this description, it is likely that Maggie

A) has permissive parents.
B) is popular with her friends.
C) has had a traumatic childhood.
D) is neglected by peers.

18) If you were informed that 8-year-old Gerald was named “most popular” by his classmates, you would LEAST expect him to be identified as

A) conceited.
B) talkative.
C) self-confident.
D) attentive.

19) Developmentalists have distinguished four types of children other than popular children. They are average, neglected, rejected, and

A) moderate.
B) motivated.
C) aggressive.
D) controversial.

20) Neglected children are

A) infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B) frequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
C) infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are not disliked by their peers.
D) frequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are not disliked by their peers.

21) Rejected children are

A) infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B) infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
C) infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are not disliked by their peers.
D) frequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are not disliked by their peers.

22) Controversial children are

A) infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B) frequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
C) infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are not disliked by their peers.
D) frequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are not disliked by their peers.

23) The key factor in elementary school that predicts whether rejected children will later engage in delinquent behavior is their

A) impulsiveness.
B) disruptiveness.
C) aggression toward peers.
D) self-confidence.

24) As a school counselor aware of developmental research, you would likely predict a future of delinquent behavior for the elementary school child who is ________ with peers.

A) rejected by and noninteractive
B) neglected by and noninteractive
C) rejected by and has a past history of aggression
D) neglected by and has a past history of aggression

25) The major goal of programs designed to assist rejected children involves

A) training them to imitate the behavior of popular children.
B) teaching them to interact with peers without dominating situations.
C) helping them learn more appropriate patterns of peer interaction.
D) assisting them with getting their needs met by adults rather than peers.

26) Researchers have often found that it is ________ to improve the social skills of adolescents who are actively disliked and rejected.

A) somewhat easy
B) very easy
C) impossible
D) difficult

27) Which of the following characterizes bullies?

A) hyperactivity
B) moral superiority
C) authoritarian parents
D) self-righteousness

28) Who is likely to be bullied?

A) girls in the lower grades
B) boys in middle school
C) younger middle-school children
D) both boys in middle school and younger middle-school children

29) Children that have been bullied are more likely to

A) experience depression.
B) engage in suicidal ideation.
C) attempt suicide.
D) All answer choices are correct.

30) Carlos was once a victim of bullying. After graduating from high school, he reflects on how the bullying ending. What is the most likely reason for its cessation?

A) The bully moved on to other victims.
B) Carlos fought back against the bully.
C) Carlos moved away from the bully.
D) School personnel stopped the bullying.

31) If a child is bullied, he or she could be which of the following?

A) an aggressive victim
B) a passive victim
C) an aggressive or a passive victim
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

32) To reduce bullying, it is suggested that teachers

A) get older peers to serve as monitors.
B) tell older peers not to intervene in any bullying.
C) form friendship groups for adolescents who are regularly bullied by peers.
D) have older peers serve as monitors and form friendship groups for adolescents who are bullied by their peers.

33) To reduce bullying, schools can do all of the following EXCEPT

A) use only same-age peers to serve as monitors for bullying and intervene when they see it taking place.
B) develop school-wide rules and sanctions against bullying and post them throughout the school.
C) form friendship groups for adolescents who are regularly bullied by peers.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

34) When Desmond is asked why he is shooting baskets, he says, “It is something that is just fun to do.” His comment would indicate that Desmond considers basketball

A) work.
B) play.
C) a sport.
D) a hobby.

35) Erik Erikson viewed the purpose of play as

A) practicing adult roles.
B) advancing cognitive development.
C) increasing exploration of the world.
D) providing a means to master anxieties and conflict.

36) According to Freud and Erikson, play

A) helps children master anxieties and develop ways to cope with problems.
B) is overrated as a form of human adjustment.
C) hinders children’s ability to focus on solving everyday problems.
D) does little to help children relieve tension, making it hard for them to cope with their frustrations.

37) Eight-year-old Mary seems to be very upset about something, and the school psychologist believes there may be trouble in her home. In an effort to confirm his suspicion, the psychologist has Kay go to a room containing dolls, a toy kitchen, and other household items and “pretend to be a mommy taking care of her baby girl.” This psychologist is using

A) behavior modification.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) a Piagetian approach.
D) play therapy.

38) While watching a child play in a sandbox, who is most likely to think to herself, “By pouring sand back and forth between two different-sized buckets, the child is learning about conservation”?

A) a Piagetian
B) a Freudian
C) a behaviorist
D) a humanist

39) ________ believed that play is an excellent setting for cognitive development. He was especially interested in the symbolic and make-believe aspects of play.

A) Freud
B) Vygotsky
C) Skinner
D) Erikson

40) Eight-month-old Cole enjoys playing with a ball that makes noise and bounces. According to Piaget, Cole is engaging in ________ play.

A) sensorimotor
B) constructive
C) practice
D) pretend

41) Which types of play have been researched?

A) constructive play
B) practice play
C) pretense/symbolic play
D) All answer choices are correct.

42) Three-year-old Joan spends hours each day jumping rope. What kind of play does this exemplify?

A) sensorimotor
B) constructive
C) practice
D) pretend

43) The type of play that involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned is called ________ play.

A) social
B) pretend
C) practice
D) sensorimotor

44) If Paul becomes a great hockey player as an adult, his father might reflect back on the hours of skating that Paul did as a child that served as a foundation of his current superior status. In doing so, Paul’s father is noting the important role that ________ play has in developing sporting skills.

A) symbolic
B) pretend
C) practice
D) sensorimotor

45) The type of play that occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol is called ________ play.

A) sensorimotor
B) practice
C) pretense/symbolic
D) social

46) When 5-year-old Austin takes the cardboard cylinder found in the center of a roll of toilet paper, looks through it, and says, “I’m a sailor searching for a whale,” he is engaging in ________ play.

A) practice
B) symbolic
C) constructive
D) sensorimotor

47) Play that involves interaction with peers is called ________ play.

A) social
B) pretend
C) practice
D) sensorimotor

48) ________ play is play that involves interaction with peers. This play increases dramatically during the preschool years.

A) Practice
B) Symbolic
C) Social
D) Constructive

49) Play that occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation is called ________ play.

A) pretend
B) practice
C) constructive
D) sensorimotor

50) Having children create a play about a social studies topic involves ________ play.

A) constructive
B) pretend
C) practice
D) sensorimotor

51) When Mr. Alden’s third-grade class writes a script for and reenacts “The First Thanksgiving Feast,” which category of play are they engaging in?

A) games
B) practice
C) symbolic
D) constructive

52) Which of the following best describes activities such as games?

A) pleasurable; grounded in rules
B) meant only for large groups
C) sometimes competitive
D) pleasurable, grounded in rules, and sometimes competitive

53) Game playing continues to increase in prevalence, up through which part of childhood?

A) preschool years
B) early childhood
C) late childhood
D) middle childhood

54) Concerning the functions of friendship, which does NOT belong?

A) stimulation
B) affection
C) ego support
D) symbolic interaction

55) Children’s friendships serve the function of providing resources and assistance, which Gottman and Parker (1987) call

A) companionship.
B) stimulation.
C) physical support.
D) ego support.

56) Children’s friendships serve the function of providing information about where children stand vis-à-vis others, which Gottman and Parker (1987) call

A) ego support.
B) social comparison.
C) physical support.
D) stimulation.

57) Children’s friendships serve the purpose of helping them maintain an impression of themselves as competent and attractive, which Gottman and Parker (1987) call

A) ego support.
B) companionship.
C) physical support.
D) social comparison.

58) Who is best known for research on the importance of friendships?

A) Harry Stack Sullivan
B) Mary Ainsworth
C) Philip Zimbardo
D) Mildred Parten

59) Positive friendships in adolescence are associated with

A) better cross-gender relations.
B) higher rates of alcohol use.
C) better academic achievement.
D) lower rates of peer pressure.

60) The most consistent finding in the last two decades of research on friendships is that one important feature of friendship is

A) competition.
B) secrecy.
C) intimacy.
D) generativity.

61) Which of the following early adolescents is most likely to conform to his or her peers?

A) Alice, who suffers from high social anxiety
B) Rafe, who has demonstrated aggression toward his peers
C) Upasana, who has high self-esteem
D) Orson, who has a relatively low-SES family

62) There are certain predominant characteristics of friendship throughout the childhood and adolescent years. Which of the following is among these characteristics?

A) similar attitudes toward school
B) similar education aspirations
C) closely aligned achievement orientations
D) All answer choices are correct.

63) ________ is defined narrowly as self-disclosure or sharing of private thoughts and private or personal knowledge with a friend.

A) Similarity
B) Intimacy in friendship
C) Social comparison
D) Physical support

64) Parents have a legitimate concern that their child will engage in delinquent behavior or early sexual behavior if the child

A) associates with children with police records.
B) associates with children from his or her place of employment.
C) is part of a mixed-age group of friends.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

65) A negative outcome linked by research to other-sex friendships is

A) increased alcohol use.
B) earlier sexual intercourse.
C) increased delinquent behaviors.
D) All answer choices are correct.

66) Which is NOT an example of peer relations?

A) talking on the telephone with a friend from the same grade level
B) going to a dance with friends
C) playing with a sibling
D) meeting friends for a school activity

67) Sixteen-year-old Joey dresses and acts a lot like the friends he hangs out with, even though they never directly ask him to do so. This behavior is best explained by the concept of

A) obedience.
B) symmetrical intimacy.
C) peer pressure.
D) self-disclosure.

68) Which of the following is true of romantic relationships among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth?

A) The average age of the initial same-sex activity for females ranges from 12 to 15 years.
B) Limited opportunities and disapproval prevent most gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth from having same-sex sexual experiences.
C) Limited opportunities and disapproval prevent most gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth from having same-sex romantic relationships.
D) Romantic attraction typically precedes sexual attraction.

69) ________ are small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 to 6 individuals.

A) Peer groups
B) Gangs
C) Crowds
D) Cliques

70) ________ are smaller than crowds, involve greater intimacy among members, and have more group cohesion.

A) Peer groups
B) Cliques
C) Non-peer groups
D) Classrooms groups

71) What is the largest and least personal of adolescent groups?

A) clique
B) crowd
C) gang
D) club

72) Cliques and crowds assume more important roles in the lives of ________ than ________.

A) children; adolescents
B) adolescents; children
C) children; adults
D) adults; adolescents

73) How is an adolescent crowd different from an adolescent clique?

A) Crowds are smaller and more personally demanding.
B) Cliques are smaller and more intimate.
C) Crowds are larger and more cohesive.
D) Cliques are larger and more impersonal.

74) The ________ is the largest and least personal of adolescent groups.

A) club
B) clique
C) non-peer group
D) crowd

75) Research has found that older adolescents from larger, lower-SES families in the United States were more likely to

A) date and perform “adult-like” behaviors.
B) put off dating in order to attend to family and work concerns.
C) extend association with their childhood cliques and crowds.
D) have conservative standards regarding adolescent dating.

76) What purpose might dating provide?

A) recreation
B) status
C) finding a mate
D) All answer choices are correct.

77) According to research by Connolly and McIsaac (2009), who of the following would be considered to be in the most advanced adolescent social system?

A) Lori, who spends most of her time by herself
B) Victoria, who hangs around with a small clique of girls from her class
C) Kyra, who spends most of her time exclusively with her boyfriend
D) Megan, who spends most of her time on double dates with one of several other couples she and her boyfriend hang out with

78) The most common initial same-sex partner is usually

A) a close friend.
B) a casual acquaintance.
C) a much older person.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

79) Adolescents’ dating experiences can be affected by their

A) attachment history with their parents.
B) parents’ marital relationship.
C) mother’s marital satisfaction.
D) All answer choices are correct.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
80) Peer influences are an important part of childhood development even with the positives and negatives involved. List the pros and cons of peer influences.

81) Define and describe perspective taking in early childhood, providing one example.

82) Explain the differences between the following four peer statuses of children: popular, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

83) Play therapy allows children to work off frustrations and is a medium through which therapists can analyze children’s conflicts and ways of coping with them. Give a scenario to show the concept of play therapy.

84) Define and give one example of the types of play, including sensorimotor, practice, pretense/symbolic, social, and constructive.

85) Identify the six functions of friendship and give one example for each.

86) Compare and contrast friendships between boys and girls.

87) Describe the difference between a clique and a crowd.

88) Describe the difference between an early and a late bloomer.